Ntchito Yopereka Msonkho M’mabungwe Opititsa Patsogolo a ku India

Kusintha kwa chuma kwa India kwa zaka makumi atatu zapitazo kwakhala kogwirizana ndi kufutukuka kwa zinthu zake zakuthupi. Kuyambira pa njira zooneka ndi njanji ya sitima kupita ku mabwalo a m'mabwalo a mabwalo adziko ndi mapaipi a magetsi, muyeso wa kusungitsa ndalama za boma ndi kuchuluka. Magwero amodzi okhazikika ndi ofunika kwambiri a ntchito zimenezi ndi ndalama za msonkho zosonkhanitsidwa ndi maboma apakati ndi a boma. Kukhoma msonkho sikuna kokha ndalama zothandizira kumanga ndi kukonza misewu, madokowe, masitepe, masiteshoni a sitima, ndi maainjini amagetsi komanso kutheketsa boma kubwereka ndalama zobwereka pa mitsinje yamtsogolo. Kumvetsa unansi pakati pa malamulo a msonkho ndi ndalama kufunikira kwa opanga malamulo, mabizinesi, ndi nzika zofanana. Nkhani imeneyi ikupenda mmene misonkhoma yosiyana ikuthandizira kumanga, kumanga malonda, ndi kusonkhanitsa, kusonkhanitsa kofunika, ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zofunika.

Maziko a Kuphunzitsa: Kukhoma Msonkho

Maprojekiti ongokhazikitsa malamulo ndi owonjezera ndalama, owonjezera ndalama, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira ndalama zambiri za anthu chifukwa chakuti kubwezera kwaumwini sikungalungamitse kuikizira malonda popanda chichirikizo cha boma. Msonkho umapereka magwero odalirika ndi osakondera a ndalama zapanyumba kaamba ka ntchito zimenezi. Mosiyana ndi kubwereka ndalama, zimene zimayambitsa ngongole zamtsogolo, kapena ndalama zothandizira, zimene zingapereke ndalama zowonjezera, msonkho, pamene wasonkhanitsa bwino, umapatsa njira yosungika yopezera ndalama zopimira katundu wa anthu onse. Ku India, gawo la ndalama za msonkho m'malisiti a boma awonjezeka pang'onopang'ono pompasito, kusonyeza kuperekedwa kwa chuma ndi kuchuluka kwa misonkhoma ndi kuchuluka kwa misonkhoma.

Mbiri ya Msonkho Umene Unayambitsidwa ku India

Makonzedwe a Zaka Zisanu zoyambirira za India anadalira kwambiri pa misonkho yonga msonkho wa ndalama, ntchito zapakhomo, ndi ntchito za miyambo ya kulipirira ntchito zazikulu za zomangamanga monga madamu, chitsulo, ndi misewu ya dziko. Kuyambika kwa Goods and Service Triasure (GST) mu 2017 kunali kusintha kosintha kolinganizidwa kugwirizanitsa dongosolo la misonkho yosadziŵa ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama. Kuyambira pamenepo, zopereka za GST zakhala zothandizira kwambiri ku Ndalama ya Ndalama ya Unduna ya Indiya, kutheketsa magawo apamwamba a kusungiko. National Infracture Willie (NIP), yoyambitsidwa mu 2019 ndi projekiti ya ndalama zotsala pa la 1151khre, mwapadera akukhulupirira kuti gawo lalmenti la Kre, ndi kubweretsa msonkho kogwirizana ndi kutsogolo.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Misonkho ndi Kuthandiza Kwake Pomanga Nyumba

India amagwiritsira ntchito misonkho yosiyanasiyana yachindunji ndi yosakhala yachindunji, iriyonse ikuthandizira m’milingo yosiyanasiyana ya ndalama za maziko a zinthu.

