Chiphunzitso cha ufulu wa boma chotetezera kudziko ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene chimanena kuti zitetezero sizingasunthidwe m'makhoti a boma kapena a boma popanda chilolezo chawo. Chozikidwa kwambiri m'Malamulo a Ejourth Amendment ku U.S., lamulo lamakhalidwe a anthu limeneli limasonyeza cholinga cha okonza mafomu kusungitsa ulemu wa boma ndi kukhazikika mwa kuchepetsa kulephera kuweruza boma. M'nkhani za milandu ya boma yokhudza malamulo a msonkho, ufulu wa boma umachititsa chopinga chovuta chimene okhoma misonkhoma ndi mabizinesi ayenera kuyendera mosamala. Kumvetsa chiletso chake, kusiya, ndi kuyendetsa lamulo la boma nkofunika kwa aliyense wotsutsa malamulo a boma kapena kufunafuna malamulo a boma oletsa msonkho kapena oletsa.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Chiphunzitso cha ufulu wodzilamulira chijambulidwa kubwerera ku lamulo la Chingelezi, kumene Mfumu siingaperekedwe mlandu popanda chilolezo chake. Pambuyo pa Chipanduko cha America, chiphunzitsocho chinaphatikizidwa m'lamulo la boma ndipo pambuyo pake kukhazikitsa boma kudzera mwa Programmeth Amendment , yovomerezedwa mu 1795. Lemba la Demendment la Demeterment likunena kuti: "Ukulu wa Chilamulo wa United States sudzalingaliridwa kukhala wopatsira ufulu uliwonse m'lamulo kapena kulingana, kuyambitsidwa kapena kutsutsidwa ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika ina ya Boma, kapena ndi nzika za Dziko lina lililonse la Dziko Lakunja. Pamene kuli kwakuti chinenero chake chenicheni chimayenera kutsutsa ndi maiko ena kapena maiko ena, Khoti Lapamwamba silinamasulira mokulira kuti likhale ndi masutime a nzika za boma la boma la boma la boma la boma la United States.

Nkhani zazikulu zoyambirira zonga Hans v. Louisiana (1890) ndi Seminole Tribun ya Florida v. Florida (1996]) yotsimikiziridwa kuti Kusintha kwa khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi kumapatsa malamulo oletsa kusudzulidwa ku masutu achinsinsi m’khoti la boma, mosasamala kanthu za unzika wa dzikolo. Kuletsa kumeneku kumawonjezera ku mabungwe ndi maatomu amene amagwira ntchito monga zida za boma. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho sichingachotsedwe ndi lamulo lachindunji pamene chikuchita mogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo, ndipo maboma angavomereze kusutiridwa. Pakali ka msonkho, ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wodzitetezera ufulu wa kudziko.

Lamulo la Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi Chimodzi Linalepheretsa Msonkho

Pamene wopereka msonkho akhulupirira lamulo la boma loletsa zitetezero za boma . monga ngati Communist Claus Claus, Access Classe, kapena Secument Protection Claus . Ulementi Gwehegig angatseke mlandu wachindunji ku boma m’khoti. Chifukwa chakuti maboma ali otetezeka ngakhale chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo la boma, otsutsa ayenera kuzindikira kusiyanitsa kumene kumalola mlanduwo kuchita. Popanda kusiyanitsako, njira yokhayo yoperekera chithandizo ingakhale m’khoti, kumene ziphunzitso za kudzitetezera kwalamulo zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malamulo a boma.

Ndiponso, Tsix Indiquanction Act (TIA), 28 U.S. 76 1341, imatsimikizira chopinga chimenechi mwa kuletsa makhoti a boma kusokoneza misonkho ya boma ngati "chilolezo, mofulumira, ndi mankhwala oyenerera" alipo m'khoti. thirakiti limagwira ntchito m'mabwalo a boma ndi kutetezera ufulu wa boma kukhazikitsa mikangano yambiri ya msonkho m’makhoti. Monga chotulukapo chake, khoti la boma limaletsa malamulo a msonkho kukhala osoŵa ndipo amafuna kuti atetezere otetezedwa kapena oyenerera ndi Congress.

