Kumvetsetsa Kugwirizana kwa Boma m’Kulephera Kubala kwa Onse

Chithandizo chimenechi chimathandiza kuti boma litetezere maboma. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ntchito anthu onse kuti ateteze zinthu zofunika monga madzi, magetsi, gasi wachilengedwe, ndi matelects ochititsa chidwi pa kukonza zinthu zachiŵeniŵeni. Pamene ali ndi ulamuliro, kapena akulamulidwa kwambiri ndi boma, funso lakuti kaya wansembe angabweretse chiwongola dzanja kapena chithandizo cha mankhwala kapena ngati pali chitetezero cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kokhudza dziko la anthu onse monga kulinganiza kwa ufulu wa dziko. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda koyenera kwa ufulu wa dzikolo, kuigwirizanitsa ndi kuyendetsa, kuyendetsa, kufunsa ngati chigaŵenga chingabweretse chiwongola kapena kubweretsa chithandizo cha chithandizo cha ufulu wa kudzilamulira kapena ngati chilipo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula koyenera kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse, kulongosola mfundo zake, mfundo zake, ndi mfundo zothandiza, mfundo zake, ndi logamula, ndi lomveka, logamula, ndi logamula, malamulo, ndi lomveka, lowonjezera, ndi logala, ndi loga, loga, ndi loga, loga la.

Chiyambi cha Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu ya Boma

Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi, yovomerezedwa mu 1795, ikupereka kuti “Mphamvu Yoweruza ya United States sidzalingaliridwa kukhala yopereka chiyeso chirichonse m’lamulo kapena kulinganiza, yoyambitsidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu pa umodzi wa United States ndi nzika za Chigawo cha Boma lina, kapena ndi nzika kapena nzika za boma kapena za boma za Boma lililonse.” Pakupita kwanthaŵi, Khoti Lalikulu lapereka mafotokozedwe a kukonza kopaleshoni imeneyi, kuchititsa kuti maboma ambiri ali otetezedwa ndi masuti a magulu a boma a boma, ndipo angadzitetezere okha ku unziko wa anthu a m'dzikolo. Chilungamochi chimafutukukiranso ku mabungwe a boma ndi zigamulo za boma. Chiphunzitsochi sichingachotsedwe kotheratu, monga ngati bungwe lotsutsa la malamulo oletsa ufulu wa boma.

Chilungamo cha kutetezera chitetezo cha boma nchozikidwa pa malamulo a boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Maboma amasunga ufulu wa kulamulira nkhani zawo popanda kuloŵerera kosayenerera kuchokera ku makhoti a boma kapena milandu yaumwini. Kulola masuti kutsutsana ndi boma popanda chilolezo chake kukhoza kuika pangozi ndalama za anthu ndi kusokoneza ntchito za boma. Komabe, chitetezo chimenechi chingapangitse kuti anthu ovulazidwa ndi zida za boma, monga ngati atalephera mphamvu zotha, madzi oipitsidwa, kapena zinthu za gasi zosatetezeka. Kumvetsa malire a chitetezo chachifumu n’kofunika kwa aliyense wokhudzidwa ndi zinthu zoyendera magetsi a boma.

Kufufuza za M’dziko

Si makampani onse a boma amene amaonedwa mofanana ndi otetezedwa ndi boma. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli m'chigwirizano cha chiwonjezeko cha boma” kapena gulu laumwini lolamulidwa ndi boma. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso a ndalama zambiri kuti aone ngati chigwiriro cha boma chingakhale choyenerera kuteteza thupi. Zifukwa zikuphatikiza: deti la boma lakulamulira chinthucho. Cholinga cha bungwelo (boma. . .propiteriary), chiwongola cha boma, ndalama ndi kudziimira kwa chuma, ndi kaya chiweruzo chochokera ku chuma cha boma chikaperekedwa kuchokera ku boma. Chofanana ndi chiŵalo cha boma kapena chigawa cha magetsi chogwirizana ndi chinzanidwa ndi chinzake. Popanda pake, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama (oUOUF) koma osagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamseri, monga chikalata chovomerezeka ndi chilolezo cha boma cha boma chovomerezeka

Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito: Kudziimira Pamodzi Kokha

Pamene chiŵiya cha boma ndi chachindunji ndipo chikugwira ntchito ndi boma kapena chimodzi cha magawo ake andale, otetezera ufulu wa boma amakhomerezedwa m'khoti la boma. Mwachitsanzo, khoti la North Carolina Supreme Court lanena kuti State Ports Authority ndi yosatetezedwa chifukwa chakuti ntchito zake ndizo boma. Mofananamo, bungwe la Tennessee Valles Valley Authority (VA) ndi gulu la boma lomwe limasangalala ndi chitetezo cha boma, ngakhale kuti boma limakhala losiyana. Pamlingo wa boma, madongosolo a madzi ambiri a boma, magetsi, ndi zigawo za chilengedwe za dziko zimatengedwa monga zida za boma. Ngakhale pamene boma lokhala ndi chithandizo cha magetsi m’malonda kwa anthu osagula makampani, zingapezebe ngati likutumikira ntchito yothandiza anthu onse ndipo likuwalitsidwa ndi boma. Chithandirochi chikhoza kutuluka popanda kuperekedwa ndi boma loletsa kuyendetsa gawo loti, ngakhale ngati boma lingapezeke, boma lingathere.

Kusintha Zinthu kwa Boma

Makampani a boma, kuphatikizapo makampani aakulu opanga ndalama monga Duke Energy, Pacific Gas & Glutale, kapena Dominion Energy, satetezeredwa ndi chitetezo cha boma. Iwo ali mabungwe alamulo omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo a propritinetary, ngakhale kuti amalamulidwa kwambiri ndi boma. Lamulo silimasintha bungwe laumwini kukhala m’manja mwa boma. Choncho, anthu angapange masuti a boma chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza, kuswa malamulo otetezera, kapena kuswa malamulo a ogula. Komabe, boma lopanga chitetezo chonga ngati kutetezera kwa malamulo ena opindulitsa (m., kuchepetsa kwamwadzidzidzi) kungachepetsedwe. Ili yofunika kwambiri kusiyanitsa pakati pa otetezera (zimene zimatetezera boma) ndi kuteteza) kapena kutsendereza.

Kulekanitsidwa ku Ulamuliro wa Boma m’Milandu ya Kusoŵa kwa Ubongo

Ngakhale kuti pali chitetezo chachikulu cha ulamuliro wodzitetezera, makampani angapo oikidwa bwino amalola opatula kusungirira zinthu za boma m’mikhalidwe ina. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkovuta kwa maloya ofuna kuŵerengera maulamuliro a boma.

Boma Linapha Anthu

Maboma angavomereze modzifunira kuimbidwa mlandu mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kutetezera ulamuliro. Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa machitidwe oletsa masuti ochepa oletsa makampani ena a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri oikidwa ndi zikalata za zowawa ndi kuonetsetsa zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, California Tort Apenties Acts Act (Gav. Code 76 810 et seq.) amalola kutsutsana ndi mabungwe a boma, kuphatikizapo boma lokhala ndi malo osungira madzi, chifukwa cha kuvulazidwa ndi mkhalidwe woopsa wa katundu wa anthu. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri, makampani a ku Opangidwa ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chuma. Iwo angasiye kunena kuti kubwerera ku zigamu za boma kapena ntchito ya boma kumene boma limachita m’manja mwa boma. Pamene boma likhazikitsa gulu la anthu ndi mphamvu ya “ikulu ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu za chilankhulo cha anthu.

