Lingaliro la uyang'aniro nlofunika kwambiri ku ntchito ya boma la United States. Opanga malamulo a malamulo, odziŵa kwambiri za kuthekera kwa kupondereza, adapanga dongosolo la maulamuliro opatulidwa kumene nthambi iliyonse "yalamulo, yoyang'anira, ndi yachiweruzo . Ilinso ndi ntchito zapadera zoyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zina. Makompyuta ovutawa ndi malingana a kusungitsa kuyang'anira kwa democracy.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Nthambi Yoyang’anira Mwalamulo

Nyumba ya boma, monga nthambi yoyamba, ili ndi maulamuliro aakulu kwambiri pa bwana. Uyang’aniro umenewu suli kokha mwambo wongolingalira koma thayo lalikulu la lamulo limene limatsimikizira boma lalikulu la boma kukhala loyenera kuyankha kwa nthumwi zosankhidwa. Njirazo zimachokera ku kupereka tsatanetsatane wa lamulo ku ziŵiya zopangidwa mwamwaŵi.

Kutsimikiziridwa kwa Mapangano

“ Umboni ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo . Ntchito imeneyi imakhala pansi pa Mfundo II, Chigawo 2, ndi kupenda mwachindunji kwa pulezidentiyo kukhoza kwake kwa kugwira ntchito nthambi yauyang'aniro ndi jadiary. Mwachitsanzo, mlembi aliyense wa kabungwe, woweruza wa boma, kazembe, ndi akuluakulu ambiri a bungwe la akulu ayenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi voti ya ambiri m'Bungwe. Njira imeneyi imachitidwa ndi anthu amene amafufuza mozama kwambiri. Kufufuza koyenera, kumvetsera kwa komiti, ndi kutsutsana pansi. Mwachitsanzo, zitsimikizo zotsutsana zonga za Justice Bre Kavaugh kapena Mle wa Jefester Mattis zimachitira fanizo mmene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachedwe kapena kukana zosankha za pulezidenti, kukakamiza nduna kusankha moyenerera anthu ofikapo kapena ovomerezeka. Kutsimikizirako kukwaniritsa ntchito ya kumbuyo kwa ntchito yawo yosagwirizana kwa ogwirizana, kuyang’aniridwa bwino kwa mapangano awo.

Kuletsa Ndalama

“ Mphamvu ya chikwama” mwina ndi yoposa kuyang'ana kwa Congress. Pansi pa Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Congress imayang'anira ndalama zonse za boma. Palibe ntchito yaudindo imene ingachitike popanda ndalama. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za pulogalamu ya pachaka, Congress ingawonjezere, kapena kuchepetsa mapulogalamu apadera. Ingathe kuphatikiza mahatchi amene amaletsa ntchito ya akuluakulu a boma. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotumiza akaidi kuchokera ku Guankamo Bay ku United States. Chiwopsezo choopsa cha kuzima kwa boma, monga momwe chikuonekera mu 2013 ndi 20181819, chikusonyezanso kuti Nyumba ya Boma ikugwira ntchito.

Kufufuza ndi Kumva

Makomiti a Congress ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wofufuza nkhani iliyonse m’manja mwawo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yotsimikiziridwa m'nkhani zonga Mcrain v. Daughty (1877), imalola makomiti kuchotsa zikalata zapamanja ndi kukakamiza umboni kwa akuluakulu a nthambi. Kufufuza kwa zankhondo kumaphatikizapo kumvetsera za madzi (1973 /1974), kumene kunavumbula kusamvera kwa preziden ndi kutsogolera kwa Pulezidenti Nixon's kugawa; Iran-Contra (1987), kumene kunavumbula kugulitsa kwa zida zankhondo zolamulira ku Iran kuti kukhale ndalama za Nicaragua; ndi January 6 Komiti ya Capito (2010-1922), imene inafufuza kuukira kwa Capito. Zimenezi zinathandizanso kutsutsa kwa maulamuliro andale, komanso kufalitsa malingaliro a zandale.

Kufuna

Mfundo I imapatsa Nyumba ya Oimira ulamuliro umodzi wokha kwa akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo pulezidenti, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yokha yoyesa kutsutsa. Kuyesa ndi njira yomaliza yotsimikizira malamulo ndi kuyesa kwa boma . Ndi mankhwala alamulo a “chiwembu, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi maupandu ena aakulu. Mabishopu atatu adatsutsidwa ndi Nyumba: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1939), ndi Donald Trump (wace, 2019 ndi 2021). Palibe anaimbidwa mlandu ndi Nyumba ya malamulo, koma njira yeniyeniyo yomvera, kusonkhanitsa umboni, ndi kuvota pansi pake. Chiwopsezo cha ndaletso cha kutsutsa kwa prezidenyo, kuchenjeza, m’machenjera.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Nthambi Yoyang’anira Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri nthambi ya akuluakulu imaoneka kuti ndi yoyang’anira, imagwira ntchito kwambiri poyang’anira, kusonkhezera, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuchepetsa malamulo amene anapangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Mphamvu ya Veto

Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevet adapereka ndalama zoyendetsera 635. Pansi pa Mfundo I, Chigawo 7, chigawo cha magawo atatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri chikufunikira kuchotsa winto, imene imachitika mwa kawirikawiri, ndipo imachitika mwa kawirikawiri (kokha 4 peresenti ya mavetoe anthaŵi zonse ndi amene akhala akukhala opanda umboni. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Rooselt yakhala yosabweza ndalama 635; posachedwapa, Pulezidenti Donald Trump thod 10. M'modzi wa mapulogalamu amphamvu: Pulezidenti angawo angawopseze kukakamiza kusintha malamulo, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito thumba (kuchitika kwa masiku khumi pamene Congresssions) kupha chikalata ya lamulo popanda kukana. Congresssions .

Malamulo ndi Malangizo Otsogolera

Malamulo a akuluakulu amalola pulezidenti kutsogolera ntchito za boma la boma popanda chilolezo cha bungwe. Ngakhale kuti iwo sangathe kulinganiza ndalama kapena kusintha lamulo, angakhazikitse zofunika za malamulo amene amasintha mmene malamulo alipo akutsatidwira. Zitsanzo za bungwe zimaphatikizapo Eductioption Order 906 (Kulimbana ndi Ajapani panthaŵi ya WWII), Olamulira Olamulira 13769 (Chiletso cha “kuletsa " mu 2017), ndi malamulo ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito malamulo a malo okhala. Bungwe lingapereke malamulo kuchotsa lamulo la mkulu wa boma, koma pulezidenti angapereke lamulolo, kukakamiza gulu lapamwamba la anthu. Ndiponso, malamulo a akuluakulu akufunika kupenda komiti yachitatu.

Boma la Mgwirizano ndi Kulamulira Kwapoyera

Chigawo cha pachaka cha Pulezidenti wa Boma la Union chalamulidwa ndi lamulo (Article II, Gawo 3) koma chasintha kukhala malo oyambira anthaŵi yoyambirira kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mwakugogomezera zofunika kwambiri . "Alathth Reformation, malamulo a kusamuka, malamulo a zamalonda, dongosolo la zamalonda ogwiritsidwa ntchito . Pulezidenti amafunafuna kusonkhanitsa malingaliro a anthu ndi kukakamiza mamembala a Congress. Nyumba ya White House imayendetsanso Office yamphamvu ya Legislative Affairsrsive imene opanga malamulo: Kukhazikitsa chinenero cha pepala, kuŵerengera mavoti, ndi kupereka zopereka zopereka zotsata. Chipangano chimenechi chopitirizabe chimalola nduna ya kayendetsekera kuzungulira kwa kachitidwe kaundula wa malamulo kuyambira pa zigawo.

Kusaina Ndemanga

Mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mawu osaina operekedwa posaina lamulo pomasulira lamulo kapena polengeza kuti zigawo zingakhale zosagwirizana ndi lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhanizi zikutsutsana, ndemanga zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga uyang'aniro ndi nthambi yaikulu ya bungwe lolamulira. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti George W. Bush anatulutsa mawu osaina otsutsa mapangano oposa 750 monga kuswa malamulo a pulezidenti, monga ziletso pa kutsendereza kwa asilikali. Nyumba ya malamulo ingayankhe mwa kusintha malamulo amtsogolo, koma mawuwo amagwira ntchito monga kuyang'ana mwamsanga, kusonyeza mmene mkulu wa boma afunira kugwiritsa ntchito (kapena kusatsatira) lamulolo.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Malamulo ndi Malamulo Audindo

judiary, yotsogozedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu, imatumikira monga wopereka chigamulo chotheratu cha kumasulira kwa lamulo. Uyang'aniro wake kwakukulukulu ngwogwirizana ndi . Imachita kokha pamene mlandu kapena mkangano waperekedwa pamaso pake . Koma malamulo ake amasungidwa ndi kumaliza. Ulamuliro umenewu umatsimikizira kuti ngakhale Congress kapena pulezidenti sangapitirire malire oikidwa ndi Malamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo . Chiyambire pamenepo, Bwalo Lapamwamba lagwetsa malamulo a boma oposa 170 ndi malamulo osaŵerengeka a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT:] United States v. Lopez . (1955), Khoti linalamulira kuti Chikole cha Gun-Free Schools chipambanitse mphamvu ya Congress, Reas Relations pauvement pa maulamuliro a boma. [FLT:] mu maofesi a United States . Courts . Cooctive .[5] [195], Khoti linalamulira kuti Khoti la Gun-Fodenties Counts Active Courages (195]) isanachite chigamu cha Pricence Revices (1952) Polower Laumention pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo ya nkhondo, sakhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo aumboni aumboni onse.