Kulekanitsidwa ku Boma Lolamulira

Kuvomereza ndi Kudya Mtengo

Maboma angapatule modzifunira chitetezo chawo cha kudziimira okha, kaya mwa lamulo kapena mwa khalidwe. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalola okhoma msonkho kuimbidwa mlandu wa opangidwa kapena kutsutsa kuyang'anira msonkho m'khoti. Opereka msonkho ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amalekezera pa zifukwa zenizeni za ntchito ndipo angatopetse machiritso a boma. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a msonkho angalole wopereka msonkho kubweretsa kachitidwe kopereka chiweruzo kapena kubwezera chikalata chotsutsana ndi mkulu wa boma. Ngati boma lavomereza mosabisa kulinganiza, Lamulo lachisanu ndi chimodzi silinaletseketse.

Komabe, wopalamula ayenera kukhala wosabisa ndi wosabisa; makhoti sadzavomerezana ndi malamulo a boma. Boma limene limawonekera m'khoti la boma kutetezera mlandu likhozanso kuvulaza, koma kokha ngati lichita zimenezo modzifunira ndi dala. Chotero oimba mlandu ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a ndandanda asanalingalire kuti chitetezero chachotsedwa.

Kudzikweza kwa Bungwe

Pansi pa mphamvu zake zosungitsa zinthu , Chigawo 5 cha Demetriment ya 144 . Conrer ingapose maulamuliro a boma odzitetezera ndi omvera ku masuti aumwini kaamba ka chiwombolo kapena chithandizo cha kuwonongeka. Pamilandu ya msonkho, malamulo a boma oyenerera kwambiri ndi aja oikidwa kuti asungitse ufulu walamulo, monga malamulo a ufulu amene amaletsa msonkho walamulo. Fatzpatrick v. Bitzer [197], Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingasunge otetezera ufulu pamene ikuchita zinthu pansi pa Chigawo 5, malinga ngati malamulowo ali ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi kuswa lamulo.

Koma kuulula sikumangochitika mwachibadwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi mphamvu yochepetsa kulephera kwa Congress pansi pa Commerce Claus (onani [[FLT: 0]] SAMINOLE FUB]) ndipo lafuna ndemanga zomveka za cholinga. Opereka malamulo a boma otsutsa malamulo a msonkho pansi pa lamulo ayenera kutchula lamulo limene limavomereza molunjika kuti livomereze maulamuliro ndi kuti Congress Commis air aipyd synce amaikidwa mwalamulo lake. Popanda lamulo lotero, Demendmentth Confection ilo.

Akuluakulu a Boma: Exte Young Doctrine

Chimodzi cha zopatulidwa zazikulu kwambiri pa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi chiphunzitso Ex e Young , chimene chimalola masuti otsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma m’kukhoza kwawo kwalamulo kuti athe kuyembekezera kulowa m'malo kapena kuchotsapo kuchotsapo kuswa lamulo la boma. Pansi pa chiphunzitsochi, mkulu wa boma amene amakakamiza lamulo la boma lalamulo la boma amachotsedwa chifukwa chakuti khalidwe la mkuluyo silikulingaliridwa kukhala ntchito ya mfumu. Opereka ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa mbali ina. [Young'''''''''''''''kaikira lamulo la msonkho kapena kufunsira lamulo loletsa lamulo loti lichotsedwe ndi lamulo loti lamulo lalamulo.

Komabe, TIA ingaletsebe ulamuliro wa boma pamene mankhwala okwanira alipo m'khoti. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti Ex paredie Young siinyalanyaza ziletso za TiA. Kaliyofornia v. [Gawo la Grace Brethrenth [[FL:3] [1982], Khoti linalamula kuti zipilala za TiA zigwirizanitso za boma pa misonkhomo pokhapokha ngati boma sili "kuphenya, kufulumira, ndi kukhoza kuyendetsa bwino. Motero, pamene [FLD:4] mbali yake ikupereka njira yomveka ya khoti la bungwelo, TIA imaphatikizapo zigawa za chitseko cha chivomezo chachikulu. Zikhoti zopereka chigamu chigawa cha chigawa cha chigawa cha chigawa cha chikole.

