Kumvetsetsa Masukulu Opanda Ogwirizana ndi Mbali Yawo m’Makambitsirano a Anthu

Political Action Committee (PACs) ndi maziko a ndalama za ndawala ya ku America. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC amagwirizanitsidwa ndi makampani, makampani a antchito, ma PC amene sagwirizana ndi gulu lililonse lochirikiza. Amakweza ndi kuwononga ndalama kuti achilikize kapena kutsutsa ofunsira, malamulo, ndi malamulo osagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kholo. Kudziimira kwawo kumawapatsa mphamvu kwambiri popanga malamulo a anthu osiyanasiyana pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana.

Ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa amapangidwa ndi magulu a anthu, mabungwe a malingaliro, kapena magulu a anthu olankhulana amene ali ndi cholinga chimodzi cha ndale zadziko. Mosiyana ndi ma PC, amene angangopempha ndalama kuchokera kwa antchito kapena ziŵalo za gulu lawo lochirikiza, ma PAC osalumikiza angapemphe ndalama kwa anthu onse. Zotsatira za Federal Ecommotion Commission (FEC). Chiphunzitso chachikuluchi chimawalola kusonkhanitsa zosungiramo zankhondo zazikulu ndi chuma za kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya za ndale zadziko mofulumira kuti adziyankhire mofulumira kukonza malo andale.

Chisonkhezero cha ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa chimafalikira kuposa ndawala za kampani zosankhidwa. Amasungitsa malonda, amatsatsa maholo a matauni, amapanga malipoti ofufuza, ndi kutsata otsatizana mwachindunji. Chifukwa chakuti samayang'ana ku kampani imodzi kapena bungwe limodzi, ma PC ameneŵa angayende mofulumira kukambirana nkhani za malamulo obuka, kuyambira malamulo a za malo okhala ndi zigamulo mpaka kusintha kwa zaumoyo. Kumvetsetsa ntchito zawo, malamulo, ndi ziyambukiro nzofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense woloŵetsedwa m'nkhani za ndale za ku America.

Mbiri Yakale: Kukwera kwa Mapale Opanda Anthu

P. C. . . . . . . . . . C.

Nthaŵi yosintha inadza ndi chigamulo cha mu 1976 cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Buckley v. Valeo , yomwe inatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama kusonkhezera masankho kuli mtundu wa kulankhula kotetezeredwa pansi pa First Amendment. Chigamulochi chinatsegula khomo la ndalama za mwini kulemberana kwa ndale zadziko komwe sikugwirizana ndi munthu aliyense kapena chipani. PACICs anatengera mwamsanga mwayi umenewu, kupanga njira yatsopano yothandizira kuchirikiza ndale kunja kwa kakonzedwe ka chipani chamwambo.

Mkati mwa ma 1980 ndi 1990, ma PC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa anafalikira, makamaka pa nkhani zotentha monga kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi malamulo a msonkho. Magulu onga National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund ndi Komiti ya Palcial Club inakhala mayina a banja, akumagwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo kuchirikiza malamulo ena. Bipartisan Reformation Act ya 2002 (McCain-Fineld) inayesa kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kusatsa malonda, koma osagwirizana ndi Komiti ya PaCC adasintha mwa kuyang'anira pa zowonongedwa ndi ndalama zamphamvu.

Chigamulo cha 2010 United v. FEC . FEC . . . Pamene kuli kwakuti kulamulira kunayambukira kwambiri makampani ndi maukwati, kunalimbikitsanso kukhoza kwa gulu lirilonse . kuphatikizapo osagwirizana ndi gulu la PACIS . Kuwononga ndalama zosatha pa kulankhulana kwandale zadziko. Zimenezi zinatsogolera kukwera kwa Super PACS, kumene kuli mtundu wa PC imene ingakweze ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamaliritsika kwa anthu, makampani, ndi mabungwe. PaCs akugwira ntchito pa malamulo osiyanasiyana koma amagaŵana mbali yaikulu ya kudziimira paokha kwa gulu lililonse lochirikiza.

Lerolino, ma PAC (kuphatikizapo PACIS) ali pakati pa akanema okangalika kwambiri ndi otchuka kwambiri m'masankho a boma ndi kutsutsana ndi malamulo. The FEC inasimba kuti ma PAC osagwirizana anakwera $1.5 biliyoni mu mzera wa chisankho wokha wa 2022, kuŵerengera pafupifupi 45% ya chigawo chonse cha PC funkita.