  • Msonkho wolandira: Msonkho wa anthu ndi makampani, msonkho wa ndalama zimene amapeza ndiwo msonkho waukulu koposa. Mu FY2023-24, misonkho yachindunji yokwana yokwana 20% ya ndalama za msonkho yoperekedwa kwa ndalama za ndalama kupyolera mwa ndalama zapakati. Msonkho wa Corporate, pambuyo pa kutsika kwa posachedwapa, ikali ndi ma 20% a ndalama za msonkho.
  • Mabwino ndi Mapilo a Mautumiki (GST): Monga msonkho wozikidwa pa malo, GST imagwirizanitsa nyumba ya msonkho yachinsinsi ndi kuwongolera kugonjera msonkho. Nkhongole za GST za mwezi ndi mwezi zakhala zikuposa 761.6 lakh crore, kupereka maziko otsimikizirika a ndalama. Kulipira kwa GST, kopangidwa poyambirira kutetezera ndalama za maofesi, kumagwiritsiridwanso ntchito kuwonjezera ngongole ya utumiki yokwezedwa ndi ndalama za kampani.
  • Masamu: Kusintha kwa makina, zipangizo, ndi zipangizo zamakono zopangira zinthu ndizo ntchito zapansi. Pamene kuli kwakuti ntchito zapamwamba zingawonjezere mtengo wa ntchito za ntchito, ndalama zopangidwa zimachirikiza mphamvu ya boma ya kutumiza kapena kulinganiza maprojekiti a ndalama. Kuchepetsa ntchito za mwambo pa katundu wamalikulu pansi pa madongosolo ena cholinga cha kulinganiza kulinganiza zofunika ndi kuyendetsa bwino ndalama.
  • Kuchotsa ndi Cesse: ntchito za mafuta pa zinthu za mafuta, fodya, ndi katundu wapamwamba zimapereka ndalama zazikulu. Central Road ndi Intrastructive Fund (CRIF) imayendetsedwa ndi mapepala a mafuta ndi diesel, kugwirizanitsa mwachindunji mafuta oyendera ku nyumba ya msewu. Mofananamo, maphunziro ndi masendesi a zaumoyo amathandizira ku makampani a anthu.
  • Misonkho ndi Levi: misonkho ya katundu ndi ntchito za sitanti zosonkhanitsidwa ndi maboma zandalama za m'mizinda monga zopereka madzi, zimbudzi, ndi misewu yakwawo. Msonkho wa maluso, msonkho wa zosangulutsa, ndi misonkho pa galimoto zimayenderanso kuloŵa mu bajeti ya ndandanda ya ndandanda yapamwamba ya boma.

Makampani a Msonkho Akusamukira ku Mabungwe Ophunzitsa Anthu

Kumvetsa njira yoperekera ndalamazi kumasonyeza kuti zinthu zimene zili ndi mphamvu ndiponso mphamvu zake ndi zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndalama ku India.

Malo a Boma Lapakati

Bungwe la United Nations limaika chigawo cha ndalama za msonkho wapakati ku mautumiki a zaumoyo monga Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Railways, ndi Ministry of House and Urban Affairs . Malo ameneŵa amawonjezera ndi ma bajeti a boma, amene amathandizira misewu ya m'matauni, misewu ya m’matauni, ndi ntchito za kutukuka kwa matauni. Bungwe la Ndalama limasankha kukwera kwapadera kwa misonkhoma yapakati ya maiko (pano 41 peresenti ya dificrable dater ), imene ikhoza kutsogolera ku ziwitso zachuma. Komabe, mayiko ambiri amadalira kwambiri pa kutumiza ndalama zamalipiro, kuchepetsa kwa makampani awo.

Kusintha Mabanki ndi Mabungwe

Malikulu owonongera ndalama (kapekisi) ndi mbali yaikulu ya University . Mu FY2024-25, boma linagaŵira 7611.11 lakh creor ku chuma chamalikulu, 11.1% yowonjezereka kuposa chaka chapita. Kapute imeneyi imayendetsedwa ndi ndalama za msonkho, zokongola, ndi malisiti osabweza msonkho. National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) imapatsa mamepu yapakati ya msewu, ndi ntchito zogawiridwa ndi makampani ndi ndalama. Zikole zonga National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Indian Rebial Device Corporation (IFC), ndi makampani a za zopanga makampani a za boma zopanga mabanki kuchirikiza ndalama ndi kubwereka ndi kubwereka ndi kubwereka ndi ku boma kongo.

