Ntchito ya Magulu a Aphunzitsi Posintha Zinthu ndi Kukakamiza

Magulu auphunzitsi akhala maziko a madongosolo a democracy, akumagwira ntchito monga mlatho pakati pa opanga malamulo a anthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa amathandizira kukonza malamulo, malamulo, ndi ntchito zosungitsa zimene zimalamulira makampani, kuteteza ufulu, ndi kusamalira mavuto a anthu. Mwa kutsogolera zikondwerero za anthu, zochititsa, kapena mafakitale, amatsimikizira kuti mawu osiyanasiyana amvedwa m'malamulo ndi njira zoyendetsera malamulo. M'zaka za m'mbuyomu, chisonkhezero cha magulu a anthu olankhulana ndi anthu ena chakula mwa kupita patsogolo, kuzindikira kwa anthu, ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhani ngati kusintha kwa nyengo, makompyuta, ndi zaumoyo.

Pamene kuli kwakuti osuliza nthaŵi zina amawona magulu a kupeputsa malamulo kukhala zikondwerero zapadera, mbali yawo m’kugaŵira ukatswiri, kuimira anthu ocheperapo, ndi kuŵerengera oyang’anira amadziŵika mofala kukhala ofunika ku democracy yogwira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula milingo yambiri ya magulu a a adokokha . "Magulu awo, njira zawo, kupenda, zitokoso, ndi maluso awo amtsogolo, zikumapereka kupenda kolongosoka kwatsatanetsatane pa mmene amapangira malamulo ndi kusungitsa malamulo lerolino.

Kuzindikira Magulu a Abusa

Magulu achinyengo ndi osonkhanitsa anthu kapena mabungwe amene amalimbikitsa mfundo za boma, kupatsa anthu katundu, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zandale, zachuma, kapena zachikhalidwe zikhale zofunika kwambiri. Iwo amasiyana ndi zipani zandale chifukwa chakuti amangoganizira za nkhani zochepa mmalo mofuna kulamulira. Cholinga chawo chachikulu n’chakuti zofuna zawo zisonyezedwe m’malamulo, malamulo, ndi mmene zimagwirira ntchito.

Pali magulu angapo aakulu a magulu a odziŵa kuulutsa, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi zinthu ndi njira zapadera:

  • Mabungwe a phindu la Non : Awa amaphatikizapo mabungwe othandiza anthu, magulu ofunira anthu zabwino, ndi maziko amene amagwira ntchito popanda cholinga cha phindu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo World Wildlife Fund ndi American Heart Association. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa zopereka, zopereka, ndi chichirikizo chaufulu kupezera ndalama ntchito yawo yauchigawenga.
  • Grassroots km'act : Kuyesayesa kokulira kochitidwa ndi nzika wamba mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa mabungwe. Kuyendetsa kwa ma Grasroot kungatuluke mofulumira chifukwa cha chiwopsezo kapena chisalungamo, monga momwe zikuwonedwa ndi kuukira kwa akazi kapena kusokonezeka kwa nyengo kotsogozedwa ndi unyama. Mphamvu yawo imakhala m'kusonkhezera anthu ambiri ndi kusonkhezera anthu onse.
  • Mabungwe a ntchito zantchito . Magulu oimira ntchito zina . monga American Medical Association kapena American Bar Association .Advocate kaamba ka malamulo amene amapindulitsa ziŵalo zawo. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ukatswiri waukatswiri ndi kukhulupirika m'mikangano ya zamankhwala.
  • Maukwati : Mabungwe amaimira antchito ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa antchito, malipiro abwino, ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito yotetezereka. Kuyambira kale akhala mphamvu zazikulu zothandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo a ntchito.
  • matanki a maganizo [1]: Ngakhale kuti si nthaŵi zonse amene amaikidwa m'magulu a anthu odziŵa kugwiritsa ntchito, akuganiza kuti amafufuza ndi kupanga zikalata zimene zimasonkhezera malamulo. Magulu onga Brookings Institution kapena The Heritage Foundation amagwirizanitsa ndi malingaliro ena ndi kutulutsa umboni wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ochirikiza.

