United States ndi Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu: Kugwirizana Kaamba ka Mtendere

Chikalata cha Good Frive Advrect, chomwe chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chimakhala chimodzi cha mapangano a mtendere aakulu kwambiri a zaka za zana la 20. Chinachititsa chiwawa cha magulu ampatuko zaka makumi atatu ku Northern Ireland , nthaŵi imene imatchedwa "Mavuto" [1] yomwe inapha miyoyo yoposa 3,500 ndipo inasiya choloŵa cha magaŵano aakulu a anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti panganolo linali ntchito yosatha ya maboma a Britain ndi Ireland ndi magulu andale a Northern Ireland, United States anachita mbali yosiyana ndi yosatchuka popanga mikhalidwe ya chipambano. Nkhani za ndale zadziko za America, zichilikizo, ndi mgwirizano wapamwamba wa ndale zadziko zinapereka mphamvu ndi chidaliro chofunikira kusanduliza moto wachikhalire m'ndale.

Kuzindikira kukula kwa kudziloŵetsa m'zamalonda kwa United States kumafuna kuyang'ana kupyola pagome lomalizira lokambirana ku Belfast . Washington chopereka cha maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito chiyambukiro cha chiIrish-American diaspora, ndi kutumiza zida zoyambira kumbuyo kwa zigwirizano za kumbuyo kufikira ku kuikidwa kwapoyera kwa nthumwi yapadera. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbiri yakale, njira zazikulu za kuphana kwa Amereka, ndi mbiri yokhalitsa ya U.S.

Mbiri Yakale: Zaka Zakaleli za Mikangano ndi Nkhani Zosatheka

Kuti munthu amvetsetse ntchito ya ku America, choyamba ayenera kuzindikira kusagwirizana kwa nkhondoyo. Mavuto anabuka chakumapeto kwa ma 1960, kukhazikitsa magulu ankhondo a Republica (makamaka bungwe la Provelational Irish Republican Army, kapena IRA) molimbana ndi magulu ankhondo okhulupirika ndi magulu a boma a Britain. Nkhani zazikulu zinali za lamulo: aunyinji a dziko (omwe ndi Akatolika) anafuna kuti dziko la Ireland likhale logwirizana, pamene ogwirizana (omwe ambiri mwa Aprotestanti) analimbikira kukhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom. Chiwawa chandale chinakhala chenicheni cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi kuphulitsa mabomba, kuphana, ndi kuukirana kwa m’misewu.

Kuyesa kumbuyoku kugawana ndi ndale kulephera. Chipangano cha Sunningdale cha 1973 chinagwa pambuyo pa chiwonjezeko cha wokhulupirika. Chipangano cha Anglo-Irish cha 1985 chinawongoleredwa ndi kugwirizana kwa malire a m'mphepete mwa mzera koma sichinathetse chiwawa. Kuchiyambi kwa ma 1990, nkhondoyo inafika potha. Magulu onse aŵiri a nkhondo ya surbacism ndi asilikali okhulupirika anazindikira kuti sakanakwanitsa zolinga zawo mwa mphamvu okha, ndipo maboma a Britain ndi Ireland anazindikira kuti njira yotetezeka yotsimikizirika inali yosagwirizana ndi osayenera. Masitepe achinsinsi anayamba kutsegulira, koma chikhulupiriro chinali chopandapo. Magulu ofunikira kudziko a United States anaipereka malo ake apadera.

