Ili ndi chiwiya chapadera cha boma la Indian Civil Service (ICS) chomwe chinali maziko a boma la Britain. Chinali choyang'anira chaudindo cha akuluakulu a boma amene analamulira dziko la mazana ambiri a mamiliyoni. ICS si bungwe wamba; chinali chiwiya chimene Ufumu wa Britain unagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wake, kusonkhanitsa ndalama, ndi kuyang'anira chimodzi cha chuma chake chamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Cholowa chake chimatsutsidwa kwambiri. Kwa ena, chimaimira chitsanzo cha uyang'aniro waluso, wadongosolo. Kwa ena, chinali chitsulo cha chitsulo cha boma la atsamunda wotsendereza. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa chiyambi, ntchito, chiyambukiro, ndi chokhalitsa cha ntchito ya ku India.

Chiyambi ndi Chisinthiko

Maziko a kampani ya Indian Civil Service ali m'makampani a bungwe la East India. M'zaka zake zoyambirira, kampaniyo inadalira amalonda, asilikali, ndi ofufuza kuti ayang'ane ntchito zake ku India. Amuna ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri anali ndi maphunziro ochepa ndipo anali ndi chizolowezi chochuluka ndi kudzidalira okha. Lamulo la Regunkating Act la 1773 ndi Pit's India Act ya India ya 1784 inayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo a nyumba ndi kuyambitsa kusintha kolinganizidwa kuthetsa nkhanza. Komabe, linali Charter Act ya 1833 yomwe inatsegulira koyamba utumiki wa anthu ku India m'malamulo, ndi kuyambitsa mayeso a mayeso a mpikisano mu 1853 adapanga bungwe la akatswiri la zopanga ntchito zopanga malamulo.

Kufufuza koyamba kwa Indian Civil Service kunachitika ku London mu 1855, kuchitidwa ndi Communic Service Commission . Dongosolo limeneli linali kuchotsedwa kwakukulu kuchokera ku mapangano ozikidwa pa ochirikiza amene analipo kale. Kufufuza kwa syllabusi kunali kolimba, kuphatikiza zinenero za anthu, mbiri, masamu, lamulo, ndi zandale. Kufufuzako kunatsegulidwa pa zaka 18 mpaka 23 mpaka 23, ndipo mayesotiwo adalinganizidwa dala kuyanja ofunsira maphunziro a boma ndi mayunivesite a boma la Britain, makamaka Oxford ndi Cambridge. Zimenezi zinayambitsa utumiki umene unali wophunzira kwambiri, cohesived, ndi wokhulupirika kwambiri ku Briteni. Dongo la kufunsako la za ndale linatsegulidwa kwa Amwenyenye mu 1864, ndi mtsogoleri woyamba wa India anali Satrath Tagre, ndi mtsogoleri wa Sharbar Larse.

Kukonzanso ndi Kuphunzitsa: Kukonza Masitepe a Nsapato

Kusankha ICS kunali kovuta kwambiri. Osankhidwa ochepa okha ndi amene ankasankhidwa chaka chilichonse kuchokera kwa mazana ambiri a anthu ofunsira. Opita ku yunivesite ya Haileybury College mpaka 1858, ndipo pambuyo pake ku Oxford, Cambridge, ndi University of London. Maphunziro anagogomezera zinenero zapadera, jurisprudence, mbiri ya India, ndi zinenero za Aindiya zonga Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, ndi Perisiya. Maphunzirowo adalinganizidwa osati kungopereka chidziŵitso, koma kupereka maeto a ntchito, kusakondera, ndi utumiki wa mfumu.

Atamaliza mayeso awo ndi kumaliza nyengo yawo ya kuyesedwa, olemba ntchito anatumizidwa ku India, kumene anaphunzitsidwa mowonjezereka m'kayendetsedwe ka zigawo, madongosolo a ndalama, ndi miyambo ya kumaloko. Ofesala wachichepereyo, kaŵirikaŵiri m'zaka zake zakumayambiriro kwa makumi aŵiri, akaikidwa kuyang'anira chigawo chokhala ndi anthu zikwi mazana ambiri. Udindo waukulu umenewu pa msinkhu waunyamata unali mbali yotchuka ya ICS. Mtundu wa utumikiwo unatanthauza kuti unakopa ena mwa anthu ochenjera kwambiri mu Britain, koma unakhalanso pafupifupi oyera, amuna, ndi chigawo chapamwamba kufikira zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri.

