Kuzindikira Zoyenera Kuchita Kuti Zikutetezeni Boma

Malamulo a boma asintha kwambiri. Pamapeto pake, boma liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira anthu kukhala ndi ufulu woyenerera, kusiyanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake. Popanda chitetezo chimenechi, nzika zingathe kulandidwa katundu, kapena kutsekedwa popanda chenjezo kapena kuthandizidwa. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene njira yoyendetsera ntchito yolimbana ndi boma, kutengera mmene ilili mbuyo yake, kusiyanitsa mbali zake zazikulu, ndi kupenda mbali zake zazikulu za nkhondo zalamulo ndi mavuto amakono.

M'mademokrase amakono, njira yoyenerera imagwira ntchito monga njira imene anthu angatsutse kuyenera kwa zochita za boma. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti ngakhale pamene boma lichita zinthu m’dzina la chisungiko kapena ubwino wa anthu, liyenera kupitirizabe kutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa munthu mwini. Pamene mphamvu ya boma ikukula mwa kuyang'anira, zilengezo zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kuyang'anira kokulira. Kuzindikira kuyenera kwa njira yake yoyenerera kumafuna kuti aliyense asunge ufulu m’nyengo yomawonjezereka ya ulamuliro wa boma.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu m’Nthaŵi Yake

Mfundo yakuti boma liyenera kuchita mogwirizana ndi lamulo lokhazikitsidwa, osati maganizo a olamulira, inachokera kwa anthu akale kwambiri.

Kuchokera ku Magna Carta Kufika ku Mlanduwu Woona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa ku England

Chisonyezero choyamba cholembedwa cha ntchito yoyenerera chikuwoneka mu Magna Carta wa 1215, amene Mutu wake 39 unalengeza kuti: “Palibe munthu waufulu adzagwidwa kapena kumangidwa, kapena kulandidwa ufulu wake kapena chuma... kusiyapo mwa chiweruzo chalamulo cha anthu ake kapena ndi lamulo la dziko. Mawu ameneŵa anayambitsa lingaliro lakuti mfumu siingalange anthu popanda njira yalamulo. Pambuyo pake, khoti la Angelezi linamasulira "lamulo la dziko" kutanthauza njira zolozera malamulo, kuphatikizapo, kumva, ndi chiweruzo chopanda tsankhu.

Buku lachingelezi la Bill of Rights la 1689 linalimbikitsa chitetezo chimenechi mwa kuletsa belo lopambanitsa, chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, ndi kuletsa malamulo popanda chilolezo cha nyumba ya malamulo. Linatsimikiziranso kuyenera kwa kupempha mfumu kuti ibweze milandu. Mapepala onsewa pamodzi anakhazikitsa kuti njira yofunikira siili chabe ulemu koma ufulu walamulo umene unamanga akuluakulu onse a boma.

Kuyesa kwa Lamulo la America

Malamulo a ku United States anakweza lamulo loyenera ku lamulo. Mpambo wachisanu (1791) umapereka kuti palibe munthu amene adza "manidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo" Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiweniweni, Mendustment ya 1450 inafutukula chiletso chimodzimodzichi ku boma, kutsimikizira kuti palibe boma limene lingapereke " munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo.

Opanga maulamulo a ku America anasankha dala mawu "kuyambira ntchito ya lamulo" pa mawu ochepera onga "kuyendetsa kwa " kuphatikiza ponse paŵiri chilungamo cha chibadwa ndi chitetezo cha ufulu waukulu. Mkati mwa zaka ziŵiri zotsatira, Bwalo Lapamwamba likapanga nthambi ziŵiri zosiyana koma zogwirizana za kachitidwe koyenera: procdetural ndi substantive.