Mitundu ya Mapale Opanda Ogwirizana

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa sali modzi. Amabwera mosiyanasiyana, imodzi imagwirizana ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana zapadera ndi ziletso za lamulo.

Mapale Osagwirizana ndi Makhalidwe Achibadwa

Aŵa ndi ma PAC amene ayenera kulembetsa ndi FEC ndi kutsata malire a zopereka. Iwo angalandire $5,000 [$5,000] pa munthu mmodzi pachaka ndipo angapereke $5,000 pa chisankho chimodzi ku komiti ya bungwe losankha. Ma PC amapanganso zowonongedwa zaumwini, koma zimenezo nzofunika kuvumbula. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Services International Union Political Education and Act Fund (Kuphatikizapo ntchito yogwirizana ndi PCC, PROGS yambiri imagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo ameneŵa).

Mapasch Opambana (Makomiti Okha Odzidalira)

Super PACs ndi kuyambika kwaposachedwapa, kovomerezedwa pambuyo pa [FL:0] Speech Tsopano. FEC (2010). Iwo angakweza ndi kuwonongera ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, mabungwe, ndi magulu ena, malinga ngati sagwirizana ndi munthu aliyense kapena chipani. Opereka APAC ayenera kupereka lipoti kwa Operekawo ku FEC, ngakhale kuti ena amagwiritsira ntchito migede yakuda. A POCC akhala olamulira m'zaunduna ndi m'malemba, kuchirikiza mpikisano waukulu, kuvota, ndi kufufuza. Zitsanzo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo [FOT:] ActUTC [F: [FF:] [FF]

Mapakisi Obiriŵira

Ma projekiti otchedwanso Carey , ma PC ali ndi zonse ziŵiri zamwambo za PCAC zimene zingapereke zopereka mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera ndi mbali ya Super PAC imene ingapange ndalama zodzifunira zosalekeza. Ayenera kusunga maakaunti a ku banki ndi kumamatira ku malamulo osiyanasiyana a mtsinje uliwonse. Ma Hybrid PaC amapereka msanganizo wa chichirikizo chachindunji ndi kudalirana kwa munthu wobatizidwa, koma amayang'anizana ndi zofunika za boma zovuta.

Utsogoleri

Ngakhale kuti amagwirizanitsa ndi munthu mmodzi, atsogoleri a PCA kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala osalumikizidwa chifukwa chakuti amachita modziimira pa komiti ya ndawala ya wobatizidwa aliyense. Amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa kuchirikiza ena oyembekezera kubatizidwa, maulendo a ndalama, ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo ya ndale zadziko. Mabungwe a Maleedi amakweza ndalama kwa anthu ndi magulu achiwongola dzanja ndipo akhoza kupanga ndalama zodzifunira. Amasokoneza malire pakati pa magulu ogwirizana ndi osagwirizana, koma amayang'anira kwambiri monga magulu osagwirizana ndi zifuno zopereka lipoti.

Mmene Mapale Osagwirizanitsidwa Amayambukirira Kutsutsana kwa Malamulo

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amachititsa kukangana kwa lamulo la boma kupyolera m’masitepe ambiri, aliyense akumaika zigawo zosiyanasiyana za njira yopanga malamulo.

Chisonkhezero Chabwino Kwambiri

Chiyambukiro chowoneka kwambiri chiri m'masankho. A PAC osalumikizidwa amawononga ndalama zambiri kwa osankha amene amagwirizana ndi malamulo awo. Mwa kupereka ndalama zotsatsa malonda oukira, mauthenga olimbikitsa, kutulutsa magalimoto oyendera, ndi zoyesayesa zolembetsa, amaumba kupanga Nyumba za Malamulo ndi malumbiro a boma. Mwachitsanzo, A PAC odzipereka ku ntchito ya nyengo, angachirikize ochirikiza kutsutsana ndi zikalata zoletsa kuvota ndi nkhani za malo okhala. Osankhidwawo amaumirira kuima pa nkhani zotsutsana ndi kutsutsana ndi nkhani zachikambitsirano.