[[FLT: 0] Oyembekezera kubatizidwa adayang'anizana ndi tsankho la dongosolo. Anafunikira kusanthula mu London, ntchito yokwera mtengo ndi yovuta kwambiri. Amene anakhoza anapatsidwa ntchito zosatchuka kwambiri, analipidwa ndalama zochepa kuposa aŵa m'Briteni ochita ntchito zofanana, ndipo anayang'anizana ndi udani wa ufuko ndi kuchotsedwa m'makiradi ndi mayanjano. Mosasamala kanthu za zopinga zimenezi, chiŵerengero chaching'ono koma chachikulu cha Amwenyeŵa analoŵa ICS kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi la makumi aŵiri, kupanga gulu lapamwamba lomwe pambuyo pake linkaseŵera ntchito zazikulu m'gulu la kudziimira ndi boma lapatula.

Maudindo ndi Maudindo

Ofesala wachigawo, wodziŵikanso monga Wosonkhanitsa kapena Wolemba Magidi, anali chigawo cha dongosolo lonse la uyang'aniro. Chilichonse cha zigawo pafupifupi 250 za ku Britain India chinali pansi pa ulamuliro wa bwana mmodzi wa ICS yemwe anaphatikiza mkulu wa boma, ndalama, ndi maulamuliro a chiweruzo. Kuchuluka kumeneku kwa ulamuliro kunali chosankha chadala, kutheketsa kuyang'anira mofulumira ndi kogwira ntchito bwino m’magawo aakulu, ogwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa kulankhulana.

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Uyang’aniro wa Dziko

Ntchito yaikulu ya ofisala wachigawocho inali kusonkhanitsa ndalama za dziko, zimene zinapanga malo aakulu a ndalama za boma. Madongosolo atatu aakulu a ndalama za dziko — Magellagement ku Bengal (1793), Ryotwari system ku Madras ndi Bombay, ndi Mahalwari ku North India — onsewo analinganizidwa ndi kuperekedwa ndi akuluakulu a dziko. Master Thomas Munds, adayambidwa ndi Lord Cornwallis, kukhazikitsa ndalama m'pansi, kukhazikitsa gulu la makampani a Zamivals (malories) omwe anali ogwirizana pakati pa boma ndi alimi. Ryuaotri , ndi Sir Thomas Mundsss, wopanga upainiya ndi Mwini wina aliyense, pa marnallahmie.

Madongosolo ameneŵa anasintha kwambiri kukhala ndi malo, mafashoni a zaulimi, ndi maluso aulimi ku India. Ofesi ya ICS anali ndi thayo la kufufuza kwatsatanetsatane kwa nthaka, kupenda kukongola kwa nthaka ndi kututa mbewu, kugawa ndalama, ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama. Iyi inali ntchito yocholoŵana, yochititsa ntchito, yosagwirizana, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri yotsutsana. Kusonkhanitsa ndalama kunachitidwa mwa njira zoyendetsera katundu, kuphatikizapo kulanda katundu, kumangidwa m'ndende chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama, ndi m'nkhani zowopsa, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya zida zankhondo. Kuchotsa njira za dziko la zosungira ndalama kwa anthu oloŵa m'dziko kwasulidwa mofala ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale monga chochititsa umphaŵi, ngongole, ndi njala.

Lamulo ndi Dongosolo ndi Ntchito za Chiweruzo

Ofesala aliyense wa ICS anatumikira monga woweruza, woyang'anira ulamuliro waukulu pa milandu ya upandu ndi chilungamo cha anthu m'chigawo. Penal Code ya 1860, Lamulo la Criminal Procedeture ya 1861, ndi Lamulo la Indian Evidence Lamu 1872 adapanga lamulo lofanana lalamulo kupyola dziko laling'onolo. Woweruza anali ndi thayo la kufufuza milandu, kufalitsa ziyeso, ndi kupitirira zigamulo. Mgwirizano umenewu wa mkulu wa boma, apolisi, ndi mphamvu zachiweruzo zinaswa malamulo amakono opatulira maulamuliro, koma unalungamitsidwa ndi ulamuliro woyenerera kuti ayendetse zinthu ndi kulamulira.