Mbali Zazikulu: Njira Yoyenerera ndi Yosadziŵika Bwino

Kuzindikira njira yoyenera kumafuna kuzindikira kuti imachita ntchito ziŵiri zosiyana. Njira yoyenerera imakhudza mmene ntchito za boma, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo oyenerera ndi zimene boma lingachite, mosasamala kanthu za njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Zimene Amachita Poona Kuti Zinthu Zasintha

Malamulo oyenera afuna kuti boma lichotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu, lipereke chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo kuti amve. Zofunika zenizeni zimasiyana malinga ndi nkhani yake, koma makhoti akhazikitsa mayeso oyenera pa Mathews v. Eldridge . [7] 76] amene amalingalira mbali zitatu: chikondwerero chaumwini chinayambukiridwa; ngozi ya kusoŵa zinthu m’madongosolo akale; ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma, kuphatikizapo katundu wa zapansi ndi wauyang'aniro. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza kusintha zinthu pamene kukusunga chilungamo.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga:

  • Notice : Anthu ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso chomveka, chapanthaŵi yake chonena za zochita za boma. Mlandu wachinsinsi kapena zinenezo zotsutsana ndi boma zimasokoneza ntchito yoyenerera.
  • Kumva kuti mumve [1]: Kumvetsera kuyenera kuperekedwa pamaso pa wopanga chigamulo chosaloŵerera, wokhala ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni, kuitanira mboni, ndi kutsutsa kwa mtanda wa aximine.
  • Khoti lapakhomo lachisawawa : Wopanga chosankha sangapeze chom'bera kapena ndalama. Ngakhale maonekedwe a tsankho amalepheretsa njira yoyenerera.
  • Chigamulo chotsimikizirika [: Boma liyenera kulongosola maziko a kachitidwe kake, kulola kaamba ka kupenda kwachiweruzo.
  • Kuyenera kupereka uphungu [ : M'zochitika zina, makamaka milandu yaupandu, anthu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuimira kwalamulo kutsimikizira mpikisano wabwino.

Zitsanzo za kuswa malamulo oyenera zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa munthu wachikhalire popanda kuweruzidwa, kuchotsa laisensi yaukatswiri popanda chidziŵitso, kapena kuchotsa mapindu a umoyo popanda mwaŵi wa kutsutsa zifukwazo. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse lanena kuti chitetezo chimenechi chimagwira ntchito ngakhale pamene boma lichita ntchito yake monga bwana, mwininyumba, kapena woyendetsa zinthu.

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Yotetezera Ufulu Wofunika

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimasonyeza kuti ufulu wina ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti boma lizisankha ufulu popanda kulungamitsa. Njira zoyenerera zoyenerera za boma zakhala zoyendera pozindikira ufulu wonga ngati:

  • Ufulu wokwatila ndi kusankha amene mudzakwatila
  • Kuyenera kwa kukhala pawekha m’maunansi apafupi
  • Ufulu wolera ana popanda kudodometsedwa ndi boma
  • Ufulu wa kukhala wokhulupirika m’thupi ndi kukana chithandizo chamankhwala
  • Ufulu wa kuyenda mwaufulu m’dzikolo

Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kosamalitsa ku malamulo amene amaikako zoyenera zazikulu: boma liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo nlolinganizidwa kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo loletsa maukwati onse pakati pa anthu ena likhoza kulephera chifukwa chakuti limayang'anizana ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri popanda chifukwa chomveka. Mosiyana ndi, malamulo amene amalamulira zikondwerero zosafunikira kwenikweni zachuma, monga malamulo a zachuma, kungofunikira kuwona maziko oyenera, muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri.

Kusiyana pakati pa njira yofunikira ndi yoyenerera yofuna kubwereramo n’kovuta chifukwa chakuti kumasonyeza ukulu wa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Njira yoyenerera imafunsa ngati boma linagwiritsira ntchito njira zabwino; njira yoikidwiratu imafunsa ngati chonulirapo cha bomacho nchoyenera ndi ngati njira zosankhidwazo nzogwirizana ndi chonulirapo chimenecho. Ziŵiri zonsezo zimapanga chitetezero chachikulu choletsa kuchenjerera.