Magulu osiyanasiyana ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti njira zawo zosonkhezera malamulo zimasiyanasiyana. Ena amagogomezera kwambiri nkhani ya kuvomerezana ndi kutsutsa malamulo, pamene ena amagogomezera maphunziro a anthu onse, kukopa anthu mwachindunji, kapena kugawana masankho.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chisonkhezero

Magulu a akhate amapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira malamulo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti gululo lizitsatira malamulo. Njira yosankha imadalira pa chuma cha gululo, mmene zinthu zandale zikuyendera, ndi mmene zinthu zilili. Kumvetsa njira zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tidziwe mmene magulu a anthu ogwira ntchito akugwira ntchito bwino.

Kuvuula

Kukopa anthu ndi mtundu wa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama . Kumaphatikizapo kulankhulana ndi okhazikitsa malamulo, akuluakulu a mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu, ndi opanga zigamulo ena kuwakopa kuti atenge kapena kutsutsa malamulo ena. Nthaŵi zambiri ofufuza zinthu amapereka ukatswiri wa luso, chilankhulo cha malamulo, ndi kupereka chichirikizo cha ndale. M’mayiko ambiri, kulimbikitsa malamulo kumachitidwa povumbula, koma kachitidweko kamakhalabe maziko a maziko a mfundo zochirikiza kutulutsa mpweya wambiri, pamene magulu a makampani angapereke mphamvu yochirikiza kutsata malamulo a boma.

Mkupiti wa Onse ndi Kufalitsa Nkhani

Makampani a boma akonza njira zosinthira maganizo a anthu ndi kuchititsa kuti asinthe. Makampaniwa amagwiritsa ntchito ma TV, mawailesi, mawailesi, makampani otsatsa malonda, ndi zochitika zina za anthu kuti auze ndi kutumiza anthu. Kukwera kwa makompyuta kwachepetsa ndalama zimene anthu achita, ndipo athandiza kuti ngakhale timagulu ting'onoting’ono tizitha kufalitsa uthenga wawo.

Nyumba Yomanga Zomangamanga Zomangira

Magulu audindo samachita okha. Mwa kupanga mgwirizano, magulu angaphatikizepo zinthu, ukatswiri, ndi kugwirizana. Malamulo angakhale a kanthaŵi, kapena nthaŵi yaitali, monga ndi Educational Conference on Civil and Human Rights, imene imagwirizanitsa mabungwe a mayiko oposa 200. Nyumba za zikole zimagwira ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi chitsutso chogwirizana, pamene zimalola timagulu ting'onoting'ono kugwiritsa ntchito anthu olandira kapena kuyambitsa machita machitachita akuluakulu a mayiko.

Kuneneza ndi Kuzenga Mwalamulo

Magulu ambiri auchigawenga amagwiritsa ntchito makhoti kusonkhezera malamulo. Amalemba milandu kuti atsutse malamulo amene alipo, kukakamiza anthu, kapena kumasulira malamulo m’njira zatsopano. Makampani alamulo othandiza anthu monga ACLU ndi Dziko lapansi asunga malamulo osintha zinthu zimene zinasintha dongosolo. Litigali ingakhale chida champhamvu pamene njira za malamulo zatsekedwa, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri zimachedwa ndi kukwera mtengo.

Kufufuza ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Mfundo za Malamulo

Magulu ena amawononga ndalama zambiri pofufuza kuti apeze umboni wodalirika wogwirizana ndi maganizo awo. Ganizirani za asilikali ndi magulu a akatswiri ophunzitsa zinthu zofalitsa malipoti, mapepala oyera, ndi malamulo achidule amene amaumba makambitsirano. Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri makamaka m'malo opangira makompyuta ngati mankhwala kapena kuonera malo okhala.

Kufufuza Nkhani za Magulu a Atsogoleli

Kufufuza mabungwe ena kumasonyeza mmene magulu achinyengo amagwiritsirira ntchito njira zoyendetsera ntchito yawo ndiponso kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akutsatira malamulo.