Msonkhano Unasintha Pansi pa Kupumula kwa 14

Congress angapereke chilolezo cha boma chodzilamulira pochita zinthu motsatira mphamvu yake kukakamiza Chisinthiko cha 145 (m’chitsanzo, kukhazikitsa chitetezo chofanana kapena njira yoyenera). Zimenezi n’zofunika m'chikhalidwe ngati chigawenga cha boma chodzilamulira chingakhale ndi mfundo yakuti zochita za boma zinaphwanya ufulu walamulo. [[FFF:] Muchitsanzo, ngati chipangizo cha anthu onse chileka ntchito yothandiza anthu ku nyumba yotsika popanda njira yoyenerera, kudalirana ndi 42.C. 1983 chingabwere ndi mphamvu yoyenerera kukwaniritsa ufulu wa boma ngati chinzake cha boma. [Kuyang'anira kwa chivomezi] [FF. [FFGE.NUFFUFUFU] [2]. [FFUFUFUFU.S.S.NUS.S.I.S.M.S.

Mapikica Omwe Adzalanditsa M’tsogolo: Chiphunzitso Chomaliza Chomwe Chili Chochepa

Pansi pa Ex Parete Young , 209 U.S. 123 (08), wotsutsa angabweretse kuyenera kwa mkulu wa boma m’malo awo alamulo kukhazikitsa kuswedwa kosalekeza kwa lamulo la boma. Kusiyana kumeneku sikumalola kuwonongeka kwa ndalama ku zopereka za boma koma kulola kuti pakhale zoyembekezeredwa m'zopereka za boma kapena kuchotsako mphamvu ya magetsi. M'nkhani ya boma, imatanthauza khoti la boma lingalamulitse mkulu wa boma kapena mkulu wa boma kuletsa ntchito imene imaswa malamulo a boma kapena ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma logwira ntchito yamagetsi likuchotsa zinthu zoipitsa mu mtsinje wopanda ntchito yoyenerera, likhoza kulola mtsogoleriyo kuletsa. Mtsogoleriyoyoyo saloledwa kuletsa lamulo lalamulolo. Koma siali ovomerezedwa ndi lamulo lomveka.

Kusintha kwa Malonda ndi Malo Ena Ovuta

Chitetezero cha boma chimaletsedwanso m'zochitika zina za kulephera kwa boma za kulephera kwa ndalama (11 U.S.C. 76 106), zimene zingayambukire ngongole za magetsi zobwerekedwa ndi wokongola wa ngongole. Kuwonjezerapo, Federal Tort Anitiess Actives (FTCA) olephera kuteteza boma, osati boma, koma boma lopanda lamulo, koma la boma lakulephera lachita zinthu zofunikira limapereka maupandu ofanana. M'mayiko ena, ngati chipang'onong'ono chimagwira ntchito ya “propitietary” mmalo mwa“ ntchito ya , kutetezeredwa kukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa boma ndi maulamuliro ambiri kwatha; maiko ena tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso amodzi kuti atetezere ntchito mosasamala kanthu za ntchito.

Zimene Ogwira Ntchito Angachite

Maluwa Otchedwa Plaintiff ndi Attorney

Kwa anthu ovulazidwa ndi chiŵalo cha boma, sitepe loyamba ndilo kudziŵa amene ali ndi kapena amene amagwiritsira ntchito magetsiwo. Ngati ndi chinthu chaumwini, kudziimira sikuli chopinga, ndipo supusiti ya kunyalanyaza, kulakwa, kapena kuvutitsa kungayambike m’bwalo la boma. Ngati chigamulocho cha boma chakhala cholongedwa, chotchedwa kuti chinzake cha boma chiyenera kutchula kuti ndi chayani. Chonga chigawawa cha boma chimene chimachita, chigawo, kapena Parte Young [[FLT:] chiphunzitso chofuna chithandizo. Choyeneranso kulingaliridwa kukhala choyenera kuperekedwa m’khoti m’malo mwa khoti la boma, monga momwe ena amachitira ndi otetezera ufulu. Mwachitsanzo, New York Active Actives of Actives of the Actives of the Resourception of the Resorvitions of.