Kuyambitsa Vuto la Kuphunzira ndi Kukonzanso Chilengedwe

Mapasa osagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma PC amatulutsa nkhani za kutembenuza amene samavomereza mwachindunji wobatizidwa koma amagogomezera nkhani za lamulo. Mauthenga ameneŵa, kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa “zotsatsa malonda zausanu,” angaulutsidwe panthaŵi iliyonse, kuphatikizapo mawindo a masankho. Mwa kujambula nkhani mwanjira ina, PCs amakhazikitsa mapulani a nkhani zapoyera. PACIC imasumika maganizo pa kukonzanso misonkho ikhoza kuyendetsa malonda osonyeza malamulo amakono monga opanda chilungamo, kukakamiza opanga malamulo kuchitapo kanthu.

Kupha Anthu Mochititsa Chidwi

Ma PAC ambiri osalumikizidwa amasunga makampani aakulu opanga udzu. Amalinganiza misonkhano, kuyendetsa mashelefoni, ndi kutumiza zida za magetsi kuti akonzere ochirikiza. Pamene lamulo la PC lilingaliridwa, ma PAC ameneŵa angatulutse zikwizikwi za mafoni ndi maimelo ku maofesi ogwirizanitsa. Iwonso amaloŵanso m'malamulo ndi opanga malamulo, kupanga chilankhulo cha malamulo, ndi kupereka mfundo za akatswiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukopa ndiko malo a APAC, magulu osagwirizana ndi 501 (c) (4) amene amaloledwa kuloŵa m’mapangano opanda malire.

Kulankhulana ndi Kulamulira

Ma PC ena osalumikizidwa amasungitsa milandu kuti ayesetse kapena kutetezera malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wachiŵeniŵeni wa American Union (wokhala ndi PC) wofanana mobwerezabwereza mathiransiti pa nkhani za ufulu wa anthu. PaCs amatenganso mbali m'machitidwe a kukhazikitsa malamulo, kupereka ndemanga pa malamulo operekedwa amene akuyambukira malo awo opangira nkhani. Zimenezi zimaumba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri m’njira zimene zimapititsa patsogolo zikondwerero za PC.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko za Mapapilo Opanda Ogwirizana ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo

Ma PAC angapo osalumikizidwa apanga makambitsirano a lamulo m’zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa.

National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund (NRAPVF)

NRA’NRA’S ndi imodzi ya magulu andale amphamvu kwambiri. Yawononga mamiliyoni mazana a madola kuchirikiza oyembekezera kulowa ndi kugonjetsa ochirikiza mfuti. Chisonkhezero cha PAC chinali chachikulu kutsekereza malamulo a boma pa kuyang'anira malo onse pambuyo pa kujambula kwa Sandy Hook, ndipo yakhala yothandiza kukulitsa ukulu wa boma wa malamulo a panthambi yanu. programu ya NRA yoŵerengera anthu kuyambira A+ mpaka F, ndipo A+ A shage ikhoza kutetezera mamiliyoni ambiri m'mauthenga a mfuti pa bokosi la mfuti imasunga kutsutsana kwa mfuti pa malamulo a pabwalo la Amereka.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri

Monga Wolamulira Wamkulu PaC Wochirikiza Pulezidentiyo , Preference USA Action inawononga $300 miliyoni m'nyengo ya 2020. Inasumika maganizo pa kusatsa malonda kwa chigawo cha boma, kutsatsa malonda a foni, ndi wovota. Malonda ake anagogomezera zaumoyo, chuma, ndi kuyankha kwa Covid . Kukhoza kwa PaC kuwongolera malingaliro a anthu pa nkhani zimenezo kunakakamiza ndawala yotsutsa kupendeka, kusonkhezera mwachindunji malingaliro otsutsana pa chosankhacho.

Gulu la Kuwonjezereka

PaC imeneyi imalimbikitsa mfundo zachuma zosunga mwambo, kuphatikizapo kudula msonkho, kuchepetsa malamulo, ndi malonda aulere. Yayang'anira anthu a ku Republica amene amapatuka ku malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa m'mapulaneti, kuwalanga ndi malonda otsutsa ndi otsutsa. Njira imeneyi yasintha malamulo a chipani cha Republican Party kulinga ku mbali ya chuma yovomerezeka, kukhudza mikangano ya kukonzanso misonkho ndi kukambirana za bajeti.