Bungwe Lotetezera Zachilengedwe (EDF)

EDF, yomwe inayamba mu 1967, ndi gulu lotsogolera loletsa malo okhala limene laumba malamulo a dziko la United States ophatikiza sayansi, zachuma, ndi makampani. Chimodzi cha zipambano zake zazikulu chinali ntchito yake mu 1990 yokonza developetic Air Act, yomwe inayambitsa dongosolo la kapupulensi ya sulfur dioxide kulimbana ndi mvula ya asidi. EDF ikugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri onse aŵiri a zachilengedwe ndi maindasitale kupanga njira yopangira malonda yothandiza kwambiri. Posachedwapa, EDF yakhala ikusumika maganizo pa kutulutsa methane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kusonkhezera malamulo okhwima a EPA. Kachitidwe kachitidwe kake kake ka kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi kagwirizanitse ntchito ka sayansi kuti apange mapulogalamu okhalitsa.

Chivomerezo cha Chiŵeniŵeni cha ku America (ACLU)

ACLU, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1920, ndi gulu lopanda papartina lopatulidwa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi monga momwe linatsimikiziridwa ndi Lamulo la U.S. Njira yake yaikulu ndi kulembedwa, ndi mbiri ya zochitika zoposa 5,000 zimene zapanga lamulo lachibadwidwe. Zipambano zakhala kuphatikizapo [[FL:] Brown v. [FLT] v. [Imodzi] (Imodzi ya ACLU:] [Ingakhale kuti adapereka aike aibulu, osati nkhani yaikulu), [[FLL:] Gedeon. Wain Greight [FL:] [FL3] [ign "kugalamula] [iwowowowowowowowowomba kwa], ndi [FLL] ziganizo zinafunika kuwonjezera ntchito za m'ndende.

Malipoti a Consumer Reports (Amene Kale Anali Asodzi)

Consumer Reports ndi gulu lodziimira lokha, losapanga phindu limene limayesa zinthu ndi ochirikiza chitetezo cha anthu. Chisonkhezero chake pa malamulo makamaka ndi mwa kufufuza ndi mkupiti wa anthu. Kwa zaka zambiri, gululi linafuna kuti pakhale miyezo yamphamvu ya chitetezo cha galimoto, kuphatikizapo maboti a ndege ndi kukaniza zinthu zowonongeka. Kufufuza kwake kwachititsa kuti aiwale ndi kusintha kwa zinthu, monga 2008 Consumer Product Refecurence Reconficial Act , imene inatsendereza malire otsogolera m' zoseŵeretsa. Consumer Reports, akukakamizanso mabungwe osungitsa ntchito yokakamiza anthu kuti azichita zinthu zowonongeka. “Kuleka Sale .

Anakubala Olimbana ndi Kuyendetsa Moŵa Moŵa Moŵa Moŵa (MADD)

MADD ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha gulu la udzu wotembenuza anthu limene linakonzanso malamulo. Linapangidwa mu 1980 ndi amayi amene ana awo anaphedwa ndi madalaivala oledzera, MADD anapitidwa kuti ayendetse malamulo okhwima oyendetsa galimoto, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa kuikidwa kwa mwazi mwalamulo ndi 0.08%. Mwa kulimbikitsa ndi kudziŵitsa anthu, MADD inasonkhezera kudutsa kwa National Serving Age Act mu 1984 ndi malamulo ambiri a boma. Kusinthanso monga mmene apolisi amaonera malo oyendera oletsedwa ndi chilango chokhwima.

Mavuto Amene Magulu Olamulira Akukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti magulu a anthu odziwa zachuma amalimbikitsa anthu kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, m’dera limene muli mavuto ambiri, zimenezi zingachititse kuti asamathe kukhazikitsa malamulo abwino.