Kusintha kwa Lamulo la ku America

Pankhani zambiri za Mavuto, boma la United States linasunga kaimidwe kokulira kapadera ka kuima kwa manja, kugwirizanitsa ndi chitsogozo cha boma la Britain. Komabe, malo olandirira a ku Ireland-America, anali olankhula mowonjezereka, ndipo anthu ofunika m'Congress [1] kuphatikizapo Senator Edward Kennedy, Sweer Title O’Neill, ndi Bwanamkupyoze . Boma la Britain linatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti liwachenjeze za ntchito yamphamvu ya ku Amereka. Zimenezi zinafika pachigamulo cha 1993 ndi Pulezidenti Bill Clinton kupatsa chikalata cha Gerrys, mtsogoleri wa Sin Féin, kuukira kwa ndale ya ndale. Boma la Britain linachenjeza kuti lizikana kuukira boma lachiwawa. Koma Clin ndi abusala lake anaona mpata womenyera nkhondo:

Chigamulo cha visa chinasonyeza kuti Washington anali wofunitsitsa kuika moyo wake pangozi kaamba ka mtendere. Chinasonyezanso kuzindikira kosiyana kuti kukambitsirana, osati kudzipatula, kunali njira yothetsera chiwawa. Kupambana kumeneku kunatsegula khomo la maunansi achinsinsi pakati pa U.S., atsogoleri a republic, ndi maboma a Briteni ndi Ireland, kukhazikitsa njira ya kutha kwa moto wotsatirapo.

Zida Zofunika Kwambiri za Malo Ooneka a ku United States

Asilikali a ku America analowerera pa mtendere. Si nkhani ya kazembe mmodzi kapena kulankhula kamodzi kokha. M’malo mwake, United States inakhazikitsa njira yogwirizana yomwe inaphatikiza zokambirana zapamwamba, zolimbikitsa zachuma, ndi zolimbikitsa anthu kuchulukana.

Gulu la Mitchell:

Chiwonjezeko chachindunji cha ku America chinabwera mumpangidwe wa Senator George Mitchell, yemwe kale anali Nyumba ya Majority Mtsogoleri wa Maine . Mu 1995, Prezidenti Clinton anagamula Mitchell kukhala Mtsogoleri Wapadera wa U.S. Ntchito ya Mitchell ku Northern Ireland inali yowopsa: adapemphedwa kukhala pampando wa bungwe lapadziko lonse loletsa zida zankhondo, bungwe lokhazikitsa boma la Britain la Sin Féin lokhala ndi mbali zonse za nkhani.

Mitchell anatsimikizira kukhala woleza mtima. Anali woleza mtima, wosakondera, ndi wosatopa poyesa kulolera. Anazindikira kuti kuchotsa lamulo sikungathetsedwe paokha; kunali kofunika kukhala mbali ya malo andale. Ntchito yake inatulutsa mfundo zosintha zinthu Magazine], zimene magulu onse anayenera kuvomereza: iwo anaphatikizapo njira zamtendere, kugwiritsira ntchito njira za demokrase, ndi kugwirizana kuchotsa. Malamulo amakhalidwe ameneŵa anakhala maziko a dongosolo la mtendere. Iwo analola Sin Féin kuloŵa m'nkhani zawo kwanthaŵi yoyamba popanda kutaya zida zawo, pamene kuli kutsimikizira kuti maukwati anali owopsa ponena za mtendere.

Mitchell pambuyo pake anabwerera ku mpando kukambitsirana kwenikweni kwa mbali zambiri kumene kunatulutsa Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu. Utcheyamani wake waluso . Kuyang'anira zipani zisanu ndi zitatu zosiyanasiyana za ndale zadziko, limodzi ndi maboma a Britain ndi Ireland . adampatsa iye chidaliro cha mbali zonse. A Historia akuyamikira kuleza mtima kwa Mitchell ndi umphumphu wake monga zofunika kwambiri ku machitidwe omalizira .

Kupititsira Patsogolo Zachuma: Ndalama ya Padziko Lonse ya Ireland

Pamene kuli kwakuti zokambirana zinali zosuliza, United States inachirikizanso mawu ake ndi ndalama. Mu 1986, United States inathandiza kukhazikitsa Internationalpork Fund ya Ireland , galimoto yoperekera njira ku America, Canada, ndi Ulaya zothandizira kudutsa projekiti za chuma ku Northern Ireland ndi malire a Republic. Khonsati yoperekedwa kaamba ka kulenga ntchito, maziko, ndi maprogramu ogwirizanitsa. Inapereka umboni wotsimikizirika wakuti mtendere ukabweretsa mapindu achuma [1] chigomeko cha anthu owonongedwa ndi kusoŵa ntchito ndi kutha kwa ntchito.

