Ntchito Yopanga Zinthu Zomveka Bwino Pochita Zofufuza za Ndalama

Mfundo ya chochititsa imakhala maziko a kuchuluka kwa njira yachinayi yosungira zinthu, makamaka pa nkhani ya kupezera malamulo a ndalama. Imagwira ntchito monga chitetezo chachikulu cha malamulo chotetezera anthu achinsinsi pamene ikutheketsa lamulo kusonkhanitsa umboni wa ntchito yosaloledwa mwa kukakamiza kuulula za kusamala ndalama, kusungitsa, ndi kutsatsa malonda. Kumvetsa mmene zinthu zolembedwa m'zandalama zimagwirira ntchito pa malamulo, malamulo a mapulaneti, ndi njira zothandiza. Nkhaniyi imafufuza chiphunzitso cha mayeso a mayezo amene angapangidwe oyenera kuchititsa mafashoni a zolembedwa za ndalama, kuŵerengera kwalamulo, ziyeneretso zachinduko, ndi mavuto opitirizabe ochititsidwa ndi maluso a za zandalama ndi zobisika.

Kumvetsa Zochititsa Zoyenera

Mafotokozedwe ndi Malamulo

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika ndicho chikhulupiriro choyenera, chozikidwa pa maumboni osatsutsika, kuti upandu wachitidwa ndi umboni wakuti upandu udzapezeka pamalo kapena chinthu chofunikira kufufuzidwa. M'nkhani za mbiri ya zachuma, chochititsa chingafunikire kusungitsa lamulo kusonyeza kuthekera koyenera kwa kuti zolembedwazo ziri ndi umboni wa upandu. Muyezo umenewu kuchokera ku Demplete Yachinayi ku U.S., umene umapereka:

" Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, motsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi khunyu, sizidzagwiridwa, ndipo palibe a Warlant, koma pa chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofufuzidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunkha.

Chochititsa muyezo wothekera umatumikira zifuno ziŵiri: imapatsa ofufuza boma mphamvu kuti apeze umboni wofunika pamene ikuchinjiriza kuloŵerera kwachinsinsi kwachinsinsi kapena kwachinyengo. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likutsutsa mosalekeza kuti chochititsa chiri chogwira ntchito, chosagwirizana ndi kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe. Illinois v. Gates [1], 462 U.S. 213 (1903), Khoti linasiya malingaliro ovuta aŵiri ozikidwa pa kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe. Ailgil-pelgic [FLT:] Kuyesa kaamba ka chidziŵitso ndi kuvomerezedwa, kupenda kosintha kwa chidziŵitso konse komwe kulipo.

Kusiyana ndi Kusuta Koyenera

Chochititsa choyenera chiyenera kusiyanitsa ndi muyezo wochepera wa kukayikira koyenera, kumene kumalola kuima kwachidule ndi kufufuza kochepa. Kukayikira kosapambanitsa kumafuna mfundo zenizeni ndi zomveka zopereka lingaliro lakuti upandu uli wotsatizana, koma kuli kulungamitsa kochepa kuposa chochititsa chothekera. Chikalata cha zolembedwa za ndalama chingangokhudza kokha kupezedwa kwa chochititsa chachiweruzo chothekera, osati kukayikira chabe. Chotero ofufuza ayenera kusonkhanitsa zizindikiro zenizeni asanaperekeze kugwiritsa ntchito chilo, kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa kupenda malonda a za ndalama, ndemanga zachinsinsi, kapena chidziŵitso chachinsinsi kuchokera ku mabanki obisira.

Kukula kwa Mbiri ndi Mbali ya Zolembedwa za Ndalama

Kugwiritsira ntchito koyenera kwa zolembedwa za ndalama kwasintha pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa masinthidwe m'makampani ndi m'Chisinthiko Chachinayi. M' United States v. Miller, U.S. 435 [77], Khoti Lapamwamba la banki linavomereza kuti ogula mapepala a zandalama osungidwa ndi banki chifukwa chakuti mapepalawo ali mapepala a bizinesi a banki, osati mapepala achinsinsi a wogulayo. "Chiphunzitso chachitatu" chinatanthauza kuti boma lingapeze mapepala a banki popanda chilo, malinga ngati linagwiritsira ntchito njira yaing'ono kapena ina yololedwa. Komabe, pambuyo pake mapangano otere anakhazikitsa malamulo otero [FL:2] ku Actmental Act (RFFFF]) yowonjezereka, kapena kuperekedwa ndi boma, kapena kuperekedwa kwa makompyuta ena a magetsi olembedwa. Komabe, malamulo owonjezereka a za ndalama.

Muyezo Walamulo wa Ogwira Ntchito

Zofunika za Kukonzanso Chachinayi

Chilolezo chotsimikizirika chiyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi chothekera, chozikidwa pa kulumbira affidavit, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofunidwa ndi zinthu zofunikira kutengedwa. M'nkhani za zolembedwa za zandalama, woweruza ayenera kukhazikitsa mfundo zokhazikitsa pakati pa wolingaliridwa kukhala waupandu ndi zolembedwa. Woweruza (kapena, m'malamulo ena, woweruza wa boma) amatumikira monga woweruza wosatenga mbali amene amapenda kukwanira kwa gulu la ofufuza. Ngati woweruza apeza kuti ali ndi chochititsa chothekera kusoŵa, chikalata cha chilolezo chiyenera kukanidwa kapena kusinthidwa.

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Mabuku a zachuma ayenera kulongosola zolembedwazo moyenerera zofufuzidwa ndi kusanthula kwapadera kwa onse kapena kope. Makhoti achotsa zilolezo zimene zinalongosola "zolemba za ndalama" popanda kuletsedwa, monga chinenero chotakata choterocho chikuswa lamulo la Generamenti Yachinayi la kukhazikitsa malamulo. Chilolezo cholinganizidwa bwino cha zolembera za ndalama chimatchula: kulembedwa kapena nkhani zenizeni kapena kulembedwa kumene kufunidwa, nyengo imene mafashoni amafunidwa, mitundu ya zolembera (m., maakaunti, kutumiza, kutumiza mapepala a telefoni, mafomu a foni), ndi ntchito yaupandu yokayikiridwa yogwirizanitsa mabodzaledi kuti afufuze. Kuposa ndi kusoŵa kwapadera kuli maziko ofala kaamba ka kutseka umboni wopezedwa m'zondango za ndalama.

Mbali ya Mkulu wa Oweruza

Chikalata chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi woweruza wosaloŵererapo, osati ndi antchito alamulo kapena loya. Oweruza ayenera kudzisanthula okha kupenda ngati pali chochititsa chabwino. Kufufuza kumeneku kuli chitetezero cholimbana ndi kuchenjerera. Mu United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (19984), Khoti Lapamwamba lilenga kulekana kwa chikhulupiriro, kumene kumapereka umboni wopezeka pambuyo pake kukhala wopanda chilolezo ngati maofesalawo adachita moyenerera pa chochititsa. Komabe, osagwiritsira ntchito ngati woweruzayo sakhoza kudalira lamulolonetseratu, kapena kulephera kuweruza.

Kuthandiza pa Nkhani za Ndalama

Mabuku Opereka Mafano Olamulira Olemba Ndalama

Malamulo a boma amapereka njira zambiri kuti boma lipeze mafashoni a zachuma, iliyonse yokhala ndi zofunika zake. Magalimoto atatu aakulu ndi: (1) Kuyenera kwa Financial Act (RFPA), 12 U.S.C. 76 3401-3422; (2) Tranged Communivations Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. . 2701-27; ndi (3) Secreans akuluakulu a a khoti. Warrant amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamene RFPA ifuna chikalata chofufuzira (m. g., kaamba ka mabolo a kubanki ena) kapena pamene SCA afuna chilo cha zolankhula zosungidwa kwa pa kompyuta zosungidwa kwa masiku osachepera 180.

Pansi pa RFPA, boma lingapeze mafaelo a zachuma ku bungwe la zachuma kokha ngati: wogulayo avomereza kuulula; potengera mapepala a boma kapena mafomu a kampani aperekedwa ndipo wogulayo ali ndi chidziŵitso; kapena chikalata chofufuza chipezeka pa chifukwa chothekera. Motero RFPA imatchula mwachindunji za Konsoli yachinayi yochititsa muyezo wovomerezeka kupezeka. Lamulolo limafunanso kuti boma lipereke kope la chilolezo ndi kuŵerengera mafashoni omwe apezedwa, pokhapokhapokha ngati khoti la khotilo litachedwa kulengeza kuti pepalalo lingawononge kwambiri kufufuzako.

SCA, imene imakuta zothandizira za magetsi (monga ngati malo otumizira ma email) ndi mautumiki akutali, imalamula lamulo lozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera kukakamiza kuvumbulidwa kwa zam'nkhani zosungidwa kaamba ka [[FLT: 0] masiku 180 kapena ocheperapo . Zolankhulana zakale kapena za chidziŵitso chapamwamba, secrome kapena dongosolo la khoti pansi pa muyezo wotsika (monga ngati " nsonga zenizeni ndi luso lokhoza kusungidwa") zingakwaniridwe. Kusinthaku kumachitika kaŵirikaŵiri m'kufufuza kwa za ndalama zochitidwa kudzera m'makalata kapena mapulati, kumene zolembedwa za mauthengawo zingapange zolemba za ndalama.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Pali Zochititsa Zachuma

Kuti asonyeze kuti zolembedwa za ndalama zidzakhala ndi umboni wa upandu, ofufuzawo kwenikweni amadalira pa maumboni a mitundu ingapo:

  • Masinthidwe opindulitsa a malonda : Malo osungirako pansi pa khomo lochitira lipoti la $10,000, kusamutsidwa mobwerezabwereza ku maulamuliro odziŵika kaamba ka kubisa banki, kapena kuyendetsa ndalama mofulumira kupyolera m'maakaunti ambiri (kuika ndalama) kungasonyeze kugulitsa ndalama kapena kujambula.
  • Umboni wa odziŵitsa kapena wa paseri : Mboni zogwirizanitsa, zikalata zachinsinsi, kapena nthumwi zachinsinsi zingachitire umboni kuti nkhaniyo imachita ntchito yosakhala yalamulo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito maakaunti kapena mabungwe a zachuma kuti iyendetse.
  • Luntha la zachuma lochokera ku Bank Speciery Act (BSA) likusimba kuti: Canon Transaction Reports (CTRS), Space Accounting Reports (SARS), ndi Apps of International Transportagement of Lagellant kapena Monetary Acts (CIR) yolembedwa ndi mabungwe a zandalama ikhoza kupanga maziko enieni a chochititsa, malinga ndi boma lingakhazikitse nexus pakati pa malipoti a BSA ndi khalidwe laupandu.
  • Kusanthula ndi malonda [1]: Ofufuza angagwiritsire ntchito mapepala ang'onoang'ono a chidziŵitso cha chigawo chapansi kapena mafaelo a akhawunti (imene siifuna chifukwa chothekera) kumanga maziko a chilolezo chofuna chidziŵitso cha ndalama chochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, pepala laling'ono la mapepala otsegulira a banki okayikira angatulutse chizindikiritso ndi ulamuliro wa kusaina, zimene kenaka zimachirikiza chilolezo cha masinthidwe.
  • Kugwirizanitsa pakati pa ntchito yokayikiridwa ndi yosakhala ya lamulo [1]: Ndemanga imene woikayikirayo anavomereza kukhala wakuba ndiyeno kuikamo ndalama ikhoza kukwaniritsa kampani yogwirizanitsa. Mofananamo, kuyang'anira kwakuthupi kuika wonyumwiridwayo panthambi ya banki patsiku limodzimodzilo monga momwe ndalama zambiri zingaphatikizidwire ndi umboni wina.
  • Mapikica a kugwiritsira ntchito mogwirizana ndi ntchito yosakhala yalamulo : Wokaikiridwa amene amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama kwambiri, kutsegulira maakaunti m'dzina la makampani opanga zigoba, kapena nyumba zosungidwa kuti apeŵe kupereka zofunika zingasonyeze kuyesayesa kwakudziŵa kubisa chuma, kuchirikiza chochititsa chothekera.

Lamulo Lopereka Chilango Limachitira Chithunzi Zofunika pa Nkhani Zachuma

Zigamulo zingapo zopereka makhoti zimaunikira mmene amaonera zothekera zoyambitsa m'zolembera za ndalama. United States v. Nejad, 655 F. App 'x 548 (9 Kir. 2016) (kusafalitsidwa), khoti linasunga kuti chilolezo cha mapepala a banki chinachirikizidwa ndi chifukwa chomveka kumene affidavit analongosola kusamutsira waya woka kumaiko ena ndi mbiri ya woimbidwa mlandu wa kuyang'anira nyuzi. Khoti linagogomezera kuti chiwonkho chonse cha mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo zigamu za milandu za ndalama zimene woimbidwa mlanduyo anali asanaweruze, inapereka maziko aakulu kaamba ka zopezedwa.

Mosiyana, mu United States v. MacCormack , No. 17-CR-00168, 2018 WL 4926161 (D. Colo. 10, 2018), khoti la boma linachotsa umboni wochokera ku chilolezo chimene chinafuna "zolembedwa zonse za ndalama" kwa woimbidwa mlandu pa nyengo ya zaka zisanu, kupeza kuti kulephera kwa woimbidwa mlanduwo kulibe kutsimikizira kuti wokwanira kuchititsa nkhani zambiri ndi kuti lamulolo nlosoŵa. Khotilo linaona kuti khotilo linangonena kuti chinenezo chachinyengo popanda kugamula mwachindunji, kugwirizanitsa kwa nthaŵi yolumikizidwa ndi zolembedwazo. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza kufunika kwa kulembedwa kwa nex.

Nkhani ina yowopsya ndi [[FLT: 0] United States v. Carpent, 138 S. 2206 (208), imene, pamene siinawonere mwachindunji pa zolembedwa za zachuma, inakonzanso chiphunzitso chachitatu mwa kukhala ndi lamulo lakuti boma likufuna chilolezo chonga ngati chifukwa chakuti lifunikira kupezera maselo a maselo chifukwa chakuti anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo chokwanira cha kubisika m'miyezo yawo yonse yathupi pa nyengo yaitali. Mabwalo amilandu ndi akatswiri ena atsutsa kuti [[FLT:] Katriendient [[FLT] [FF:]] [FF3]] [FFT] [mu , angaperekeze chizindikiro cha kuyang'anira kwa maluso a za za za zachuma, zimene zingavumbulire chithunzithunzi cha moyo wa munthu. Komabe, Khoti lalikulu lakuwonjezeranso: [Fetleti]

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Ndiponso Kusamalidwa Mwalamulo

Kufufuza Kwachiweruzo ndi Ngozi ya Kutsenderezedwa

Makhoti amapenda mosamalitsa chochititsa chothekera m'mafakishoni a zandalama. Ngati khoti lobwereza lipeza kuti lamulolo lilephera kutsimikizira chothekera, chilolezocho chingachotsedwe ndi umboni uliwonse wopezeka, kuphatikizapo zolembedwa za ndalamazo enizo ndi umboni uliwonse wochokera ku chiwindi (" zipatso za mtengo wapoizoni"), zingaletsedwe. Kutsendereza kaŵirikaŵiri kumasumika pa kutha kwa chidziŵitso, kudalirika kwa odziŵitsa, ndi kutsimikizirika kwa zikalatazo pakati pa mabodzaledi ndi ntchito zaupandu.

Vuto la Kuuma Mtima

Ngati affidavit imadalira pa kugula zinthu kokha zaka zingapo zapitazo popanda chilolezo cha ntchito ya upandu yopitirizabe, osati kokha panthaŵi ya zochitika zofotokozedwa m'makampani. Nthaŵi zambiri zolemba za zachuma zimafunidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali pambuyo poti malonda achitika, kuyambitsa nkhani za kusaona mtima. Ngati affidavit imadalira pa kugula zinthu kuchokera ku zaka zingapo zapitazo popanda umboni wa ntchito zaupandu zopitirizabe, woweruza angapeze umboni wovuta kwambiri kukhazikitsa chifukwa chake. Motero masheya ayenera kusonyezabe njira ya khalidwe imene imafuna kuti zolemba za ndalama zikhalebe ndi umboni woyenerera, kapena kuti zolemberazo zikhalebe zachikhalire (m.,, nkhani zimene zimatsala m'malembe a m'mabungwe a bungwelo). Makhoti alandira kuti maboti asungidwe a ndalama kwa zaka zisanu kapena kuposa pamenepo, ndiye nkhani za mbiri yakale, koma kuti adziŵikebe.