  • Ndalama ndi chuma zopanda pake [1]: Magulu ambiri, makamaka mizu yaudzu, amalimbana ndi makampani otchuka. Ndalama za kupikisana, makampani oulutsira nkhani, ndi umboni waukatswiri zingakhale zoletsa, kukakamiza magulu kuika zinthu patsogolo kapena kuchepetsa zoyesayesa.
  • Chitsutso cha Chipwitikizo ndi kutha kwa 'BP': Magulu auchigawenga kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi opanga malamulo audani kapena abusa amene amatsutsa zolinga zawo. M'malo ogaŵanika kwambiri, ngakhale zigomeko zozikidwa pa umboni zingatsutsidwe. Kuwonjezerapo, kusintha kwa boma kungathetse zaka za kupita patsogolo.
  • Kusalabadira ndi kusocheretsedwa [1]: Ngati anthu saona nkhani kukhala yofulumira, nkovuta kuchirikiza. Ndawala za Misa ndi zolinga zotsutsana zingafooketsenso kudalirika kwa gulu la otsutsa, monga momwe kumaonekera m'makambitsirano onena za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi malamulo a akatemera.
  • Malo opimira audindo [1]: Kulamulira kwa boma, boma, ndi malamulo a kumaloko kumafuna ukatswiri walamulo ndi malamulo. Magulu aang'ono sangakhale ndi kukhoza kwa kugwira ntchito mokhutiritsa kupyola madera osiyanasiyana.
  • Kuchepetsa ndi kupeputsa [1]: Nthaŵi zina, pangano ndi opanga malamulo limatsogolera ku malamulo otsatizana omwe sakhutiritsa gulu kapena otsutsa ake. Magulu ayenera kulinganiza kulolera ndi kukhulupirika ku ntchito yawo.
  • Ziletso za malamulo pa kuulula : Malamulo ozembera, malamulo a ndawala, ndi malamulo a msonkho (m., 501(c)(3)) ziletso zingatsendereze mmene magulu akuchitira. Opanda phindu ayenera kulondola mosamalitsa ndalama zawo zowonongera kupeŵera chilango kapena kutayikiridwa kwa malo a msonkho.

Kuyesa Kugwira Mtima kwa Magulu a Aphunzitsi

Kufufuza ngati gulu la anthu odziwa zachuma lili ndi malamulo okhwima kapena ngati likuchita zinthu motsatira malamulo, si nthawi zonse pamene gulu la anthu limakhala ndi zolinga zabwino.

  • [[MTL:0] Kupambana kapena kuyendetsa zinthu [: Chiŵerengero cha ndalama zoikidwiratu kapena malamulo otengedwa mogwirizana ndi zolinga za gululo.
  • Zochita zokakamiza : Kuwonjezeka kwa faindi, kukumbukira, kapena kuzenga mlandu chifukwa cha chitsenderezo cha kukakamiza.
  • Malingaliro a Public amasinthana : Kuipitsa zinthu zimene zimasonyeza kuti akudziŵa kwambiri kapena kuchirikiza nkhani.
  • Kujambula ndi kujambula [1]: Kodi kangati kaonekedwe ka gululo kamapezeka m'nkhani za pa TV ndi kaya kamaumba nkhani.
  • Ziyambukiro za kugamula : zigamulo za khoti zimene zimakhazikitsa chitsanzo kapena kukakamiza masinthidwe a kayendetsedwe.

Komabe, kubwezera n’kovuta chifukwa chakuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimakhudza malamulo. Magulu a akhama nthaŵi zambiri amavomereza kuti zinthu zinachitapo kanthu chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu. Magulu otchuka amagwiritsa ntchito mapu ndi kupenda zinthu zothandizira kusonyeza mmene zikukhudzira.

Tsogolo la Magulu a Abusa

M’zaka zikubwerazi, magulu a anthu olanda anzawo ayenera kusintha zinthu kuti apitirizebe kugwira bwino ntchito yawo.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kulemba

Zida zamakono zikusintha mmene magulu a anthu ofufuza malo akugwirira ntchito. Mabungwe a zaumoyo amathandiza kusonkhanitsa ndi kusungitsa ndalama, pamene kuli kwakuti chidziŵitso cha gulu la opanga masamu chimathandiza kudziŵikitsa opanga mfundo zazikulu, mauthenga otsatsa, ndi kuyendetsa bwino pulogalamu. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta a gulu la malo okhala kungadziŵitse majeremusi otentha ndi osonkhezera kuipitsa. Komabe, luso la zopangapanga zinthu limadzetsanso mavuto, monga kukondera kwa malamulo ndi kufalikira kwa mawu a . Magulu a akatswiri a metalog atractive advocacy adzapeza phindu lalikulu.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko Chifukwa cha Kudyerera