Kulingalira kwina koyenera kuli ngati kulanda katunduyo kuli ngati kuchotsa katundu popanda kulipira pa Firstment . Ngati malamulo a boma kapena ntchito za magetsi mokhutiritsa zimalepheretsa mwini mwini malo onse opindulitsa m'zachuma, chitsutso chotsutsana ndi boma chingakhale chopezeka ngakhale popanda kudula, monga momwe kuchotsa Claus kuli kupha. Ngati Community ya Los Angeles . U.S. 304 (1987).

Opanga Mapulogalamu ndi Oyang’anira Ntchito

Malamulo ndi oyendetsa pulogalamu ya boma ayenera kulinganiza mosamalitsa kufunika kwa ntchito yogwira bwino ndi kuŵerengera. Kudzitetezera kokulirapo kungasiye nzika popanda kupezerapo ngozi yaikulu, kululuza chidaliro cha anthu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusonyezedwa kosachepetseka kwa thiransigalamu kungachotse ndalama za boma ndi kuletsa kutsalira kwa anthu m'zofunika kwambiri. Maboma ambiri ayankha mwa kukhazikitsa makampani ochepetsa ndalama zimene zimalola kuvala kachipewa keyala kena, monga ngati $500,000 pa chinenezo chilichonse, koma osapereka ziwonongeko. Opanga malamulo ayeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodandauzira boma mkati mwa PUC kuti athetse mikangano isanafike popanga. Njira zoterozo zingapereke chithandizo mofulumira, zotsika pamene zikusunga chitetezo chachifumu kaamba ka zinthu zambiri.

Mamanejala a zaumalamulo pa makampani a boma odzinenerawo ayenera kudziŵa kuti, Khoti Lapamwamba silimateteza maulamuliro a liwongo a dala a khalidwe loipa kapena zochita kunja kwa ntchito. Mu Hafer v. Melo . Mel, 502 U.S. 21 (1991), Khoti Lapamwamba linasunga kuti akuluakulu a boma ochita zinthu pansi pa mtundu wa lamulo la boma angaikidwe pa mphamvu zawo za kulipira zowawonongera pansi pa chigawo cha 1983. Motero, bwanala wapamwamba amene mwadala amaswa ufulu wa makasitomala angayang'ne mlandu mosasamala kanthu za kutetezedwa ndi malamulo. Kuphunzitsa koyenera kuyang'anira malamulo ndi malamulo a boma ndi oyendetsa zinthu zaupandu nkofunika.

Oweruza ndi Akatswiri a Malamulo

Kuphatikizapo pakati pa kudzitetezera kwa ufulu ndi lamulo la chisungiko la anthu kukupitirizabe. Zigamulo zaposachedwapa m'makhoti adera zakhala zowongoleredwa pamene chigwiriro cha boma chiri “njanja la boma” kaamba ka zifuno za Evendath Amendment. Mwachitsanzo, Frew v. Hawns, 540 U.S. 431 [2004]), Khoti limatsimikizira kuti malamulo ovomerezera akuluakulu a boma pansi pa ] Parte Young [ chiphunzitso chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito. M'nkhani yachiwonetsero, malamulo agwiritsiridwa ntchito kufuna kuti boma likhale ndi masinthidwe a zinthu zachilengedwe. Akatswiri a za malamulo aona kuti “maudindo a boma nthaŵi zina apange magawo osinthasinthana, magawo opanga mipatala opanga mipata yowonjezereka.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: Kulephera Kulamulira M’kulephera Kubala

Vuto Loyamba: Kuwononga Madzi Awonse

Mu Flint v. Michigan[FLT :1] (kubwera), nzika za Flint , Michigan, akuluakulu a boma osungedwa kaamba ka vuto la madzi, akutchula kuswa lamulo la Safefid Meter Act ndi Demencement. Department of Environmentment Secument (bungwe la boma) linatchedwa. Department la Sixth Transdvision inairvict inaletsa ufulu wina koma inalola Chigawo cha 1983 kunenera kwa akuluakulu kaamba ka choyembekezeredwa m’chithandizo ndi chiwongola ndalama ku boma pansi pa Mbali ina ya] Kusiya kuswa kwa kuswa malamulo kopitirizabe. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza mmene kutetezera kungaletsekereza njira zina (g.