Zitsanzo Zosonyeza Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu M’kukhometsa Msonkho

McKesson Corp. v. Division of Chidakwa Beverages ndi Fodya (1990)

McKesson Corporation anatsutsa chiwembu cha misonkho ya mowa ku Florida yomwe inasankha malonda a m'mayiko ena. Boma linatsutsa kuti ufulu wodzilamulira unaletsa suti ya kubwezera. Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti pansi pa Centre Process Claus, boma liyenera kupereka mankhwala opindulitsa pamene likusonkhanitsa misonkho pansi pa malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo sunasankhe mwachindunji ngati Demendment ya 170 yoletsa suti, linakhazikitsa kuti boma liziletsa kuchotsa misonkhoma pansi pa malamulo amene apezedwa kukhala osathandiza. Chigamulo chokakamizidwa kupereka malamulo otero monga madongosolo a boma kapena mabwalo a milandu osagwirizana ndi malamulo oyenera, ndipo linachepetsa bwino ntchito yokhudza msonkho ya osunga msonkho.

Harper na Virginia Department of Taxico (1993)

Mu . Khoti Lalikulu linalemba mawu oletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lamulo la boma pa msonkho wa boma. Ngakhale kuti mlanduwo unasumikidwa pa chiphunzitso cha retropactive, inakhudzanso za kudzitetezera. Khoti linanena kuti maboma ayenera kupereka misonkho yosonkhanitsidwa pansi pa lamulo lomwe linalengezedwa pambuyo pake, ngakhale ngati boma linadalira pa lamulo la m'chikhulupiriro chabwino. Chigamulochi chinalimbikitsa lamulo lakuti lamulo loletsa kuletsa kubwezera msonkho mosemphana ndi lamulo, koma linasiya mafunso otsegulira malamulo oyenera operekedwa kwa okhomakhoma. Mayiko ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenerera kapena kukhazikitsa chisankhoti.

Kusintha kwa Posachedwapa: Kumenyana kwa Madera ndi Msonkho wa Boma Koyamba

Mu Co. Vallan . . "2005] (2005), FUUWA yoyamba inalingalira ngati timaketi yomafuna kukhazikitsa msonkho wa Puerto Rico pa mabwalo a kuperekedwa kwa boma. Khoti linalamulira kuti chifukwa chakuti wopereka msonkho anali ndi mankhwala okwanira m’makhoti akwawo, TIA inaletsa ulamuliro wa boma, ngakhale kuti suti inali yongolimbana ndi akuluakulu a boma pansi pa Kupatulako kwa achichepere . Zimenezi zikusonyeza kusemphana kopitirizabe pakati pa ziphunzitso zachifumu ndi zigamu za AIA kulola kuyendetsa malamulo awo popanda kuloŵerera kwa bungwe. Opereka msonkho ambiri posachedwapa, "a], oyendetsa bwino, ndi osagwirizana ndi malamulo oyenerera kuti akwanikiredi malamulo ovuta.

Malamulo Othandiza a Okhometsa Msonkho

Polingalira za chitetezo chachikulu cha ufulu wodzitetezera ndi Truat Ingluction Act, malamulo a boma okhoma msonkho ovuta ayenera kulinganiza mosamalitsa njira yawo yothetsera. Choyambirira ndicho kuchotsa njira zonse zauyang'aniro zofunidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Maboma ambiri ali ndi njira za apilo zimene ziyenera kumalizidwa pamaso pa suti ya khoti lirilonse . Kulephera kutsatira njira zimenezi kungachotsedwe pa zifukwa za kulephera kuletsa, osati kungoletsa kuletsa ufulu wa kudziimira paweruzo.

Chachiŵiri, okhoma msonkho ayenera kulingalira za kubweretsa kuyenera m'bwalo la boma ngati boma laletsa kutetezedwa. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalola suti kapena kuchotsapo ndalama zopindulira ku mabungwe a msonkho. Makhoti a boma mwachibadwa amaloledwa kumva zinenezo zalamulo la boma limodzi, chotero funso la boma lingaperekedwe kumeneko. Phindu lalikulu la khoti nlakuti Malamulo a Boma la Dementi sakugwiritsidwa ntchito pa masuti a boma otsutsana ndi boma lenilenilo.

Chachitatu, ngati khoti la boma ndilo likufuna, wopereka msonkho ayenera kudziŵikitsa lamulo la boma limene movomerezedwa likhoza kutetezera kapena kudalira pa Ex paredie Young chiphunzitso pamene akutsutsa kuti mankhwala a boma sali "osalongosoka, ofulumira, ndi okhoza kuyendetsa zinthu. Limeneli ndi lamulo losonyeza kuti mankhwala a khotilo ali osakhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kuchedwa, kuchedwa, kapena kusoŵa ulamuliro pa oimba mlanduwo. Makhoti ambiri amakayikira mfundo zoterozo, choncho umboni wamphamvu ndi wofunikira.