Ilbert Bill wa mu 1883 anavumbula poyera kusamvana kwa mafuko kokhala m’dongosolo la chiweruzo. Lamulolo linaperekedwa kulola oweruza ndi oweruza a ku India kuyesa nzika za Azungu m’milandu yaupandu. Kugamulako kunatsutsidwa kowopsa ndi chitaganya cha Britain mu India, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu ambiri a ICS, omwe anatsutsa kuti kukachepetsa ulemu ndi ulamuliro wa fuko la azungu. Lamulolo linaperekedwa m’mawonekedwe opotopetsa kwambiri, kulola Azungu kuweruza mlandu ndi a ajuli ya a ku Ulaya omwe pafupifupi theka la iwo anali azungu. Mkangano umenewu unasonyeza kuti utsogoleri wapamwamba wa fuko la AiCS ndi boma la Azungu.

Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu Onse ndi Njala

Asilikali a ICS ankayang’anira ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga kumanga ndi kukonza misewu, mabuloho, ngalande, njira zothirira madzi, njanji, matelefoni, ndi nyumba zina za anthu.

Komabe, mbiri ya ICS yopereka chithandizo cha njala imasokonezedwa kwambiri ndipo imatsutsana. Orissa Nzala ya 1866, Njala Yaikulu ya 1876-78, ndi Njala ya Indian ya 1899-1900 inapha anthu mamiliyoni. Zoyesayesa za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zinazengereza, zopereŵera, ndi kutsenderezedwa ndi malingaliro ofala a laisez-faire ndi kuikidwa patsogolo pa kusonkhanitsa ndalama. Nzala, zoyambitsidwa ndi nduna za ICS zonga Sir Richard Temple ndipo pambuyo pake zoyengedwa ndi Sir John Woodhea, zinayala maziko a ntchito za chithandizo, zogaŵira chakudya, ndi kuchirikiza ndalama. Komabe, malamulowo kaŵirikaŵiri anaikidwa molakwa, ndipo kuyankha kwa njala kunanyozedwa kwambiri, kumapeto kwa Bengal, kumene kunayerekezera anthu atatu, kulephera kubweretsa anthu atatu, kuyendetsa ntchito zaupandu, kuphatikizapo kugaŵana kwa makampani onse.

ICS ndi Chuma cha ku India

Komiti ya Chigawo ya Indian Civil Service inali chida chachikulu chotengera atsamunda a dzikolo. Ndalama zimene akuluakulu a ICS anasonkhanitsa — kuchokera ku dziko, mchere, opium, miyambo, ndi zinthu zina — zinathandiza kukhazikitsa British Indian Army, zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito, ndi kumanga nyumba. Mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zimenezi inaperekedwanso ku Britain monga ndalama zoyendetsera boma la ICS, "ndalama za ndalama za apolisi a Britain ku India, penshoni, ndi ndalama zowonongedwa ndi maofesi a ku Indiya ku London. Amalonda a opiumin , omwe anabweretsa ndalama zambiri ku boma la atsatsatsatsana ndi kuyendetsa ICS.

Malamulo a zachuma ochitidwa ndi ICS adalinganizidwa kuthandizira zikondwerero za Briteni. Malamulo a chijaji anayanja katundu wa ku Britain wopangidwa, kugwetsa malonda a India . Kusintha kwa rupee kunakhazikitsidwa kuti kuthandize anthu a ku Britain ogulitsa ndi opereka ndalama. Chigwirizano cha sitima, chimodzi cha zipambano zooneka kwambiri za ulamuliro wa atsamunda, chinakhazikitsidwa makamaka kuti chithandize kulinganiza ndi malonda — kutumiza asilikali mwamsanga kuti atse chipanduko ndi kunyamula zinthu zosaphika (chitsotso, jute, tirigu, tii) ku madoko a kugulitsa kunja. Ziyambukiro za malamulo ameneŵa pa chuma cha India zinali zazikulu ndi zoipa kwambiri m'nthaŵi yaitali, zikuthandizira kuchotsa ntchito zamalonda, kugwetsa kwa mwambo, ndi kutha kwa anthu wamba.