Mavuto ambiri osintha zinthu . . "kusintha kwa malamulo, kuchotsa msonkho, kuyendetsa intaneti . Magulu auve ndi ogwirizana akugwira ntchito m’mayiko onse, kupanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi kuphatikizana ndi matupi monga United Nations, World Trade Organization, ndi International Criminal Court . Mabungwe onga Transparency International and Human Rights Watch amapangitsa chikhoterero chimenechi, chikumasonkhezera lamulo la padziko lonse. Magulu a m'boma amabwerekanso njira zopitsira zinthu m’mayiko akunja, kupanga njira zophera anthu opatsira ufulu wa dziko lonse.

Magulu a Achinyamata Osiyana

Mibadwo ya achichepere ikuyendetsa zitsanzo zatsopano za kusokonezeka kwa kachitidwe ka mwambo ndi kuchuluka kwa mawailesi ndi ma TV. Kuukira kwa nyengo kotsogozedwa ndi Greta Thunberg ndi March ya gulu Lathu Lolamulira mfuti zimasonyeza mmene magulu a achichepere angayambitse mofulumira mphamvu ndi kutsendereza. Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosinthira, kugwirizanitsa nkhani zonga chilungamo cha fuko, kusalingana kwa chuma, ndi kukhazikika kwa malo okhala. Kugogomezera kwawo pa kachitidwe kachindunji ndi kulinganiza kwa makompyuta kungapitirize.

Kumanga Mtendele

Magulu a anthu odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama amayang'anizana ndi adani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofananazo . Kuchokera ku “mikupiti ya astroturf” (fake udzu) mpaka kuvuta kwa lamulo (SLAP suti). Magulu ayenera kulimbitsa mphamvu mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kuteteza ziwalo zachinsinsi, ndi kuyambitsa magulu ovomereza mwamsanga. Malamulo ngati malamulo a Anti-SLAP m’mayiko ena amateteza ochirikiza ufulu ku milandu yopanda chifukwa, koma amafunika kuteteza kwambiri.

Kugwirizana kwa Onse

Magulu ena auphunzitsi akufufuza kugwirizana ndi makampani ndi mabungwe a boma kuti akwaniritse zolinga zauyang'aniro. Mwachitsanzo, Rainforest Alliance imakhazikitsa zinthu zodalirika, kupanga zisonkhezero za malonda kuti zigwirizane. Ngakhale kuti kugwirizana koteroko kungakhale kothandiza, iwonso amaika pangozi kutsutsana kwa chikondwerero ngati magulu ayandikira kwambiri zinthu zimene akufuna kuyendetsa. Kusunga ufulu ndi kuonekera bwino kudzakhala koipa.

Kumaliza

Magulu a anthu odziwa kusamala ndi oyendetsa zinthu ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo. Amakulitsa mawu amene angachitike popanda kuwadziwa, kutsutsana kwa malamulo, ndipo amavomereza kuti maboma ndi maindasitale onse aŵiri ali ndi mlandu. Kuteteza malo okhala ndi ufulu wa anthu mpaka kuteteza anthu, zidindo zawo zili pa malamulo ambiri ndi zochita zimene timaona kuti n’zofunika. Komabe ntchito yawo siichitika. Pamene mayiko atsopano akutulukira ndi kusintha, magulu andale ayenera kukonza njira zawo, kupanga zigwirizano, ndi kusungabe chikhulupiriro chawo. Mtsogolo mwa malamulowo simudzapangidwa ndi opanga malamulo ndi ongosinthasintha zinthu, komanso odziŵa bwino zinthu, ndiponso olimbikitsa anthu amene amasinthasintha zinthu pa dziko lonse.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa njira za magulu a opangika, onani [[FLT: 0] Britannica kupenda kwa magulu a anthu a chivoka ndi ACLU . Pamphamvu ya malo otetezerapo anthu, [[FLT:]. Kufufuza [[FLT:] ENTERN . Kuzindikira za kuyesayesa kwa ogula, kuyendera [[FLT:] Mitu ya [FLT].]