Kutsatira Malamulo Moyenerera

Malamulo a boma amaletsa boma kupondereza zochita zake mwalamulo ndiponso kupatsa anthu zida zolipirira kuti asaloŵerere m’malo mwa malamulo.

Mitundu Yofala ya Kugonjetsa Mopambanitsa Chifukwa cha Njira Yoyenera

  • Kumangidwa mosaphwanya lamulo [1]: kugwira munthu popanda mlandu kapena kuzenga mlandu kukuswa njira yoyenerera. Habeas corpus . Ufulu wotsutsa kumangidwa [1] ndi kuonetsera mwachindunji kwa njira zotetezera.
  • Kuyang'anira kosatsutsika [[FLT: 1]: Kusonkhanitsa zinthu kapena kuyang'anira chinsinsi popanda chilolezo cha magetsi kungasokoneze zonse ziŵiri pulogalamu yachinsinsi ndi yosafunika, makamaka pamene chinsinsi chili chinthu choyenera kuchiyembekezera.
  • Kusungitsa lamulo kwa apolisi [1]: Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo mosankha magulu osayanjidwa kapena anthu osalungamitsidwa kumafooketsa lamulo. Mchitidwe woyenerera umafuna kuti lamulo lizizikidwa pa miyezo yauchete, osati pa kukondera kwaumwini.
  • Malamulo ovomerezeka : Malamulo amene amalanga khalidwe lovomerezeka limene linakhala lovomerezeka pamene lachitidwa ndi osakhala a lamulo chifukwa chakuti amalanda anthu chidziŵitso choyenera, ndipo ndilo phindu loyenera.
  • Kulamulira kosasintha kwauyang’aniro : Pamene mabungwe angapereke zilango zowopsa popanda kumvetsera kwatanthauzo kapena kupenda kwachiweruzo, njira yoyenerera imafunikira malo ofufuzira monga ngati chilolezo ndi zifunsiro zaumwini.

Kufufuza Zochitika za Pansi

Makhoti a boma agwiritsira ntchito mobwerezabwereza njira yoyenerera kugonjetsa zigamulo za boma ndi kumveketsa bwino ukulu wa zoyenera za munthu payekha.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966): Procedural Croduzed Process in Agerist Justice

Mu Manda, Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti mwaŵi wa Kusintha Koyamba wa Kudzitsutsa umafunikira apolisi kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya asanaikidwe mlandu. Kulephera kupereka machenjezo ameneŵa kumapatsa kuvomereza kulikonse kosapeŵeka. Chigamulocho chimasonyeza mmene njira yodzisankhira yochitira zinthu imagwira ntchito panthaŵi yovuta kwambiri .

Long v. Virginia (1967): Njira Yoyenerera ndi Yodzipangitsa

Kutha kwa ukwati [[FLT :1] kunagwetsa lamulo la Virginia loletsa kusokonezeka kwa ufulu, limene linapangitsa ukwati pakati pa anthu oyera ndi osakhala oyera. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren analemba kuti ukwati ndi "mmodzi wa ‘ ufulu wa anthu, uyenera kukhala wofunika kwambiri pa kukhalapo kwathu ndi kupulumuka. Mlandu wofunikira wotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ku tsankho la boma losalingalitsatirika. Unatsimikizira kuti ngakhale ngati malamulo atsatira malamulo oyenerera kudzera ku malamulo ovomerezeka ndi malamulo . Iwo sangathe kugwiritsira ntchito njira zimenezo kuswa ufulu waukulu popanda chilungamo chomveka. [FLT:] Living [FFFF:]

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004): Zotsatira za Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Chigawenga

Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, boma linasunga Yaser Hamdi wa ku United States monga "Mdani womenyana" popanda kumzenga mlandu kapena kumpatsa mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti njira yoyenerera iyenera kuti Hamdi alandire chidziŵitso cha zenizeni za kuikidwa kwake ndi mwaŵi wa kupikisana ndi wopanga chigamulo chauchenga. Khotilo linakana mfundo yakuti chitetezo cha boma chikhoza kuchotsa zonse . Hamdam amasonyeza kuti njira yoyenerera siitha m’nthaŵi za tsoka; ikhoza kukonzedwa kuti chitetezero, koma sichingachotsedwe kotheratu.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Njira Yosafunika Yochitira Zinthu ndi Kulingana kwa Maukwati