Kuvuta ndi Nkhani Zosatha

Chitetezo cha boma pa nkhani ya misonkho chikusonyeza kuyendetsa malonda a boma mwadala: kuteteza chuma cha boma ndi ufulu wodzilamulira kuupandu wa kuzengedwa mlandu kosalekeza, pamene kuli kwakuti akukhazikitsabe njira kwa okhoma misonkho kuwongolera machitidwe osagwirizana ndi boma. Otsutsa amanena kuti chiphunzitsochi, chophatikiza ndi THETA, chimatetezera kwambiri ku uyang'aniro wa boma wa malamulo awo a msonkho, makamaka kwa okhoma msonkho aang'ono amene sangathe kulipira khoti launi. Ochirikiza makhoti aboma boma ali oyenereradi kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma ndi kuti afune kuloŵerera kwa boma angasokoneze lamulo la boma.

Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu zachepetsa pang'ono mphamvu yoteteza thupi kwa munthu pazochitika zina mwachitsanzo, mwa kulola masuti ena kuti apeze chithandizo choyembekezeredwa . Koma sanasinthe kwenikweni malo. Opereka msonkho ndi uphungu wawo ayenera kukhalabe maso ponena za kusintha kwa malamulo a boma ndi boma, komanso zoyesayesa zilizonse za lamulo zotetezera ufulu wa mtundu wina wa zonena. Mwachitsanzo, Congress, m'nthano, kutetezera kwa kachitidwe koyenera kapena kutetezera kofanana pansi pa Kusintha kwa 147, koma lamulo loterolo lingafunikire kukhutiritsa muyezo wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi kuyendetsa [FLC:0]. Zotsatira za Boerne. FFFFFFLP: [19]

Ntchito ya Kuvomereza ndi Kusintha Malamulo a Boma

Mayiko ena awonjezera dala chivomerezo chawo kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo za boma, pozindikira kuti kupereka njira yoonekera bwino ya zopinga za msonkho kumawonjezera chilungamo ndi malamulo. Maboma ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa mabungwe auyang’aniro kapena makhoti a msonkho kuti asamalire bwino mikangano. Ena amasunga chitetezo chochuluka, kufunikira okhoma msonkho kupyola m'mabungwe a boma lililonse. Kumvetsetsa boma lapaderalo nkovuta kwa aliyense wokonzekera chitokoso.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitsochi chimateteza anthu ku boma ndipo chimawalepheretsa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ovuta a msonkho. Chiphunzitsochi chimathandiza kuti pakhale njira zofunika kwambiri zothandizira anthu ovutika, ngakhale kuti chiwembuchi chimateteza milandu yambiri ya anthu, koma sichokwanira. Mtengo wa Injnction Act , wogwirizana ndi ndi ['ogwirizana] kuti apereke buku la Young [a]. Chiphunzitsochi chimapereka njira zofunika kwambiri zothandizira kuthandizidwa, ngakhale kuti chimakhala ndi malamulo oletsedwa ndipo nthaŵi zambiri chimafuna kulowa m'khoti. Mtengo wa Intactive Active Act imawonjezeranso kulowa m'dziko mwa njira yotsatizana madongosolo a boma. Chifukwa cha kulipira msonkho ndi kupambana kwawo kwalamulo, kudalirana ndi kuyendetsa bwino malamulo apamwamba, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malamulo oyendetsende, ndipo ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi lamulo, ogwirizana kwambiri, omwe apitirizabe kuvomereza lamulo, ndipo ogwirizana, ndipo ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana, ndipo ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana, ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Legal Information Institute's secomplete of the 11th Amendment , YHOYEZ nkhani ya chidule ya [ Mcquesson. v. Florida[FLT][FLT][4] , maluso a msonkho kuchokera ku IRS[FLT:], ndi kusanthula kwa MFLTC [FF:] Kachitidwe ka [FLT] Kachitidwe ka [FL:] Kafufuzidwe ka ntchito [FULD8] [F] [F] [9]