Asilikali Odziŵika a ICS

Indian Civil Service inatulutsa anthu ambiri otchuka, ponse paŵiri Briteni ndi India, amene ntchito zawo zimawunikira kucholoŵana kwa malowo. Pakati pa nduna za Britain, Sir John Lawrence, amene anatumikira monga Mfumu yolamulira ya Punjab ndipo pambuyo pake monga Viceroy, anali munthu wotchuka m'kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Briteni pambuyo pa Kupanduka kwa 1857. Sir Henry Lawrence, mkulu wake wolemekezeka amene anafa kutetezera Briteni Residacy ku Lucnow. Sir Richard Temple anali woyang'anira wanjala, ngakhale kuti malamulo ake anasuliridwa mokulira. Sir Arthur Hirtzelton ndi Sir Malcolm Seton anali nduna wamkulu mu Office ku London.

Maofesala a ku India amene anatchuka ndi Sayendrath Tachore, amene anaswa chopinga cha fuko mu 1864. Bwana S. Das ndi B. N. Rau anali oweruza otchuka amene anachita mbali zazikulu m'kukonza mapangano a lamulo. V. P. Menon anali mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Sardar Pateral m'maboma a akapeza ufulu. Bwana Ramaswami Aiyar anatumikira monga Diwan of Travanque ndipo anali munthu wapamwamba m'ndale za South India. Aaindiyawawa ICS, pamene akutumikira boma la atsamunda, kaŵirikaŵiri aufuko ndipo anagwiritsira ntchito malo awo kuthandizira kukonzanso.

MAICS ndi Gulu la Ufulu

Unansi pakati pa Chigawo cha Indian Service ndi nkhondo ya kudziimira paokha unali wotsutsana kwambiri. Padzanja limodzi, ICS inali chida chimene Briteni anatsendereza kutsutsana, ochirikiza ndende, ndi kusungitsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Atsogoleri a dziko monga Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, ndi Jawaharlal Nehru anagwidwa ndi kuyesedwa ndi majajistar. Utumikiwo unali chida chachikulu cha osuliza a dziko, anaukira monga "steel faelo" ya ufumuwo ndi gulu limene linachotsa Aindiya ku maofesi apamwamba kwambiri mosasamala kanthu za ziyenero zawo.

Kumbali ina, maofesala angapo a Indian ICS anachirikiza mwakachetechete chochititsa cha dziko. Ena anapitirizabe kugwirizana ndi atsogoleri a Indian National Congress . Ena, pambuyo popuma pantchito, analoŵa ndale zadziko ndi kutumikira m'boma la India lodziimira. Mkangano wa Montagu-Chelmford Reforms mu 1919 ndi Boma la India la Act ya 1935 unawonjezera kuimira kwa Aindiya mu mkulu wa bungwe ndi nyumba ya malamulo, koma ICS inakhalabebe yosungidwa ndi Briteni yapamwamba kufikira pa kudziimira. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa kutumikira boma la atsamunda ndi kuimira zolinga za Aindiya kunali vuto lomasulira kwa ziŵalo za Aindiya a utumikiwo.

Kutha ndi Kusintha kwa Utumiki wa Uyang’aniro wa India

Kutha kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Yachiŵiri ndi kubwera kwa ufulu mu 1947 kunali mbali ya kutha kwa ntchito ya Chigawo cha Indian Service . Boma la Labour ku Britain linadzipereka ku ufulu wa India , ndipo ICS inawonongeka pakalipa 1946-1947. Maofesala ambiri a Britain anapuma kapena kuchoka ku India, pamene akuluakulu a India anapanga maziko a ntchito yatsopano yoyang'anira boma (IAS), yokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo 312 ya Malamulo a India. IAS inalandira choloŵa chachikulu cha nyumbayo, etos, ndi miyambo ya ICS: wosonkhanitsa, kayendetsedwe ka chigawo, kaungwe, kugogomezera zauyang'aniro, ndi kudzipereka kuundal' ndale zadziko.

Kusinthaku sikunakhale kopanda malire. Chigawo cha India chinayambitsa mavuto aakulu a boma, chifukwa ICS ndi IAS ankakakamizidwa kusamuka pakati pa mayiko atsopano a India ndi Pakistan, kaŵirikaŵiri m’mikhalidwe yoopsa. Choloŵa cha ICS m'IAS n’chooneka m'kupitirizabe kwa wosonkhanitsa wachigawo, malipoti achinsinsi a chaka ndi chaka (ACRS) amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ntchito, ndiponso kugogomezera utumiki monga "fashoni ya steel" ya dzikolo. Komabe, IAS imagwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana a ndale, dziko limodzi ndi boma losankhidwa, lipoti lalamulo logaŵa mayiko, ndi anthu audindo ndi otchuka.