Ndalama za Malamulo ndi Misonkho Yolembedwa

Malo amene amayendera ndalama za msonkho:

  • Cantral Road ndi Infrapublicare Fund (CRIF): Ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi ndalama za papetulo ndi dizilo, misewu ya ndalama ya CRIF ndi maprojekiti a maulalo kudutsa madera.
  • National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF): yochirikizidwa ndi magetsi oyera pa malasha, ndalama zimenezi zoikizira mphamvu zokhoza kubwezeretsedwa ndi ziwiya za malo okhala.
  • [[NT.0] Sachh Bharat Kosh : Ndalama zochokera ku kampani ya Swach Bharat (tsopano yoperekedwa pansi pa GST cess), imachirikiza zimbudzi.

Kupereka chizindikiro kumathandiza kuti misonkho yapadera ikhale yogwirizana ndi zotsatira zake, ngakhale kuti otsutsa amati imachititsa kuti ndalama zisamayende bwino.

Mavuto a Kupereka Msonkho ndi Kuletsa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zasintha kwambiri, dziko la India likuvutika kwambiri ndi misonkho imene imachepetsa zinthu zofunika pa ntchito.

Kuchotsedwa Msonkho ndi Chuma Chamwamwaŵi

Kachigawo kena kapadera kamakhalabe kunja kwa khoti la msonkho, ndi kuyerekezera kuti 90 peresenti ya antchito amagwira ntchito mwamwayi. Zimenezi zimachepetsa malo a msonkho wa munthu ndi kugonjera kwa VAT/GST. Msonkho umachotsedwa mwa kusalengeza ndalama, makamaka m'makampani ndi ntchito zantchito, zimalanda boma ndalama zambiri. Project of Project Insight ndi njira yofufuzira popanda kuyang'ana. Kulephera kuletsa kuyendetsa zinthu, koma kupita patsogolo kumapita patsogolo.

Kucholoŵana ndi Mtolo Wofunika

Ngakhale pambuyo pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa GST, India ali ndi njira imodzi yovuta kwambiri yoperekera msonkho pakati pa chuma chotukuka. Mapepala ambiri a misonkho, kusaloledwa kwa boma, ndi kusintha malamulo kumawonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera mabizinesi. Makampani aang'ono ndi otsalira kaŵirikaŵiri zimavutika kuvomereza, kutsogolera ku malo a msonkho wochepa. Zida zankhaninkhani za za ndalama zimayambukiranso kupenda kwa zinthu za m'mafakitale ndi kuchedwa kukwaniritsa ntchito. Kuchepetsako misonkho ndi kuwongolera kuchepa kwa misonkho kungachititse kugonjera kwaufulu ndi kuwonjezera ndalama.

Kusintha Magetsi ndi Kusintha kwa GST

Kuyambika kwa GST kunali sitepe lalikulu la ku kayendedwe ka ma frequence, ndi kugawana kwa malamulo anthaŵi yeniyeni, ndi kutumiza ndalama zoyendera. GST Network (GSTN) imapereka kuonekera ndi kuchepetsa kutuluka. Komabe, mavuto oyambirira monga magiliti, msonkho wapamwamba wa makampani aang'ono, ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa mabizinesi ang'ono. Pamene dongosolo lapamwamba la GST , kusonkhanitsa kwa mwezi ndi mwezi kwakwera kuchokera ku FY2017 - 189,000 mpaka ku 87.7.5 crrea m'ma lacr , kusonyeza kuvomereza ndi kukula kwa malonda a zachuma.