Kumasulira Malamulo

Makhoti amamasulira tanthauzo la malamulo monga momwe anapatsidwira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Ngati kuli kosamvetsetseka, kumasulira kwachiweruzo kungasinthe kwambiri chiyambukiro cha lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council [[FLL:1] (19984), Khoti linakhazikitsa maziko opatulira ku kumasulira malamulo apamwamba ovuta. Chosankha chimene chinakhala kupenda mphamvu ya Congresstion ya kulamulira ntchito. Posachedwapa, Khoti lachepetsa kugonjera, kugamula lamulo la akuluakulu a boma. Ntchito yomasulira imeneyi isunga matabi onse aŵiriwo ponena za zolinga za malamulo a malamulo.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Bill of Rights ndi ziwonjezeko zotsatira zimatsimikizira ufulu wa munthu aliyense wotsutsa kachitidwe ka boma. Oweruza amakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa motsutsana ndi ponse paŵiri nthambi zalamulo ndi maulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, khoti linalamulira Brown v. Board of Education [ [1954] [1964]) kuti kusankhana kwa mafuko m’masukulu kunali kosagwirizana, kopambana kwambiri kuvomereza kwa Congressbourg ndi kusungitsa malamulo a bungwelo. Mu [FLT:] Roe v. Wade v. [6] [7] [7]), Khoti inamenya boma ndi kuchotsa mimba, kuyambitsa lamulo lolamulira loletsa ufulu womasunthano ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Pamenenso akusonyeza kuletsa ufulu wa anthu a boma kumbuyo kwa bungwe la boma.

Kufufuza Zochita za Malamulo

Khotilo limapendanso ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo yeniyeniyo yaswa malamulo alamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu S v. Chadha [193], Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa chigamulo cha malamulo cha Regionaltion [1] authont Congress zogwiritsa ntchito kuthetsa zigamulo za bungwe lolamulira. [2] Pophwanya malamulo a Bidaralism ndi malamulo a Chilamulo I. Chilamulochi chinalamula chokakamiza kudalira pa malamulo alamulo kuti achotse machitidwe apamwamba, mwakutero kulimbitsa kulolera kwa mkuluyo. Mofananamo, mu Clinton. Mzinda wa New York [[FLT] , Court adawononga malamulo a Linentoto, amene adapereka ulamuliro kuchotsapo zinthu zimene pulezidenti adapanga; Chigamu chimene chikanetse mlandu wotsutsa ndi chikalamulo cha Claucto.

Njira Yodziŵira ndi Kutsimikizira

Oweruza a boma amaikidwa ndi pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, koma atangokhala, amatumikira moyo, kutsimikizira kudziimira. Ntchito imeneyi imagwira ntchito monga njira yoyang'anira: mapresidenti angaumbe mlandu kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaletse mafilosofi awo alamulo opambanitsa. Kupangidwa kwa khoti lino ndi zigamulo zisanu ndi chimodzi zosunga mwambo zoikidwa ndi prezidenti za Republican ndi zigamulo zitatu zololera zoikidwa ndi Democrates . Moyo wa khumi umalola oweruza kutsutsa malingaliro onse aŵiri otchuka ndi nthambi za ndale zadziko, kutsimikizira thayo lawo monga machekedzana.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo ndi Zitsanzo Zamakono

Masiku ano, pamakhala kusamvana kwakukulu pakati pa malamulo a boma.