Zimene Anasiya Ndiponso Zimene Anachita Kale

Choloŵa cha Indiya Civil Service chidakali nkhani ya mkangano wamphamvu wa mbiri yakale. "sitelel fam" inali ndandanda ya mbiri yakale, yotchuka ndi akuluakulu a Britain monga Lord Lloyd ndipo pambuyo pake inatengedwa ndi opereka ndemanga ena pambuyo pa dziko la Communist , ikugogomezera ntchito ya ICS m'kusungitsa bata, kuletsa ziphuphu, ndi kutsimikizira chipambano. ICS, m’lingaliro limeneli, inali thukuta limene linagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi pakati pa mitundu yambiri ndi kusakhazikika. Zolemba zake zinalengedwa — oyang'anira chigawo chatsatanetsatane, malipo, malipoti, masinthidwe, mayeso — zimapanga chosunga chidziŵitso chapadera ponena za chitaganya cha India, chuma, ndi chikhalidwe.

Atsogoleri ake akusonyeza nzeru zazikulu za lingaliro limeneli ndipo akhala amphamvu. Akatswiri agogomezera upo wapamwamba, kutulutsa, ndi upo waufuko wa ICS. Utumiki wolamulidwa popanda chivomerezo cha demokrase. Apolisi ake anali ochenjera kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kunyalanyaza kochepa. Malamulo a zachuma amene anapanga Briteni ndi India waumphaŵi. "steel famial" inalinso njira ya ndende — njira yolinganizidwira kukana ulamuliro wa Aindiya ndi kusungabe kugonjera kwa atsamunda. Njala, kusagwirizana kwa kutsutsa, kudyerera, kudyera kwa chuma — zonsezi zinali zogwirizana kuchokera ku mbiri ya ICS.

Akatswiri amakono afufuza mfundo zomveka bwino. Maofesala a ICS sanali amodzi okha. Asilikali amodzi anali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuyambira ochirikiza ulamuliro wa anthu a mtima wosasunthika mpaka okonza zinthu. Utumikiwu unali wothandiza kwambiri pa zonse ziŵiri, kukonza ndi kutulutsa. Mabungwe amene anapanga — dongosolo la chigawo, malamulo, malamulo, kalembera, ntchito za anthu onse — kupitiriza kukonza ulamuliro wa India yekha. Kumvetsa ICS n’kofunika kuti timvetsetse kutsutsana ndi kuvuta kwa ndale ndi kuyang'anira DNA yamakono ya India.

Magwero akunja ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’nkhani ino amapereka mowonjezereka ndi tsatanetsatane. Mbiri ndi kapangidwe ka ICS, kulowa kwa Komiti ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya Indian [1] kumapereka kusanthula kokulira. [[[FLT:] ] nkhani ya Britannica [[FLT] [[FLT:] [3] imapereka chidule ndi chinsinsi. [[FLT:] Chitsogozo cha National Archivess ku ICS [FLT:] ndi chuma chapadera kwa ofufuza. [FLT:] PP] . . . .PNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kumaliza

Indian Civil Service inali imodzi ya mabungwe a boma amphamvu kwambiri ndi otchuka a m’zaka za zana la 19 ndi makumi aŵiri. Chinali chida chimene Ufumu wa Britain unalamulira ndi kuchotsa chuma ku dziko la India kwa zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi. ICS inasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika pa mapulaneti a Indiya, malamulo, ndi nyumba za zachuma. Choloŵa chake nchovuta ndi chotsutsana — kuphatikizana kwa chipambano ndi kupondereza, kutukuka ndi kupondereza, kulinganiza ndi kupondereza. Utumikiwo unali chotulukapo cha nthaŵi yake, mphamvu ndi kuphophonya kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe abwino a Ufumu wa Britain. Kumvetsetsa ntchito ya Chigaŵenga cha ku India sindiko kutsutsa kapena kutsutsa, koma si njira yofunikira kumvetsetsa mbiri yaitali ya ulamuliro wamakono wa India ndi mavuto okhalapo kwaukulu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwauchiŵerengo, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwauchiŵere, ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lauchiŵere.