Mwa kuikiza ndalama m’malo osiyanasiyana ndiponso m’njira yopezera ndalama, thumbalo linathandiza kuchotsa zopinga zachuma zimene zinalimbikitsa magaŵano. Linatumizanso chizindikiro choonekeratu kwa asilikali: chitaganya cha padziko lonse chinali chokonzeka kuikiza ndalama m’tsogolo mwamtendere.

Kuloŵa M’malo mwa Pulezidenti ndi Kulamulira Kwapoyera

Prince Clinton anadzipereka ku mtendere ku Northern Ireland mosagwedera m'mawu ake aŵiri. Iye anachezera Belfast mu 1995, ataimirira m’mvula kuti agwirena ndi khamu lomwe linaphatikizapo atsamunda autundu ndi ogwirizanitsa. Mawu ake kutsogolo kwa holo ya mzinda anagogomezera kuti United States analibe zolinga za ndale zadziko ku Northern Ireland . Kuchezerako kunalimbitsa dongosolo la mtendere ndi kupereka chidaliro cha kumbali zonse cha kupitirizabe.

M’masiku otsiriza asanafike Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu, Clinton akusimbidwa kuti anapanga telefoni zambiri kwa atsogoleri a chipani chachikulu, kuwalimbikitsa kusachoka pagome lofunsa. Iye anapereka zitsimikizo zaumwini kuti U.S. udzakhalabe utaikizidwa pambuyo pa panganolo. Chisamaliro chapamwamba chimenechi chinadziŵika kuti kulephera kudzaonedwa, ndipo chipambano chidzachitidwa, pa siteji yapadziko lonse. . . . Komiti ya boma imagogomezera mmene pangano la prezidenti linakhala magwero ofunika ndi chilimbikitso.

Pangano Labwino Lachisanu: Zimene Linakwaniritsa

Chipanganocho chinali ntchito yapamwamba ya uinjiniya wandale. Inachititsa kuti pakhale boma lochotsa mphamvu zolamulira ku Northern Ireland, Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland, umene unafuna kuti anthu agwirizane pa mfundo zofunika. Inachititsa mabungwe atsopano a kugwirizana pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland (Nthambi ya Utumiki ya Southern Council) ndiponso pakati pa zilumba zonse za Britain ndi Ireland (British-Irish Council). Dziko la Ireland linasintha malamulo ake kuti lisiye dziko lake n’kukhazikitsa Northern Ireland, ndipo boma la Britain linatsimikizira kuti Northern Ireland lidzakhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom ngati anthu ambiri sanavomere lamulo lovomereza.

Panganoli linafotokozanso za ufulu wa anthu, kusintha kwa apolisi, ndi kutulutsidwa koyamba kwa akaidi ankhondo. Linali phukusi lalikulu lomwe linafuna kulolerana. Mabungwe a chigwirizano anavomereza mbali ya Republic of Ireland ku Northern Ireland, ndipo anthu a dzikolo anavomereza kuti mgwirizano wa ku Ireland udzakhalako kokha mwa njira zamtendere, za demokrase. United States sanalembe panganolo, koma linapangitsa kuti kulolera molakwa koteroko kukhale kotheka.

Kupitiriza Kuloŵa Usilikali ku United States Pambuyo pa 1998

Kusaina pangano la Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu sikunathere kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi. Mabungwe amene linachititsa anaoneka kuti ndi osalimba, ndipo mchitidwe wa mtendere unayang’anizana ndi mavuto angapo, kuphatikizapo mikangano yokhudza kuchotsedwa kwa zida, kuchotsedwa kwa msonkhanowo nthaŵi zambiri, ndi mikangano ya magulu ampatuko. United States anakhalabe mnzake wanthaŵi zonse m’mavuto onsewa.

