Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kulinganiza Ntchito za ku Japan

Mabungwe a antchito ku Japan sanatuluke m’chinthu chopanda kanthu. Chiyambi chawo chimatsatira kumbuyo ku Meiji Resoration (1868 - 1912), nyengo ya maindasitale othamanga amene anapanga gulu latsopano logwira ntchito m’mafakitale, mabomba, ndi mamiyala. Magulu oyambirira a antchito anagawidwa ndi kutsekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa Chilamulo Chosunga Mtendere, chimene boma linaika ulamuliro pa ufulu wa antchito. Chigwirizano choyamba cha dziko lonselo, Japan General Federation of Labor (Sodomei), chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1921, koma chinagwira ntchito pansi pa kuyang'anira kwa boma kosalekeza.

Malo anasintha kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Pansi pa Nkhondo ya Mayanjano (1945 - 9552), mabungwe a antchito analimbikitsidwa mwamphamvu monga mbali ya kulinganiza demokrase . Lamulo la 1946 linatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kulinganiza, kulinganiza, kulinganiza, ndi kuukira. Mamembala a bungwe limodzi anawonjezeka, kufika pa mamembala oposa 12 miliyoni kumapeto kwa zaka za 1940. Nyengo imeneyi inakhala ndi kukwera kwa maukwati ankhondo ogwirizana ndi a socialism ndi gulu la anthu, makamaka m'chigawo chapoyera. Pofika m'ma 1950, maukwati anakhala ogwirizana amphamvu kwambiri ku kampani ndi boma, kukonzanso ntchito yapambuyo pa nkhondo imene inaphatikizapo malipiro a moyo, malipiro otchuka, ndi mapindu a zaumoyo.

Ma 1970 ndi 1980 anabweretsa mavuto. Kusokonezeka kwa mafuta ndi kusintha kwa maukwati olemera. Bungwe la Corpip linayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'onopang' pamene Japan linasintha kutsalira zachuma zautumiki. Komabe maukwati anakhalabe ogwirizana ndi ndale, makamaka mwa kulinganiza kwawo ndi Ganbol Confederation (RENGO) [FLT] [1], yokhazikitsidwa mu 1989. RENGNOD MPOD MPUNIC pa abusalu, kuvomereza mapangano apamwamba kwambiri, kuyang'anira malonda onse aŵiri ndi boma. Kusintha kumeneku kunasintha kuchoka ku mkangano wa kutsutsana ndi kukambirana, kuchititsa maukwati kukhala oloŵera m'ka m'za m'zachuma m'dziko la Japan mmalo mwa kusinthasinthasinthasintha kwa anthu a pa zachuma.

Mabungwe a Antchito a ku Japan ndi Zomangira Zawo za Ndale

Kuti munthu amvetsetse chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko, ayenera kuzindikira mmene maukwati a Japan amalinganizidwira. Mosiyana ndi maukwati oyenera, ogwirizana ndi ntchito yopangidwa ndi anthu ofala mu United States, gulu la antchito la Japan limalamuliridwa ndi maukwati oyambitsidwa . Maukwati ameneŵa ndi a kampani, ophimba antchito onse a kampani imodzi. Amagwirizana ndi maulamuliro a ntchito yapadera ndi kupikisana, koma amatsatabe malipiro, maola, ndi mikhalidwe yantchito. Mtemprisei amaikidwa m'mafakitale-deti (g., Japanan Federation of Metalting Unions Union) ndipo kenaka kugwirizana kwa dziko lonse monga RENG.

RENGO ndi likulu la dziko lonse, loimira pafupifupi 7 miliyoni ya antchito (monga 2023). Imasunga kugwirizana kwalamulo ndi kwamwaŵi ndi zipani za ndale zadziko. M'mbiri, RENGO waikidwa pakati pa pakati pa kumanzere, makamaka Constitutional Democratic Party ya Japan (CDP) [[FLT:] [1] [kapena kuti, poyamba, democratic Party ya Japan (DPJ]). Komabe, RENGO imagwirizananso ndi lamulo [[FLT:] LIBALALCT (C) [DP])] pankhani zodziŵika bwino, zimene zili mkati mwa chiyambukiro cha boma chigamu chimene chimapangitsa chikanere choposa chitsutso.