Mapezedwe a Nzika Zogwirizana

A PAC opatulidwa kugwetsa Citizens United, gulu limeneli okonzekera ndalama zimene amachirikiza projekiti ya zachuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti cholinga chake cha lamulo nchachindunji [1] Kuchotsa chisonkhezero cha ndalama m'ndale zadziko [1] PACIC imakhudza mkanganowo: imakakamiza ofuna kutenga malo pa za chigawo cha ndawala, nkhani imene mwina ingalandire chisamaliro chochepa. Mwa zopereka zachindunji ndi zowonongedwa, End Patizentige United inathandiza kupambana malamulo a boma ndi njira zodziwira m'maiko angapo.

Kukonza Malamulo ndi Kuyesa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Oyera

PACIS yosagwirizanitsidwa ikugwira ntchito pansi pa mpambo wocholoŵana wa malamulo a boma ndi a boma. Pa mlingo wa boma, FEC imakakamiza kupereka zofunika, malire a zopereka (kwa ma PAC), ndi ziletso za kugwirizanitsa ndi oyembekezera. Ma PPAC ayenera kulembetsa monga makomiti odzifunira a zowonongedwa zokha ndi kuvumbula onse opereka opereka ndalama zoposa $200 pachaka. Komabe, ma tchuthi olola kaamba ka “ndalama zobisika”: operekawo angapereke 501(c)(4) mabungwe a zaumoyo, amene kenaka amatumiza ndalama ku Super PaCs popanda kuulutsa magwero oyambirira.

Kupanda kuonekera kumeneku ndi kusuliza kwakukulu. FEC yalimbana ndi malungo, kaŵirikaŵiri imalephera kukhazikitsa malamulo kapena kumasulira malo a aimvi. Mwachitsanzo, kaya kusatsa malonda a wailesi ya kanema ogwirizana ndi mkupiti wa wofuna kubatizidwa koma ochirikizidwa ndi PC ikupanga mgwirizano woletsedwa. Bungwe la ziwalo zisanu ndi chimodzi, logaŵanitsa mofanana pakati pa magulu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphana kwa zikalata za lamulo.

Malamulo apamwamba a boma amasiyanasiyana. Maboma ena amafuna kudziŵitsidwa mwatsatanetsatane za kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zonse za PAC, pamene ena ali ndi uyang'aniro wochepa. Maboma angapo amaletsa zopereka za kampani koma amalola ndalama za makampani kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda malire ndi ma PC. Ntchito imeneyi imapanga munda wakuseŵera wosagwirizana ndipo ingachititse kukonza makampani a PC kufunafuna malo abwino osungirako zinthu.

Kusuliza ndi Nkhani Zotsutsana za Mapale Osakhala Ogwirizanitsidwa

Ntchito ya ma PACS osakhala ogwirizana ndi mfundo zotsutsana za malamulo imatsutsidwa. Otsutsa amanena kuti iwo amakulitsa mawu a anthu olemera ndi zikondwerero zapadera mwa kulipira nzika wamba. Luso lakuwononga ndalama zosaŵerengeka . Makamaka kupyolera mwa Super PACs [1] Kupanga dongosolo limene ndalama zimagula chisonkhezero, malamulo ochirikiza zokonda opereka. Maphunziro asonyeza kuti andale zadziko amavomereza kwambiri malingaliro a anthu olemera opereka ndalama kuposa kwa anthu onse, chifukwa cha ndalama za pa PC.

Kusuliza kwina ndiko “mafuko a zida” a kusatsa malonda koipa. Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatsa malonda oukira amene amapotoza zolembedwa za otsutsa, kuchititsa kuwonjezereka kwa kugaŵa ndi kusuliza. Kusoŵa kwa kuyankha kwa mlandu . Popeza kuti kusatsa malonda sikunalembedwe mwachindunji ndi wofuna kutsatsa malondawo kuletsa kuwona. FEC kaŵirikaŵiri imalondola zonena zonama, kusiyira ovota kutsimikizira mfundo zenizeni kuchokera ku nthano.

Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti ma PAC osagwirizana amapititsa patsogolo kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase mwa kulola anthu amaganizo kufanana kusonkhanitsa zinthu ndi kuchirikiza malingaliro awo. Amatsutsa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama kwaumwini kuli kutetezeredwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa Chisinthiko choyamba ndi kuti woperekayo amapereka kuwonekera. Ndiponso, amatsutsa kuti ma PAC osagwirizana amapereka mawu kwa magulu amene alibe mwaŵi wa kupezeka ku zigwirizano zamwambo, monga ngati magulu achitatu, zigwirizano zochirikiza nkhani, ndi magulu audzu.

Mkanganowo umakhudzanso kusiyana pakati pa “ndalama zolemera” ndi“ ndalama. Mapas a mwambo ali ndi malire m'zopereka, pamene kuli kwakuti ma PPAC saali . Osintha zinthu ena amachirikiza kugwetsa Citizens United kapena kutumiza chiwonjezeko cha malamulo kulola Mabungwe kuyang'anira ndalama zowonongedwa. Ena amapanga ndalama zofanana, ndalama zothandizira anthu, kapena kuwonjezera zofunika zopimira kulinganiza malo oseŵera.

Mikhalidwe Yamtsogolo ndi Zochita Zosinthasintha

Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa mothekera adzapitirizabe kusandulika monga luso ndi kusintha kwa lamulo. Zopereka za Crypturrency, pamene kuli kwakuti nzosoŵabe, zikugwiritsidwa kale ntchito ndi ma PAC. Kukwera kwa zolembedwa za AI-gene kungakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kudziŵa magwero a kutsatsa malonda andale zadziko, malamulo otokosa. Kuwonjezerapo, kugwiritsira ntchito kowonjezereka kwa “ndalama zobisika” kupyola 501(c)(4) osapanga phindu kumatanthauza kuti magwero enieni a zopereka zambiri za PC kumakhalabe okongola.

Zitokoso zalamulo pa zofunika kuvumbula nzopitirizabe. Americas for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta [1] (2021), Khoti Lalikulu linachepetsa mphamvu ya maboma yofuna zinthu zosapindulitsa kuti aulule opereka. Chigamulo chimenechi chingafooketse kuonekera kwa PC ndalama zimene zimayendera ndalamazo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosapanga phindu. Komanso, maboma ena akukakamiza malamulo okhwima, monga kupempha ma disclair kutsatsa kutsatsatsa malonda a foni ndi nthaŵi yeniyeni yopereka malipo aakulu.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi malingaliro a PC zikusinthanso. Achinyamata opereka ndalama amachirikiza kwambiri PCAC pa kusintha kwa nyengo, chilungamo chaufuko, ndi kusalingana kwa chuma. Zimenezi zingayambitsenso mikangano ya malamulo pankhani zimenezo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ma PaC amwambo ogwirizana ndi zinthu za kampani amakhala amphamvu, kuyambitsa kusagwirizana kwakukulu m'malonda andale zadziko.

Kuchoka Panyumba kwa Ophunzira ndi Aphunzitsi

Kwa awo ophunzira boma la America, ma PAC sonyeza kudutsana kwa ndalama, kulankhula, ndi lamulo. Zimasonyeza mmene zikondwerero zadongosolo zingalinganizire mfundo, osankha oimira, ndi malamulo a chisonkhezero. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa ma PC ogwirizana ndi osagwirizana, kukwera kwa ma PC, ndi mipata ya magetsi imene imalola ndalama kukhala zowopsa nkofunika kwambiri pomvetsa ndale zamakono.

Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito maphunziro a nkhani monga NRA, Priest Action, kapena Club for Growth kutulukira chisonkhezero chenicheni cha dziko. Kutsutsana kwa kalasi kungazikidwa pa kaya PCS kupititsa patsogolo demokrase kapena kuipa, ndipo ophunzira angafufuze chidziŵitso kuchokera ku magwero onga Opensectrets [ kulondola ndalama. Chisinthiko cha ndawala cha malamulo a za ndawala chingayendere ku [FRAM:2]

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa sali kokha ndalama za m'munsi za ndawala ya ndawala. Iwo ali okangalika, osinthasintha, ndi ochititsa m'kutsutsana kulikonse kwakukulu kwa lamulo, kuyambira kusamala zaumoyo kufikira ku kusamukira ku chitetezo cha malo. Mwa kusanthula njira zawo, zopimira, ndi mikangano, timapeza chidziŵitso chakuya cha chifukwa chake nkhani zina zimalamulira makambitsirano a dziko pamene zina zikuvuta kubisa.