Mu [[FLT : 0] .bergefell, Bwalo linazindikira kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira munthu wa muukwati mmodzimodziyo kuli ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotetezeredwa ndi Tsima la Classis. Chigamulo chopangidwa cha milandu yoyambirira yonga ngati Kuwomba ndi [FLT] [[FLT]] ndi [LY] Lawrence v. Texas [1] kutsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wakusankha moyo wake, womasuka ku ku ku kutsutsa kwa makhalidwe abwino. Chochitikachi chikusonyeza mmene njira zoyenerera zotetezera ufulu wa anthu monga kumvetsetsa ulemu ndi kudzitukulira kwa .

Kusintha kwa Ntchito Yoyenera Yomasula Anthu

Kutsatira malamulo a m'khoti si kungokhala kakonzedwe ka malamulo a khoti, koma kumakhudza ubale wonse wa nzika ndi boma.

  • Ufulu wa kulankhula [[FLT: 1] : Boma lisanathe kusanthula, laisensi, kapena kulanga kulankhula, liyenera kupereka chitetezo chakuthupi chonga ngati chidziŵitso chapasadakhale, khutu lopanda tsankho, ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo. Popanda dongosolo loyenerera, meya angatseke nyuzipepala mwa kulengeza kuti ndi "vuto la anthu onse" popanda kumvetsera.
  • Ufulu wa msonkhano [1]: Malo oletsa zitsutso sangakanidwe mwadala; ofunsira ayenera kulandira zifukwa ndi mwaŵi wa kufunsira. Mchitidwe woyenerera umatsimikizira kuti ufulu wakusonkhanitsa sunasiyidwe ku luntha la nduna imodzi.
  • Kumanja kwa katundu [1]: Boma lisanatenge chuma kupyolera mwa kulandidwa kapena malo otchuka, liyenera kudziŵitsa eni ake ndi kupereka mlandu wokwanira. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena mobwerezabwereza kuti kulanda katundu popanda dongosolo loyenera sikuli kwalamulo.
  • Useri waumwini [1]: Boma limafuna chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini / kuyambira pa zolembera za mankhwala kufikira ku foni ndi foni / iyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi chilolezo kapena pepala laling'ono limene lingatsutsidwe. Njira yofunikira imatetezera chinsinsi cha zosankha za moyo zachinsinsi, zonga ngati kulera, kubala ana, ndi maunansi abanja.

Kuphatikiza pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana, ntchito yoyenerera imalimbikitsa anthu kukhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu mwalamulo, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti boma lidzawalemekeza.

Mavuto Amene Adzabwere

Ngakhale kuti chiyambi chake chinali chachikulu, m’zaka za m’ma 1900, anthu ambiri ankakumana ndi mavuto aakulu.

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amaneneza kuti mavuto a chisungiko amalungamitsa kupitirira njira yoyenerera. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kutsekeredwa kosalekeza kwa uchigaŵenga kukayikira, makhoti ankhondo achinsinsi, ndi zigaŵenga zoukira nzika za kumaiko akunja. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti nthaŵi zina abweza (monga mu [FLT: 0]]] Hamandi ), kugonjera ku ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma pankhani za kuteteza. Boume Detiene v. Bush [200FLT:3] (2008) Chigamutsira chiyenerezo cha Habespus for Guadanmoeageeagee, koma njira zambiri zoyenerera ponena za kuphana ndi kulondalonda.