Kupenda Koyerekezera: India Alimbana ndi Mitundu Ina Yosatukuka

Mtengo wa ku India wa pafupifupi 11.8% (FY2023-24) udakali wotsika poyerekezera ndi chuma china chotukuka chonga Brazil (kuzungulira pa 27%) ndi South Africa (kuzungulira 27%), ndi pansi pa OECD ya 34%. Kutsika kwa avareji ya mlingo wa malo apakati pa ndalama za kampani. Kusiyana ndi, msonkho wa China wa pafupifupi GDP wa 17% umalola kutumiza ndalama zazikulu m'zikulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti ku India ndalama zowonongedwa monga chigawo cha GDP zakwera ku 5.4% (kuphatikizapo zapakati ndi zapakati ndi za chigawo ndi PSOU), ukuchepabe 7% oyerekezeredwa kaamba ka kukula kwa ndalama zowonjezereka. Kukwera kwa misonkhoma ya 17%. Kukwera kwa ndalama za GPP, ndi chochepetsedwa kwa lamulo, ndi chonulirapo chamwano, ndi chochepetsepo chamwambo chamwa.

Maiko onga Indonesia ndi Vietnam agwiritsira ntchito bwino misonkho yachilengedwe ndi VAT kuwonjezera kusungitsa nyumba zapamwamba. Indiya angatenge maphunziro kuchokera ku zitsanzo zoterozo, makamaka m'kugwiritsira ntchito misonkho ya katundu, imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito motsika (ndalama za ku India ndi zochepera 1% ya GDP poyerekezera ndi 2-3% m'maiko ambiri). Mofananamo, kuperekedwa kwa msonkho wa dziko kapena kuperekedwa kwa ndalama zapamwamba pa maprojekti opindula ndi ntchito za kampani kukhoza kupereka ndalama zowonjezereka.

Kusintha kwa Kayendetsedwe ka Mfundo za M’tchalitchi Chaposachedwapa

Masinthidwe angapo a malamulo a msonkho aposachedwapa ayambukira mwachindunji kapena mwa njira ina kupezeka kwa ndalama za kupita patsogolo kwa dongosolo la zinthu za m’mafakitale.

KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO ndi Kuwonjezeka kwa Ndalama

Kusintha kwa GST kunachotsako misonkho ya kascade , kuchepetsa mtengo wa misonkho ya mabizinesi, ndi ndalama zimene boma linapereka. Kupangidwa kwa bungwe la GSTANSA (poyamba kuti liphike maboma) kwagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuthandizira ngongole ya ndalama zimene awononga. Mu FY2023-24, likulu losonkhanitsidwa pa 761.5kh creor kuchokera ku GST coess , mbali ya zimene zinaperekedwa ku zopereka ndalama za kampani. Masinthidwe a GST Council opitiriza, monga kulinganiza ndi kubweretsa zinthu zowonjezera mafuta pansi pa GST, linawonjezera mphamvu.

Kudula Msonkho ndi Kukhudza Ndalama

Mu 2019, Indiya inachepetsa ndalama za msonkho wa makampani 22% (makampani amene alipo) ndi 15% (makampani opanga zinthu zatsopano) kuti asonkhezere kuikizira ndalama. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zinalimbikitsa malingaliro a malonda ndi kukopa kusungitsa ndalama zachilendo, zinachepetsanso ndalama za msonkho mwachindunji kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Bomalo linabweza ndalama zambiri zosakhala msonkho ndi kubwereka, koma chiyambukiro chanthaŵi yaitali pa ndalama za za za za zapamwamba chitukuko cha GDP chimadalira kaya kuchepetsako ndi kuwonjezereka kwa lamulo, motero kukulitsa kwake. Zizindikiro zoyambirira zikusonyeza kuti kuwonjezereka kwa GDP kumakhala ndi phindu lolimba potsatira ntchito yopanga zinthu.

Opanga Ziyeso ndi Alevi Apadera

Boma lakhala likukhazikitsa makampani apadera a maziko a zinthu, monga ngati ma Ceses a Infrastre pa katundu wina (m’chitsanzo, magalimoto apamwamba) ndi Krishi Kalyan Cess. Masewera ameneŵa aikidwa pansi kapena asinthidwa pansi pa GST , koma nzeru yawo yoika misonkho yachikwanekwa ya misonkho ya zinthu zapamwamba ikuloŵetsedwa ndi magawo a bajeti ambiri. Kulengedwa kwa National Bank for Financing Infracture and Development (NaBFID) mu 2021 imasonyezanso kusintha kwa ndalama zokhometsera msonkho ndi kukongola kwa ngongole m’malo mwa kudalira pa kugula msonkho woperekedwa mwachindunji.