Kutchula Zinthu Mwapadera m’Nthaŵi ya Zolembedwa za Masitayelo

Mabuku a zachuma amasungidwa mowonjezereka m'makompyuta aakulu amagetsi, kupanga umboni wapadera ponse paŵiri wofunika kwambiri ndi wovuta kwambiri. Chikalata chimene chimafunafuna "Malo onse a ndandanda a makasitomala" chidzakhala chonkitsa. Chikalata chiyenera kulembedwa kuchepetsa kufunafuna kwa maakaunti, nyengo zanthaŵi, ndi mitundu ya zolembedwa zimene zimakhulupiriridwa kukhala ndi umboni. Dipatimenti ya Zoweruza [FLT: 0] imafufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta mu Criminal Investigations [1] kugaŵira malangizo a boma ndi zikalata zopanga makompyuta, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha za za ndalama. Bukulo limagogomezera kuti lamulolo liyenera kuchepetsa kufunafuna kwa mapepala osakhala a makompyuta.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mayina

Kukula kwa kupeka ndi mautumiki achilendo (m., masspect , ndalama zachinsinsi) kumapereka mavuto atsopano chifukwa chothekera. Pamene wokayikirayo agwiritsira ntchito maadiresi a Bitoi omwe sangagwirizanitse mosavuta ndi chizindikiritso, ofufuza ayenera kudalira pa kusanthula, maadiresi a IP, kapena masinthidwe amene adziŵa pulogalamu yanu (KYC). Mabuku a mbiri kuchokera ku chinsinsi angachirikize ndi moyenerera kuti nkhani yachidziŵitso igwirizanitse ntchito yoletsedwa, e.

Ufulu wa Kusunga Ufulu Wanu ndi Malamulo

Kulinganiza pakati pa zofunikira za kufufuza ndi zoyenera zachinsinsi kwatsalabe. RFPA ndi SCA akupereka kale zitetezero za malamulo, koma maboma ena akhazikitsa zofunika zowonjezereka kaamba ka zikalata za ndalama, zonga ngati kufuna kusonyezedwa kwa chochititsa chothekera kaamba ka ndi ndalama zolembedwa za ndalama (osati kokha za m'mabanki) kapena zolembedwa za nthaŵi imodzi kwa makasitomala. Malamulo a boma angasankhe kupeza chilolezo ngakhale pamene sichofunikira kwenikweni, onse aŵiri kupeŵa zitokosokosozo ndi kukwaniritsa dongosolo la zoikizira. Kuwonjezerapo, lamulo logwirizana, monga ngati Lachinayi Sili Launi, likaletsa kugula chidziŵitso cha masamu, chimene chingafunikire, kusungitsa ndalama zofunikira kulipira.

Kumaliza

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika ndicho maziko a lamulo lotsimikizirika kaamba ka zolembera za ndalama, kutsimikizira kuti kuloŵerera kwa boma m'zolembedwa zaumwini ndi za bizinesi kwalungamitsidwa ndi chikhulupiriro choyenera cha ntchito yaupandu. Chiphunzitso, chozikidwa pa Demendment Yachinayi ndi chopangidwa ndi Supreme Court, chimafuna kuti lamulo losungitsa maumboni ogwirizana ndi mabukhu akutiakuti. Malamulo onga ngati Kuyenera kwa Infacy Act ndi Supremed Act ndi Subricture Act aloŵetse muyezo za Upandu ndi kuwonjezera chitetezo cha process . Komabe, kutetezera kwa zasayansi ya zachuma, kuphatikizapo kubisa ndi kulankhulana ndi zamagetsi, kupitirizabe kuyesa zigamu zachizo zothekera. Osunga malamulo ayenera kukonza mosamalitsa zimene zimapanga zinthu zolunjika bwino lomwezo, ndi kupeŵa kulongosola makalata olongosola bwino ndi kulongosola za mbiri yamilandu.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information's secondation shop of project , Commergament Sili [[FOurth] Sur Salame Act (H.R. 6414, 118th Congress ) , ndi lingaliro la Khoti mu Carpter v. United States[FLD:5]. Chitsogozo chothandiza choperekedwa ndi DO J's paumboni wa pa kompyuta chimakhalabe chothandiza kwambiri pa kukonzekera zinthu zamakono.