Unansiwo umakhazikitsidwa kupyolera m’njira zingapo:

  • Mabungwe a Chipani cha Katolika: Oimira bungwe la Union amakhala pa mabungwe a boma kaamba ka malamulo a ntchito, chisungiko cha kakhalidwe, ndi makonzedwe a zachuma.
  • Maletso: RENGO ndi mamembala ake ovomereza mwalamulo ofunsira, makamaka kuchokera ku CDP koma nthaŵi zina kuchokera ku magulu a LDP omwe ali aubwenzi ku ntchito.
  • Chichilikizo cha zachuma: Mabungwe athandizira ku ndalama za ndale zadziko ndi ntchito za ndawala, ngakhale kuti zikhoma zalamulo zachepetsa ndalama zachindunji m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.
  • Kachitidwe ka masunamo monga thulusi: ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito ya m'nyengo yachisanu ( SUNTO]) [1] Kukambitsirana kwa malipiro kwa pachaka kwa nthaŵi yokwanira kusonkhezera nthaŵi za ndale, makamaka pamene masankho ali pafupi.

Njira ziŵiri zimenezi ndizo zinzake zochirikiza magulu otsutsa ndi kutomerana ndi LDP . zimapereka chisonkhezero chosayerekezeka poyerekezera ndi kuchepa kwa ziŵalo zawo (pakali pano pafupifupi 16 peresenti ya antchito).

Magulu a Ogwira Ntchito Asonkhezera Mafuko Olamulira

Kusintha kwa Malamulo a Ntchito

Maungwe akhala ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwongolera malamulo a ntchito a Japan. Act yamakono ya Malamulo Oyendera Malamulo (1947) ndi Labor Union Act [ (1949]) inali zinthu zopangidwa mwachindunji za mgwirizano wakale wokopa. M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, maukwati okakamizidwa kuti athetsere kuwonjezereka, olamulira (anthaŵi) ogwira ntchito, ndi kulimbitsa zilango za ntchito zosayenera. [Chilamulo chantchito chamakono:], chimene chinayambitsa mahatchi anthaŵi yoyamba, anatulutsa madeko a ReNGOcvo, ngakhale kuti anali osuliridwa kwambiri.

Kuchepa kwa Ndalama ndi Chisungiko

Pamene kuli kwakuti Japan alibe malipiro a boma a dzikolo (m’malo mwake, makomiti a boma amakhazikitsa mlingo), maukwati amakakamiza kupyolera m'bungwe la Central Leace Wages. Oimira a bungwe la Union amakhala kumbali kwa bizinesi ndi zikondwerero za anthu. Kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka m'dzikolo kwa malipiro ochepa kwambiri (kuyambira pa 88780 mu 2014 mpaka pa 761,000 pofika 2024 . Kulimbikitsa ndawala yomangitsa mgwirizano, makamaka kuchokera ku RENGLO "MNWAGWIRI 1,000 Yan". Union imalimbikitsanso kugwirizanitsa kukwera kwa ndalama zochepa za phindu, kuwonjezera ndalama zowonjezereka, fromaipira imene ikuchonderera ku LDP yolinganizika.

Chisungiko cha Anthu ndi Zaumoyo

Komiti yapadziko lonse ya zaumoyo ya Japan ndi makonzedwe a boma opereka penshoni amachititsa kwambiri kugwirizana. M'ma 1960, maukwati anafuna chipambano kuti boma lifutukule nzika zonse. Posachedwapa, maukwati alimbana ndi kuchepetsa ndalama za mankhwala ndi nyengo zapamwamba za penshoni. Iwo amapereka malamulo a inshuwalansi ya chisamaliro yanthaŵi yaitali ndi kuchirikiza ana, kusonkhezera kukhalapo kwawo m'mabungwe otsalira (boma, ntchito, kuyendetsa) amene amakonza masinthidwe a chisungiko cha mayanjano a anthu.

Kulingana kwa Mabanja ndi Kulinganiza Moyo Wawo ndi Kugwira Ntchito

Maunion akhala akupitirizabe mosayembekezereka pa nkhani za akazi, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa akazi ndi kuchuluka kwa antchito osakhala a m'mayiko ena. Iwo anapitira ku Act on Promondition of Women’s Adventiation and Advement ku Office (2015), zimene zimafuna makampani kukhazikitsa manambala. Mabungwe amalimbikitsanso mwakhama kuwonjezera matchuthi a makolo, maola a ntchito osinthasintha, ndi kuletsa kuvutitsa. Malangizo a RENGNO "Positive Action" amalimbikitsa makampani kuti aperekedwe ndalama zofanana ndi ntchito, mwambo umene umayendera limodzi ndi ntchito zapadziko lonse.