  • Mlandu wapamwamba wa bungwe la Trump . Mwayi waudindo: Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trump, Nyumba inatulutsa mapena kuti achitire umboni ndi zikalata, koma pulezidenti analangiza akuluakulu kusagwirizana, kutchula mwayi wa akuluakulu. Mkanganowo unafika m’makhoti, ndi kugamula kwa Supreme Court mu [FLT] Trump v. Mazars [[FLT:] [200]] [20] kuti mphamvu ya chigawo cha Popena siiyenera kuyesedwa kotheratu ndipo iyenera kuyesedwa motsutsana ndi zikondwerero za preziden. Mlawuwuwuwu unawonjetsedwa koma sunathetse mavutowo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kachitidwe kothandiza pa kusamuka: Pulezidenti Oma’s Development for Child Ages (DACA) anatsutsidwa monga wochenjera. Khoti Lalikulu mu Kuchoka kwa Homeland Security v. Regents ya Yunivesite ya California [FLT:] [200] [20]) adalamulira kuti uyang'aniro sunatsatire njira yoyenera pothetsa DCA [1] koma anasiya chitseko chotseguka kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kamtsogolo. Pulezidenti Trump anayang'anizana ndi kupenda koweruza ndipo anachirikiridwa kwambiri [FL:] trum . v [FFFF:]
  • Kuvomereza ndi kukhululukidwa: Pulezidenti Trump (kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi zopinga za Congress) ndi kusapereka kwachiŵiri (kugalukira kupandutsa) anagogomezera malire a mphamvu ya kutsutsa pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo siikuweruza. Kukanako kunatsimikiziridwa kuti kusamvera kuli kogwirizana ndi ndale monga njira yalamulo, ndi kuti kupenda lamulo kungalephere ngati magaŵano a bungwelo ali ozama.
  • Gawo loletsa: Kutseka ndalama pamalipu yamalire kwa 2018-2019 kunasonyeza zotulukapo zenizeni za mphamvu ya bajeti: 800,000 antchito a boma omenyedwa kapena ogwira ntchito popanda malipiro, kusokonezeka kwa mautumiki ofunika, ndipo potsirizira pake kulolera molakwa. Inasonyeza kuti nthambi zonse ziŵiri zingabweretse ululu pa ziwiya zina, ndi pa anthu onse.

Kufunika kwa Uyang’aniro m’Chigwirizano cha Democratic Society

Kuyang’anira nthambi zitatuzi si chinthu chongoyerekezera koma chofunika kwambiri.

Kuŵerengera

Nduna iliyonse, kuyambira pa pulezidenti mpaka pa bungwe lina loyang’anira, iyenera kuyankha mlandu wa nthambi ina.

Kupeŵa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu Molakwa

Oyang'anira malo anaopa kuti padzakhala kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro. Oweruza olephera, moyo wosangalatsa, ndi nyumba yoyaluza ya ma bidamaral analinganizidwa kuti achedwetse ntchito ya boma. Njira zolamulira zikhoza kuimitsa ntchito, kuletsa kuthamanga kapena kusasamala kwa nthambi iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti sangalengeze nkhondo popanda Nyumba za Malamulo; Nyumba ya Malamulo siingaimbe mlandu munthu wa mlandu popanda mlandu wachiweruzo; Khoti silingayambitse lamulo popanda mlandu. Kuletsana kumeneku ndiko luso la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.

Chitetezo cha Kumasulidwa kwa Anthu Achiŵeniŵeni

Ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umawonongeka kwambiri ngati boma lichita zinthu ngati mphamvu imodzi. Macheke ake ndi kulinganiza kutsimikizira kuti ngati nthambi imodzi iloŵerera pa ufulu .kwakuti, mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kulankhulana ndi [1] nthambi zina zingaloŵererepo. Oweruza, makamaka, amateteza anthu opondereza mwa kuswa malamulo ophwanya ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale pamene malamulowo ali otchuka.

Kudziŵa Kukhala Nzika ndi Kuona Zinthu Moŵa

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Kusinthasintha Mademokrase

Kuyang'anira kumaumbanso chikhalidwe chandale. Mantha amene adzayang'anirana amalimbikitsa kulemekezana pa malamulo ndi kulepheretsa ntchito zina zowonjezera za boma. Ngakhale pamene uyang'aniro walephera kugwira ntchito . Pamene gulu limodzi lilamulira ponse paŵiri White House ndi Congress . Pakupita kwa nthaŵi, malamulo onga “lamulo” amaloŵa m’dongosolo landale, kuchepetsa upandu wa kulanda ulamuliro.

Kumaliza

Malamulo ocholoŵana opangidwa m'Malamulo a U.S. ndi owonjezera pa mbiri yakale; amakhala ndi moyo, ntchito zazikulu zimene zimalongosola ntchito ya boma. nthambi ya malamulo imakhala ndi mphamvu ya chikwama ndi chiwopsezo cha kulephera kuyang'anira; mkuluyo amagwiritsira ntchito pepala la polisi ndi apolisi oukira ena; woweruza amamasulira malamulo ndi kupenda ntchito zonse ziŵiri. Zonsezi zimapanga dongosolo lolimba limene limalinganiza mphamvu, limateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi kulamula. Pamene opanga mafilimu andale akuyesa malire a ulamuliro wawo, mayeso, kapena khoti lokanika. Kuzindikira mmene nthambi iliyonse imayang'anira ntchito zina sikuli kofunika kaamba ka maphunziro a anthu onse komanso kukhazikitsa ufulu wa zaumoyo wa ku America.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani [[FLT: 1] Chikalata cha kugamula, , Komiti ya Chigamulo [, ndi ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu .