Chiyambi

Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States limaimira kukhala womasulira wokulira wa Malamulo, mbali imene ili kuiika pa maziko a dziko la’ kutsutsana kwa lamulo ndi mayanjano a anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zigamulo zimaikidwa kaamba ka moyo kutsimikizira kudziimira pa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, Court’ ulamuliro sukhala wodziikira wodziikira wokha. Ufulu wake uli pa kugawana kokangalika ndi kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa. Kuchokera ku kukhala chigwirizano chakutali chogwira ntchito m’kudzipatula, Bwalo limasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi zochita, ndi kuvomereza kwa nzika wamba. Kuchokera kwa munthu amene amalolera kutsutsa lamulo losalungama, kulinganiza malingalirowo aundutsira ena maganizowo pa zaka makumi ambiri, nzikazo zimasonkhezera kumvetsetsa kwa nzika za ufulu. Kuzindikira bwino kwa Suptkulukulu ndi kuyamikira unansi pakati pa Unansi wa polisi ndi kukambitsirana cha lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lachisanja la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo.

Kugawanamo kwa Nzika m’Khoti Lalikulu

Zifukwa Zachidule za Amicus Curiae: Mawu Omveka Bwino

Mwambo wa anicus curiae, kapena “ bwenzi la khoti, ” wasintha kukhala galimoto yoyamba ya nzika ndi magulu achifuniro kuti adziŵitse mwachindunji oweruza. Mwachidule mulola kuti magawo osafunikira akhale aakulu. M'nkhani yowonjezera, ukatswiri, kapena umboni umene ungawonetse zotsatirapo za chigamulo cha munthu. Kwa nzika, umenewu ndi mzera wolunjika ku bwalo lapamwamba lamilandu m'dziko. M’nkhani zazikulu, unyinji wa machidule ameneŵa ungakhale waukulu. Mkati mwa [FLT: 0] Obergefell. Hodges v. ", (20) Khoti, lolandiridwa ndi magulu apamwamba a zipembedzo, kuphatikizapo akatswiri a mbiri yakale, ndi mabungwe aakulu a za chipembedzo, adapereka kale chigawa cha kuweruza kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la ukwati.

Mofananamo, mu Brown v. Board of Education (1954), ma aicus anachita mbali yaikulu. Dipatimenti ya Jaji inapereka chigomeko chachidule chakuti kuipitsa kuvulaza dziko la America Appsquo; mbiri yapadziko lonse panthaŵi ya Nkhondo ya Mawu. Chofunika kwambiri, , chidule cha NaACP Legavity Fund (54], chidadalira kwambiri pa chidziŵitso cha maganizo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti chisonyeze ziyambukiro zowononga za ana a Black. Mwakutumiza chuma cha kufunsira odziŵa bwino zalamulo ndi mikangano yokakamiza, nzikazo zimagwiritsira ntchito njira yotsimikizira khoti kumvetsetsa malo enieni a zigamu zawo. [FLT.] A [FLT.]

Chikondwerero cha Anthu ndi Mayeso Oyesa

Nzika sizimayembekezera nthaŵi zonse kuti mlandu upezedwe. Mwa chikondwerero cha anthu (PIL), magulu amapanga mokangalika zitokoso zofunikira kuthetsera kusalungama kwa dongosolo. "Mlandu" umenewu umaphatikizapo kusanthula mosamalitsa, mfundo, ndi ulamuliro walamulo kupangira galimoto yabwino yotokosa lamulo kapena zochita. NaACP Leavince Fund inawongolera njira imeneyi pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, kumanga dala mpambo wa milandu imene inatsutsa "Tsolini koma chiphunzitso chofanana" m'maphunziro, nyumba, ndi zoyendera zisanachitike ndi [FLT: 0]. Boardbn v. Nkhani iliyonse inali yowolowera, yopangidwa mwalamulo, kukhazikitsa mwalamulo ndi kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kuweruza kwa milandu ya kuweruza kwa mafuko.

Lerolino, mabungwe onga American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Institute for Justice, ndi Sierra Club akupitiriza mwambo umenewu. Pamene nzika ivomereza kukhala wotsutsa m'nkhani yoyesa, imatenga mtolo wapadera. Iwo amatumbidwa mwalamulo, kuyang'anitsitsa kwapoyera, ndipo zaka zambiri za kukayikira. Komabe, ntchito yawo njofunika kwambiri. Imapereka malamulo ovomerezeka a mfundo za lamulo za "katswiri kapena mkangano," kusintha mlandu walamulo kukhala nkhani ya munthu imene ingapititse kutsogolo. Mkhalidwe umenewu wa kutengamo mbali yapadera ndi umboni wamphamvu wa kukhala nzika.

Kutengamo Mbali Mwachindunji Monga Mapwando ndi Opempha

Kupyola pa kulinganiza kwa kuweruza kolinganizidwa, mbali yaikulu ya nzika ingakhale kuonekera pamaso pa Khoti monga mbali yachindunji ku mlandu. Khoti Lalikulu’ madoko anamangidwa ndi anthu amene apita ku khoti kukafuna chilungamo. Mayina ogwirizana ndi malamulo apadera sangokhala alamulo; amaimira miyoyo ndi nkhondo ya anthu enieni. Ernesto Minda ’ apilo anatsogolera ku lamulo lakuti apolisi adziwitse ufulu wawo. Norma McCory, pansi pa lamulo la Priptm "Jane Roe," anatsutsa Texas &quo; malamulo ochotsa mimba. Mwinditor adatsutsana ndi kutchuka kwa ukwati wake, kutsogolera ku Government of Marrial.

Anthu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amadziimira okha, kapena amaimiridwa ndi uphungu wa probono, koma kulimba mtima kwawo kwaumwini ndiko kupangitsa kusintha kwa malamulo. Iwo amaika mbiri zawo zaumwini mofunitsitsa papakati pa mkangano wa dziko, kupirira zitsenderezo za kukhazikitsa lamulo kapena kutetezera kuyenera. Malamulo a ku America amadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa nzika kuima ndi kutsutsa kachitidwe ka boma. Popanda nzika zimenezi, Khoti silingakhale ndi mlandu wogamula, ndipo Malamulo akakhalabe kalata yakufa.

Kutengera Maganizo a Anthu ndi Andale

Zotsatirapo za Magulu a Anthu ndi Zosankha za Malamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu linapangidwa kukhala bungwe lotsutsa ndi lothandiza anthu, silimagwira ntchito pa malo amodzi. Magulu a anthu opatukira ndi kusinthasintha maganizo a anthu amapanga nkhani zandale ndi chikhalidwe mmene zoweruza zimapangira. Khoti lamilandu kaŵirikaŵiri limagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene limasintha ndi kukhazikitsa kusintha kumene kwakhala kukusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu. Kukwera kwa gulu la ntchito m'ma 1930, mwachitsanzo, kumbuyo kwa Court’ kusintha kochititsa chidwi m’kumasulira kwake kwa Commercale Clausle, kumene kumalonjezerapo. Posachedwapa, chisinthiko cha maganizo a anthu aunyinji ponena za kufanana kwa maukwati pakati pa 1990 ndi 2010 chinayambitsa mkhalidwe umene mu kulamulira [F: 0], monga chitsanzo, chivome chapamwamba: FROFFF.

Nzika zimalimbikitsa magulu ameneŵa mwa zitsutso, maphunziro a anthu onse, kukopa, ndi kulimbikitsa mwambo. Gulu la Women’ Suffinse linatha zaka makumi ambiri kumanga chilikizo la anthu ndi kusonkhezera mabwalo a boma asanafike khotilo, zinakhala ndi mpata womasulira Chisinthiko cha 19. Magulu ameneŵa amayambitsa chigamulo cha ndale zadziko ndi kugalukira kwa makhalidwe kumene kumayambika kusintha kwa lamulo. Amachitira umboni kuti kumasulira kwa malamulo sikuli kuyesayesa kwa kampani koma kukambitsirana kwa moyo pakati pa anthu ndi mabwalo a milandu.

Chisonkhezero cha Nzika pa Kachitidwe Kosankha Oweruza

Nzika zamphamvu zanthaŵi yaitali zotchuka kwambiri zimene zili ndi mphamvu pa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndizo mbali imene amachita posankha pulezidenti ndi mamejanti amene amatsimikizira chilungamo. Chisankho cha pulezidenti kaŵirikaŵiri chimaikidwa pa masomphenya opikisana a khoti. Anthu amene amaika nzeru yachiweruzo yapadera ingakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa Court ’ kulembedwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kuvomerezedwako kumakhala mbali yaikulu ya pangano la nzika. Magulu achikondwerero kumbali zonse amasonkhanitsa mamembala awo kuti alankhulane ndi oimira, kulengeza, ndi kupereka umboni mkati mkati mwa makomiti oweruza.