Mabungwe a Ntchito ndi Mapulasitala a Gulu: Kufufuza za Mayeso

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Ngakhale kuti ndi gulu lachikhalidwe logwirizana kwambiri ndi bizinesi yaikulu, LDP ili ndi malamulo a ntchito a m'nthaŵi zakale ogwirizana kuti asunge kukhazikika kwa anthu. Chipanichi Choona za Inishuwansince Agency m'ma 2000, chimene chimasonkhanitsa ndalama za penshoni, chinaphatikizapo mfundo za mgwirizano wa maukwati. Atsogoleri aakulu monga Junichizo Koizu ndi Shinzo Abe kaŵirikaŵiri anakumana ndi atsogoleri a Rengo asanapereke chilengezo. LDP's papulat imalonjeza "ntchito yosalekeza" ndi "makondetsa masiki, mawu olimbikitsa mgwirizano, monga momwe gulu limafunira kuti gulu la anthu lipindule. Zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti gulu la anthu liyenera kukwaniritsa ntchito yachipydwo.

Constitution Democraticism Party (CDP)

CDP ndilo nyumba yachibadwa ya andale zadziko ambiri ovomerezedwa. Opangidwa mu 2017 kuchokera kwa otsalira a DPJ ndi magulu ena otsutsa, CDP's platifomu ikufuna kulimbikitsa gulu, kuchotsa kuletsa kwa 2018 Kractic Study Law kwa "Otsendeza Oyera" antchito, ndi kufutukula ubwino wa antchito osakhala a m’matupi. RENGO'S . [[FLT: 0] Councilty Council ya CDP] yopanga matanthauzo ambiri a ntchito. Mu 201 ndi 2023 masankhoti, ofunsira mgwirizano amene analandira chigwirizano chopambana m'matauni.

Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Japan ndi Reiwa Shinsengumi

Magulu ambiri a kumanzere amapindulanso ndi kuchirikizana kwa bungwe, ngakhale kuli kwakuti kuli kosavuta kwambiri. Chipani chachikomyunizimu chachijanichinchi (JCP) [JFLT:1] chimasunga kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi kugwirizana kumene kumalekanitsidwa ndi RENGO, makamaka m'maphunziro ndi magawo a zoyendera. Reiwa Shingumi, gulu la opanga nyimbo la opanga mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi katswiri wa opanga zida za polisi Taro Yamamoto, ali ndi kugwirizana kwamphamvu ndi ochirikiza ntchito zaukapolo yolimbana ndi kusoŵa kowopsa. Magulu ameneŵa sapambana kaŵirikaŵiri kupambana mipatuko ya lamulo, koma amakhudza malamulo mwa kusonkhezera anthu olandira ndalama zambiri zamphamvu ndi oyendetsa ndege zamalipiro.

Zomwe Zikuchitika: Kuchoka pa Kumenyana Kufika pa Mphamvu Yochepa

Mabungwe a antchito a ku Japan apanga chida chapamwamba kwambiri, chomwe nchosachitika chifukwa cha bungwe logwirizana la makampani. Njira yofala kwambiri ndi Kuchotsa (Shunto) , kukambirana kwa malipiro kuyambira March mpaka May. Makampani aakulu amaika malipiro owonjezereka (m), 3-4%), kukambirana ndi ayang'anira, ndipo kenaka zotsatira zake zimabwerera ku makampani aang'ono kudzera m'mafakitale opereka chilolezo. Shunto kaŵirikaŵiri amalengeza kwa boma kaya ngati chuma chikufuna kapena chikufunika.

Njira zina ndi izi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kukambitsirana: misonkhano yanthaŵi zonse ndi akuluakulu a utumiki, makamaka pa Unduna wa Zaumoyo, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), kumene oimira bungwe amakhala pa makomiti ambiri.
  • Kukopa kokhala ndi chilolezo: Kupereka malingaliro olembedwa pa ngongole, kupereka umboni m'makomiti a Diet, ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi ziŵalo za Diet yaubwenzi kuchokera ku zigawo zonse.
  • Mkupiti wa PUBLIC: kusatsa malonda othamanga pa wailesi ndi pa wailesi yakanema imachititsa kulinganiza nkhani (m., "Ima Karoshi" ndawala zotsutsa kugwira ntchito mopambanitsa).
  • Kumanga: Zigwirizano ndi ogula, magulu a akazi, ndi nzika kuti ziwonjezere kuchirikiza malamulo aubwenzi.

Chipambano chimodzi chodziŵika chinali 2013 "Mabungwe Akuda" ndawala, kumene maukwati olengeza amagwiritsira ntchito mikhalidwe ya ntchito pa makampani onga Don Quijote. Kulira kwapoyera kunakakamiza boma kulimbikitsa mayeso ndi kuyambitsa makonzedwe opatsa dzina ndi kutchula zinthu zotsatizana. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene maukwati angasinthire malingaliro a anthu ngakhale pamene ziŵalo zawo zachindunji zili zazing'ono.