Nkhani Yachiwiri: Moto Wopangidwa ndi Ziwiya Zothandiza Kutulutsa Zomera

Ku California, pambuyo pa moto wakupha wochititsidwa ndi Pacific Gas & Light Commission (PG& E) ziŵiya, zopanda pake zosutitsa PG& E m'bwalo la boma. PG& E ndi chitetezero chaumwini, chotero kutetezera kusakhala kwaumwini sikunali nkhani. Komabe, majeremusi anasungiriranso bungwe la California Public Utilitity Commission kuti alephere kukhazikitsa malamulo a chitetezo. CPUCPU ndi bungwe la boma lotetezera dziko ndi lodzitetezera. California Court CPUS inali ndi chitetezero cha kuteteza ku California chifukwa chakuti malamulo ndi ntchito ya boma yodalirika. Zimenezi zikugogomezera vuto la kulephera kwa boma la boma poyang'anira, ngakhale pamene anthu wamba ali oyenerera kuyang'anira.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo

Kukwera kwa makampani okonzanso mphamvu ndi makampani osungidwa akupanga zinthu zatsopano zimene zingalingaliridwe kapena kusalingaliridwa kukhala zida za boma. Mwachitsanzo, woyang'anira chitaganya amene amagula mphamvu kwa nzikazo angakhale ulamuliro wogwirizana ndi mphamvu za kudzitetezera kwa ufulu. Kuwonjezerapo, kusokonezeka kwa makompyuta ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu. Ngati boma lodzikongoletsa limawononga chidziŵitso chimene chimawononga makasitomala, otetezera audindo angawaike mfundo zina, koma oweruza angatsutse kuti ntchito ya magetsi ndi yogwirizana ndi yosagwirizana ndi boma. Malamulo otereza ntchito ya bungwe la zauchigaŵenga [FL: 0.]

Chikhoterero china ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito kwa kulenga kwa Ex Parte Young [FLT :1] kutokosa chiphunzitso cha boma la magetsi kapena malamulo amene amati amaswa Commerce Claus. Saminole Fribe ya Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996), Khoti linachepetsa mphamvu ya Congress ya ku chitetezero cha boma pansi pa Commust Claus, koma limavala maofesala a boma kaamba ka chithandizo cha mankhwala a Florida. Mafilimu otsutsa upandu pa makampani a mphamvu zamagetsi otulutsa mphamvu za Florida angafune kuletsa popanda kuyendetsa kopanga ndalama za [1].

Kumaliza

Chithandizo cha boma chimasintha malo a boma otetezeredwa ndi anthu otetezedwa ku United States. Ngati mlandu ukhoza kupitiriza, kudalira pa malo a bungwelo monga dzanja la boma, kukhalapo kwa wopalamula kapena chipani chalamulo, ndi mtundu wa chithandizo chofunidwa. Oweruza ndi maloya ayenera kuyendetsa malo ovuta a malamulo a boma, Kusintha kwa Demende la Demeter jurisprunce, ndi kuchuluka kwa mbiri yakale monga Pare Young ndi kuchotsa Claus E. Malopeties. Akukhalabe oyenerera kwambiri kuti akwatiwe, pamene boma lakwake limasangalala ndi kutetezeredwa kwa makampani. Monga kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kuukira kwa pulogalamu, kuyang'onong'onong'ono ndi kuyang'anizana ndi kusinthika koyenera kwa pulogalamu, omwe adzapitirizabe kuchirikiza bwino kwambiri, ndipo adzachirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza ntchito yalamulo, ndipo adzachirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza bwino kwalamulo, ngakhale kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kutetezera kwa boma. Monga kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri pa malamulo alamulo, fufuzani Cornell Legal Information Institute ya kupenda kwa ufulu wodzilamulira wodzitetezera , EPA] kutsogolera kwa ufulu wodzitetezera pansi pa malamulo a malo okhala, ndi , ndi [[FLT] Conganical Service] Service yofufuza za decurity .