Kuona Zinthu M’tsogolo: Kukhoma Msonkho Moyenera

Kuti athe kuona zinthu zambiri zimene a Amrit Kaal (2047) akuona, dziko la India liyenera kulimbikitsa kugwirizanitsa misonkho ndi zinthu zina pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kulimbikitsa Msonkho mwa Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Kukakamiza kwa boma kaamba ka ndalama za magetsi, Goods and Services Trust (GST) , ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa malo enieniwo kupyolera m'RERA kukufutukukira pang'onopang'. Malamulo onga E-Shram ya pabwalo la antchito osakonzekera ndi Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) angabweretse ntchito yowonjezereka ya zachuma m'makonte. Khoti la msonkho lapamwamba limawonjezera mphamvu ya msonkho, kulola boma kusungitsa ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu popanda kuwonjezera msonkho. Kuyambitsa kwa boma la ndalama za msonkho (ndipo ndalama zochepa ndi zopatula) kungalimbikitsenso kugonjera, ngakhale kuti chiyambukiro chake cha ndalama chikuyang'aniridwa.

Misonkho Yamaluŵa ndi Malo Okhala

Kudzipereka kwa India ku kutulutsa utsi wa mabomba mu 2070 kumafuna ndalama zambiri zopangira mphamvu zomanga, hydrogen, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zotayika. Misonkho ya Green, monga ngati maces (tsopano mbali ya GST coress) ndi msonkho wa carbon pa kutulutsa maindasitale, ingathe kupanga ndalama zoperekedwa kaamba ka malo okhala. Maboma a Hover Green Bond ndissuences, ochirikizidwa ndi misonkhozo ya maolivi, ali njira yodalirika. Kufutukula lingaliro la ‘ maces a care a carbon apamwamba ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za ntchito ntchito projekiti yamagetsi kungagwirizanitsa msonkho ndi zolinga zosungidwa.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuchirikiza Msonkho

Kuwonjezera ntchito za msonkho zoperekedwa, boma limadalira pa makampani a boma opanga makampani a boma (PPP) kuti apeze ntchito zazikulu. Zosonkhezera za msonkho monga kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama zambiri, maholide a msonkho opangira ntchito zothandizira (BOT) ntchito, ndi kusalola ndalama zina zoyendetsera pa chigawo 80IA ya Inhonda Taxico Act zagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa likulu la boma. National PPP Policy zolinga zogwirizana ndi zisonkhetso zimenezi. Komabe, ndalama za msonkho kuchokera ku zisonkhetso zoterozo ziyenera kuyesedwa motsutsana ndi ndalama zowonjezereka zimene zimakopa. Kuŵerengera kowonetsera mowonetsera kwa misonkho ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwawo kwa nthaŵi ndi kutsimikizira kuti dongosolo la msonkho la zopanga malonda.

Kumaliza

Malo a msonkho adakali maziko a ntchito zapamwamba za ku India. Kuchokera pa ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu ndi GST kufika pa kukhazikitsa msonkho, ndalama zimene zinapanga mphamvu za dzikolo zomanga, kukonza, ndi kukonza misewu yake, njanji, madoko, ma magetsi, ndi zipangizo zamakono. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika . Makamakamaka mwa kukonzanso misonkho ndi kukwera kwa msonkho wa GST ndi kukwera ndi kukwera kwa KGP, muyeso popanga kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi, kuchuluka kwa misonkhoma, kucholoŵa m'makezo, kucholoŵa m'dziko, ndi kuyendetsa njira ya zamalonda yosatsatsa malonda. Mtengo wapamwamba ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu za kuyendetsa ntchito ya kuyendetsa ndalama za ku India kungawonjezere ntchito ya msonkho m'makampani a za ndalama. Pamene India akulondola masomphenya ake akukhala dziko lotukuka popanga, kupanga dongosolo la misonkhoma, ndi kuyendetsa ndalama, ndi kumasulira bwino kwa ntchito ya m'dziko.