Mavuto Olepheretsa Udindo wa Anthu

Mosasamala kanthu za zipambano zimenezi, maukwati a antchito a ku Japan amayang'anizana ndi mphepo zapansi. Nkhani yaikulu kwambiri ndi kuwonjezera mamembala , kutsika kuchokera pa 12.3.4% ya antchito) mu 1975 mpaka pafupifupi 10.5 miliyoni (16.3%) mu 2023. Kutsikako kumachititsidwa ndi kukula kwa antchito osakhala a m’malegi (nthaŵi imodzi, nthaŵi yochepa chabe, pangano), amene amapanga pafupifupi 40% ya antchito antchito. Mabungwe ambiri amaphimba antchito okhazikika, ndipo antchito osagwirizana. Osakhala audindo apamwamba. Opanda antchito aganyu ali ndi malipiro ochepa, mapindu ochepa, ndi chisungiko chochepa, komabe amavuta kugwirizanitsa chifukwa chakuti iwo alibe antchito anzawo.

Vuto lina ndilo la kuchuluka kwa mamembala [[FLT: 1]. Mamembala a bungwe la Union amakhala achikulire, antchito anthaŵi zonse . "kuchepa kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Ogwira ntchito achinyamata, makamaka m'makampani a zasayansi ndi autumiki, sangakhale othekera kugwirizana ndi maukwati kapena kuona kufunika kwa mapulogalamu awo. Mabungwe ayesa kulimbana ndi mapulogalamu a achinyamata otsatsira, kulinganiza, ndi "maukwati a anthu osagwirizana" amene amatumikira antchito wamba, koma amalepherabe kulowa pansi.

Zitokoso za ndale zadziko zinawonjezereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti maukwati a LDP pansi pa Shinzo Abe ndi oloŵa mmalo ake anatsatira kuletsa misika ya antchito . Kuchotsa ntchito malamulo owonjezereka, kugwiritsira ntchito mapangano okhazikika, ndi kufooketsa kwa ntchito ya m'nthaŵi ndi masudzulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti maukwati anakhoza kugonjetsedwa, mapangano onsewo akhala osinthasintha mmalo mwa chisungiko. Ndiponso, kulephera kwa CDP kugwirizanitsa kumatanthauza kuti ogwirizanawo amene ali osakhala olamulira kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira malamulo a boma. Popanda ulamuliro wamphamvu, maukwati ayenera kudalira pa chisonkhezero chofewa osati mphamvu yolimba.

Zochita Zawo

RENGO si kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu imodzi. Mabungwe a gulu lachinsinsi m'RENGO amakhala osunga mwambo kwambiri, amatsata malipiro apamwamba kuposa zina zonse. Mabungwe a gulu la anthu (aphunzitsi, boma) ambiri amasiya kudandaula ndi kufuna kuti anthu aziwasamalira. Magulu ameneŵa amagaŵanitsa RENGO's kulemberana kwa ndale. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya masankho 2021, RENGO mwalamulo anachirikiza CDP, koma ampatuko ena a m'dzikolo anathandiza mwacheketetsa LDP posinthana mapangano a msonkho wa kampani. Kusinthana kumeneku kumalepheretsa mgwirizano wa ndale.

Njira Zamtsogolo: Kusinthasintha kwa Ndalama

Mabungwe a antchito saimirira. Njira zatsopano zambiri zimapereka mawonekedwe a mmene angakhalire oyenerera. Imodzi ndiyo kulinganiza antchito a jig ndi papulatfomu . Mabungwe a anthu, monga "General Union" ndi "Tokyo Union," yayamba kusonkhanitsa operekera katundu, mainjiniya omasula, ndi ngakhale YouTubers . Iwo amapereka uphungu walamulo, kufunsira mapangano a munthu aliyense, ndi projekiti a anthu onse kuti apange antchito ameneŵa. Pamene kuli kwakuti mamembala ake ndi aang'ono, zoyesayesa zimenezi zimakweza chidziŵitso ndi kusonkhezera makhoti kuti afotokozere malamulo a ntchito a zaka za makompyuta.

Chikhoterero china ndicho [[FLT: 0] kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa [1]. Mabungwe a maindasitale aang'ono akusonkhanitsidwa kusonkhanitsa chuma ndi kumanga mphamvu zotsagana. Mu 2022, Japanese Federation of Textile and Chemical Workers's Union yogwirizana ndi General General , Ectronic and Information Associal Union kupanga bungwe lapamwamba la 70,0000,000-unon . Zimenezi zimalola kuti anthu ambiri agwirizane pa ndale ndi ndalama zambiri.