Kulephera kuikidwa kwa Woweruza Robert Bork mu 1987 kuli chitsanzo chosonyeza bwino lomwe cha ntchito yaudzu. Magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe, akazi ’ amapanga ufulu, ndi ogula amwambo apanga bwino nthanthi yake yachiweruzo monga yochokera ku zotchuka, kutsogolera ku kukanidwa kwake ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mosiyana ndi, chitsimikizo cha mwamsanga cha Jasitime Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020 chinasonyeza mphamvu ya ufulu wa ndale zadziko wochita chifuniro chake kupyolera mwa gulu lalikulu la Bungwe la Malamulo logwirizana. Mwa kuloŵa m'masankhoti ndi njira yotsimikizira, nzika zimapanga mayeso aakulu pa chitsogozo cha bungwe la judiary.

Kusintha Malamulo ndi Makonzedwe

Nzika zimaumbanso malamulo amene Khoti Lalikulu limachitapo mwa kusonkhezera Congress. Mfundo III ya Malamulo imapatsa mphamvu zazikulu za Congress kulongosola ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene angavomereze zigamulo zachiweruzo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Khotilo linachepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Religious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) kukhazikitsa malamulo mu Kamzinda wa Boerne v. Flores (1997), magulu advocacyricracy anatembenukira ku malamulo a boma, akudutsa bwino dziko lonselo.

Maganizo onena za kusintha kwa nyumba ndi khoti lenilenilo, monga ngati kukhazikitsa malire a malamulo kapena kuwonjezera mipando pa benchi (kuikapo zipupa), amasonkhezeredwa ndi chipani cha nzika ndi kukakamiza kwa ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti mikangano imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imawoneka kukhala yosatheka, imaimira kupenda kwamphamvu pa ulamuliro wa khoti. Nzika imene imaphunzitsidwa za kapangidwe ka jaji ya oweruza ingafune kuti oimira ake osankhidwawo aiiiiiiike mlandu, kusonkhezera malamulo ndi malire amene Khoti liyenera kugwira ntchito.

Kufikira Chilungamo: Ufulu, Zopinga, ndi Mbali ya Uphungu wa Pro Bono

Kuyenera kwa Lamulo la Kufuna Kusintha

Maziko a nzika kulowa m'boma ndi ufulu wa lamulo wopempha boma kuti lithetse milandu, ndipo kuvomereza zimenezi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi Lamulo Loyamba. Kuyenera kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi njira yalamulo yotsutsa zochita za boma. Pamene nzika ipereka chikalata cha boma kapena kutsutsa lamulo la lamulo, ikuchita ufulu wa demokrase. Kufikira kumakhoti kumatsimikizira kuti jajiyo ikhalabe nthambi ya boma yovomereza ndi yodziŵerengera mlandu. Popanda njira imeneyi, ufulu woikidwa m'malamulo ungakhale wogonjera kwa akuluakulu andale.

Zipinga za Zachuma ndi Zaumoyo ku Khoti

Ngakhale kuti pali ufulu wonena kuti ndi woyenera kulowa m’makhoti, pali zopinga zazikulu zimene zimaletsa nzika zambiri kukhala ndi tsiku lawo m'khoti Lapamwamba. Kuwononga kwa ligigalamu n’koletsedwa, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kumafuna ukatswiri m’kakonzedwe ka boma ndi malamulo alamulo ovuta. Zifuno za Doctrinal monga kuima, kulimba, ndi kupsa mtima monga njira yosungira zipata, kuchepetsa amene angabweretse mlandu ndi nthaŵi imene. Mwini wa dziko ayenera kusonyeza kuwonongeka kwa kokha ndi koyenera kwa woimbidwa ndi kubwezedwa ndi chigamulo chabwino. Ziphunzitso zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti Khoti likugamula milandu yeniyeni osati mafunso ongoyerekezera, koma zingapeŵenso mavuto aakulu kuti lisamvedwe.

Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse chifukwa chake nkhani zina zimakhala zosafunika pamene ena akuvutika m’makhoti aang’ono. Anthu amene amasewera ndi luso ndi ndalama safika pa Khoti Lalikulu.

Ntchito Yosatsutsika ya Chithandizo cha Malamulo ndi Zopereka Zofunika za Malo

Kwa nzika zopanda chuma, kupezeka ku Bwalo Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri kumaimiridwa ndi mwambo wa probono m'zalamulo la America. Otetezera a boma, mabungwe othandizira alamulo, ndi maloya a makampani aakulu a zamalamulo amapatula maola zikwi zambiri kuimira makasitomala oimira m'milandu ya moyo yosinthasintha. Mlandu wotchuka Gideon v. Wainwr[FLT] [[FLT] [1963] [193], umene unakhazikitsa kuyenera kwa okwirira aupandu, unatsutsidwa ndi loya wotchuka ndi Bwalo loikidwa ndi Bwalo kuti aimire milandu ina yopempha probersquo. Balaunie.

Bungwe la American Bar Association ndi mabungwe ena a zamalamulo amalimbikitsa kwambiri mwambo umenewu, pozindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chilungamo sikungakhale chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri kwa anthu olemera. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri poteteza anthu, ndipo imathandiza kuti anthu ovutika kwambiri azikhala m’khoti lapamwamba kwambiri. Popanda zimenezi, khoti la Akhamu la Akhasite likhoza kuima kwambiri pa zofuna za makampani ndi anthu amphamvu.

Kumanga Mzinda Wolamulidwa ndi Lamulo

Kumvetsetsa Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Malamulo a Makhoti

Chigawo chopambana chimafunikira chidziŵitso chachikulu cha mmene ntchito zachiweruzo zimagwirira ntchito. Maphunziro a Civic ayenera kuwonjezera pa magawo atatu a boma kuti aphatikizepo malingaliro onga kupenda kwachiweruzo, okhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison [187]] [183], ndi lamulo la la] decis [madesis , [[FLT]] [kulemera kwa]. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa kumasulira kwa statry ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo, iwo angapende mwanzeru kwambiri mikangano yochitidwa ndi yosachitidwa ndi mayeso ndi zigamu za khoti. Magulu odzipereka kudziŵira otchuka, monga [FLD] Constitution , Constitution , opanga nduna zamphamvu kwambiri m'nkhani ya malamulo otsutsa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lomveka kwambiri.

Kugwirizanitsa Zosankha Zapamoyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku Zosonyeza Chizindikiro cha Dziko

Chimodzi cha zovuta za kusungitsa pangano la nzika ndicho lingaliro lakuti ntchito ya Supreme Court’ ndi yosadziŵika kapena yochotsedwa pa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Zosankha zake zimakhudza mbali zonse za moyo wamakono. Masisita] machenjezo otchulidwa mobwerezabwereza pamene munthu wagwidwa pa mlandu wa Supreme Court. Kuletsa mpweya ndi kuipitsa madzi kumatuluka kuchokera ku milandu yomasulira Discove Act ndi Telect ya Zamadzi ya Cleat . Malamulo olamulira zauchitetezo, inshuwalansi, ndi ndalama za ophunzira amaumbidwa kwambiri ndi Courtsquo; jumbriscial. [FL:] kuletsa kwa Afford Carence Act [FFFF]

Pamene nzika zizindikira mtengo wawo waumwini mu Court ’ zigamulo . . . . . . . . . chigamulo pa ufulu wovota chingakhudze motani kuloŵa kwawo pa chisankho, kapena chigamulo cha malipiro a bungwe la ashciat . Iwo ali othekera kwambiri kukhala ndi phande m’machitidwe amene amapanga lamulo la jaji. Kupanga zigwirizano zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kuchirikiza chitokosokoso ndi ntchito ya nzika.

Kumaliza: Nzika Monga Msungiri Womalizira wa Lamulo

Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo gulu lapadera m'chitaganya cha demokrase. Lili ndi mphamvu yaikulu, komabe mamembala ake samasankhidwa, ndipo sangathe kukakamiza malamulo ake. Ulamuliro wake uli pa maziko ofooka a kuyenera kwa anthu onse ndi kudalirika kwa bungwe. Kuyenera kumeneku kumachirikizidwa ndi kugwirizana kosalekeza, kwamphamvu ndi nzika zimene limatumikira. Kuchokera pa kujambula kwapadera kwa machidule a a aictus ndi kulimba mtima kwa anthu wamba kufikira ku mphamvu yosatha, ya mayanjano ndi bokosi la zikalata, nzika ndi zomanga nyumba zonse za lamulo.

Zitsenderezo za kukhala ndi phande ziri zenizeni, koma zilinso zida. Nzika yodziŵa zimene zimamvetsetsa njira za kusintha kwa lamulo siiri kokha kuwonerera mbiri yakale koma kukhalamo ndi phande m’kulengedwa kwake. Nkhani zolongosola ufulu wa America siziri kokha zikalata zalamulo zoperekedwa kuchokera kwa pamwamba. Izo ziri chotulukapo cha anthu osaŵerengeka omwe anasankha kuima nji, kulankhula, ndi kuchita ntchito yovuta ya ulamuliro. Mtsogolo mwa malamulo a America amadalira pa kaya nzika zawo zidzapitiriza kulandira thayolo.