Kusokonezeka kwa Magazi Kotsatira

Pulezidenti George W. Bush anapitiriza kuchirikiza njirayi, ngakhale kuti anali kugogomezera kwambiri kuposa Clinton. Uyang'anira wake woikidwa kukhala Kazembe Richard Haass monga nthumwi yapadera, amene anathandiza kukonza nkhani za kukonzanso apolisi mu 1999 ndipo pambuyo pake anagwira ntchito kuthetsa mikangano yotsala pa mabungwe a ndale. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti Barack Obama ndi Pulezidenti Joe Biden anachezera Northern Ireland, ndipo U.S inapitiriza kupereka thandizo la zachuma kudzera mwa International Fund ya Ireland. Ndalama za ndalama zothandizira kukhazikitsa maprojekiti, monga ntchito yopindulitsa yobwezera, monga ntchito yapangika ya [FL:0] Fund. Iland, inathandiza kusunga mtendere.

Kuvutika kwa M’thupi

Chikalatachi chinadalira kwambiri malire a Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland.

Kachiŵirinso, United States anachita mbali. Msonkhano wa United States, makamaka Friends of Ireland caucus, mobwerezabwereza analimbikitsa atsogoleri a Britain ndi EU kuteteza dongosolo la mtendere. Pulezidenti Biden, amene walankhula kaŵirikaŵiri za choloŵa chake cha ku Ireland ndi chikhulupiriro chake mu Good Lachisanu Agreement , adavumbula kuti malonda alionse pakati pa U.S. ndi U.K. adadalira pa kusunga panganolo. [[FLT: 0] Bungwe la ku Foreigntionstions laona kuti chitsenderezo cha U.S. chinali chothandizira kukonza mapangano a papositi ya Northern Ireland

Maphunziro Othandiza pa Kuphana kwa Mayiko

Ntchito ya ku United States mu Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu imapereka maphunziro osatha a kukonza mikangano. Choyamba, chimasonyeza kuti oseŵera akunja angakhale ogwira mtima pamene aonedwa kukhala oona mtima popanda zolinga zobisika. United States analibe zolinga za dziko ku Northern Ireland ndipo sanafune kukhazikitsa chotulukapo chalamulo. Uchete umenewu unalola kuti anthu onse aziwakhulupirira.

Chachiŵiri, dongosolo la mtendere limasonyeza kufunika kwa kugwirizanitsa pangano la ndale zadziko lapamwamba ndi wodwala, panthaka. Zosankha za Prince Clinton zamphamvu za visa ndi telefoni zinachirikizidwa ndi ntchito ya Sanitor Mitchell ndi kusungitsa ndalama za International Fund. Mbali iriyonse inalimbitsa zina.

Chachitatu, chikalata cha Mapangano a Mtendere pa Lachisanu sichinathetse mavuto onse a ku Northern Ireland; chinakhazikitsa maziko owayang’anira.

Mapeto ake: Choloŵa Chokhalitsa

Masiku ano, bungwe la Good Lachisanu Agreement lidakali maziko a lamulo la Northern Ireland. Pamene kuli kwakuti derali likuyang’anizana ndi kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi chitokoso cha Brexit, mtendere udakalipobe. United States anganyadire mbali yake m’kutheketsa mtendere umenewo. Kuyambira pa chosankha cholimba cha kupereka chikalata kwa Gerry Adams, ku dzanja lokhazikika la George Mitchell, ku mamiliyoni a madola operekedwa kugwirizanitsa, atsogoleri a ku America anapanga kusiyana kwakukulu.

Nkhani ya Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu si nthano wamba ya ku America ya kulimba mtima ndi kulolera molakwa kwa anthu a ku Northern Ireland. Koma United States anapereka chiwonekero chimene chinalola kulimba mtima kumeneko kufalikira. Pamene nkhondo zikupitirizabe kuchitika padziko lonse, zokumana nazo za ku Northern Ireland zili chikumbutso champhamvu chakuti kukambirana, kochirikizidwa ndi kuleza mtima ndi chuma, kungapambane ngakhale m’mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. U.S.