Maungano alinso a luso latsopano . Intaneti yokometsera misonkhano, Mabungwe a WhatsApp, ndi ma apps awongolera kulankhulana ndi ziŵalo, makamaka achichepere amene apeza kuti misonkhano yamwambo yatha kalekale. Mabungwe ena tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito malongosoledwe a chidziŵitso kupezera kusalingana kwa makampani ndi kukakamiza makampani kuwonjezera mayeso owala. "Union ya Gig Wogwira Ntchito za kampani" (Upt Japan) imagwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo chogwirizana ndi kutsata mapositi amwambo alamulo kumene antchito amafuna poyera kufikira akulu a ntchito.

Pambali za ndale zadziko, maukwati akufufuza mapangano apadera kupyola CDP [1]. M'chosankha chapansi cha nyumba cha 2024, RENGO akusimbidwa kuti akulingalira kuchirikiza oyembekezera kubatizidwa ochepa amene akhala pa komiti ya MHLW ndipo ali ndi mbiri yolembedwa yosonyeza malo a bungwe lochirikiza. "kulolera molakwa" kungapereke chigwirizano chokulirapo kusiyana ndi kugwirizana kopanda maziko ndi chitsutso chofooka.

Pomalizira, maukwati ndiwo amalemba uthenga wawo kuyambira "kuteteza kwa antchito" kufika "kusunga chilungamo" ndi "kutetezereka kwa onse" ndi "kuthandiza anthu onse". Mwakugwirizanitsa ufulu wa antchito ndi nkhani zokulirapo monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kusamuka kwa nyengo, ndi kutha kwa anthu, mgwirizano umafuna kukopa ogwirizanawo kuchokera ku magulu a zachikhalidwe ndi a chilungamo. Msonkhano wa 2023 RENGNGO unalandira chigamulo choitanira "Chithandizo Chatsopano" kwa anthu onse a ku Japan, chokwanira ndi ntchito yokonzanso mapulogalamu ndi kutsa malonda a anthu onse.

Ziyembekezo za Nthaŵi Yaitali

Kaya maukwati a antchito a ku Japan angasinthe kuchepa kwawo kukhala kosatsimikizirika. Kuchuluka kwa ziŵalo zawo kudzapitirizabe kuchepa, koma chisonkhezero chawo cha ndale zadziko sichingachepetse molingana. Malinga ngati maukwati afotokozera masomphenya osonkhezera chitaganya cha okalamba . Pokhala ndi ntchito zokhazikika, malipiro abwino, ndi chitetezo cha anthu onse, iwo adzakhalabe mnzawo wofunika wa gulu lililonse lofuna kulamulira. Chisankho cha 2025 ndi kusankha kwa onse kudzayesa ngati maukwati akuvomerezabe kutembenuzira m'voti. Ngati maukwati amakono apanga machenjera awo ndi kukulitsa zigwirizano zawo, angapangebe chuma chandale cha Japan kwa zaka makumi ambiri kuti chibwere.

Mapeto: Kukwezedwa Kosatha kwa Magulu Antchito m’Ndale Zachijapani

Mabungwe a antchito ku Japan asintha kuchokera ku nkhondo yapambuyo pa nkhondo kufika ku zipani zapakati. Kukhoza kwawo kupanga malamulo a gulu . Kuyambira pa mapangano a zaumoyo wa anthu ku CDP ku ma CDP . Zimasonyeza mmene ngakhale gulu lomachepa lingasonkhezere ku mapangano apadera, ukatswiri, ndi ndawala za anthu. Pamene mavuto onga ngati osadziŵa ntchito ndi andale akuwopseza mphamvu zawo, kugwirizana ndi makompyuta, kuchuluka kwa ma CD, ndi kutumiza mauthenga kwa anthu. Aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa mphamvu za ndale zadziko za Japan, maukwati a anthu akakhalabe ofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ndi aakulu, koma chifukwa chakuti amaimira mawu oyenera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa dziko. Kukhalapo kwawo m'bungwe, mapulogalamu, ndi kutsimikizira mapulogalamu, ndi kutsimikizira kuti ntchito za anthu wamba sizikutsimikizira kuti anthu wamba a m’magulu ankhondo.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa gulu la antchito la Japan ndi chiyambukiro chake cha ndale zadziko, lingalirani za Komiti ya Japan ya Labour Policy ndi Training .A. ', .NU zimapereka chidziŵitso ndi kufufuza kwa aliyense wofuna kumira kwambiri.