Luso la Zopangapanga

Zida zoyendera zamakono . Facial jnic , malo a foni, mitafu yoikidwiratu , ndi yokhoza boma kuyang'anira ziŵerengero zazikulu za anthu popanda kukayikira kwa munthu mmodzi. Njira zimenezi zingaswe ntchito zonse ziŵiri za procedal ndi zapansipansi chifukwa chakuti anthu saphunzira kuti anapangidwira, ndipo alibe mpata wotsutsa kuyang'anira. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Carpeenter v. United States [FLT:] (20.8)) adakhulupirira kuti kulowa m'malo a foni kumafuna chilolezo, kupereka chizindikiro chakuti njira ya malamulo oyenera kutsatira chidziŵitso cha makompyuta, koma mipata yambiri idakalipo.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Lamulo loletsa kulanda boma lakhala malo kumene chitetezo choyenera nchochepa kwambiri kuposa m’zochitika zaupandu. Anthu osaloledwa, kuphatikizapo nzika zachikhalire, angawaikidwe ndi kuthamangitsidwa popanda kupatsidwa uphungu ndi kupatsidwa ufulu wokwanira ku mlandu wa ajuli. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchotsedwa kwa mayeso ndi makonzedwe a kutsekeredwa kokakamiza kumadzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu, makamaka kwa anthu amene angakhale ndi zikalata zotsimikizirika kaamba ka kothaŵirako kapena chithandizo cha kuchotsedwa.

Kufutukuka kwa Boma Loyang’anira

Mabungwe a boma ndi a boma tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yaikulu pa kukonza malungo, mapindu, kulabadira malo okhala, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. Mabungwe ambiri amatsutsa mikangano mkati mwawo, popanda zitetezero zachikwanekwane za khoti. Pamene kuli kwakuti Mathew kuyesa kopatsa kusinthika, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti mabungwe ena amatsutsa kwambiri kapena kuti akuluakulu a bungwe alibe tsankhu. Khoti Lali laposachedwapa mu Sacketts v. EPA[FLT:] (20]) ndi [FLT]))) kuyang'anira mlandu woweruza.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu za Pakompyuta ndi Kusiyana kwa Njira Zoyendera

Marogome a luntha opangidwa ogwiritsidwa ntchito polosera za upolisi, zosankha za belo, ndi kuweruza zikhoza kutulutsa zinthu zimene zili zosaoneka ndi zovuta kutsutsa. Ngati munthu wakanidwa kuchotsa chilango chozikidwa pa "bokosi la mdima" la malamulo, iwo angasowe chidziŵitso chatanthauzo ndi mwaŵi wa kutsutsa umboni. Kachitidwe kake kakufuna kuti zosankha za boma zifotokozedwe ndi kupikisana . Malamulo ndi makhoti ayamba kutsutsana ndi mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito malamulo oyenerera kuti apange zigamulo zopanga zosankha.

Kusunga Zochita M’dziko Lomwe Likusintha

Makhoti ayenera kupenda mosamala zochita za maulamuliro zimene zingafune kuti anthu asiye kuchita zinthu mwangozi, makhoti ayenera kulemba malamulo ofotokoza bwino njira zothetsera mavuto ndiponso zitsimikizo, ndipo anthu ayenera kukhala ofunitsitsa kutsutsa zimene boma likuchita.

Zofunika zapadera zopimira kufufuza zimaphatikizapo: Constitution Annoted mapendedwe a Kusintha kwa Gawo 5 kaamba ka mbiri ndi malamulo; ndi Chivomezi cha American Liberties Union cha dziko lonse lotetezera [ kaamba ka njira zamakono zofunikira m'kufufuza ndi kutsekera. Kuwonjezerapo, [[FLT: 4,] Cornell Law School’s Legin Information Institute imapereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa kachitidwe ka jurisprudecive.

Kulinganiza pakati pa dongosolo ndi ufulu nthaŵi zonse kudzadzetsa kusagwirizana, koma njira yoyenerera imapereka njira yothetsera vutolo mwa kulinganiza zinthu mmalo mwa lamulo longofuna. Pamene mphamvu za boma zikukula m’kulinganiza ndi kulongosoka, kudzipereka pa kachitidwe koyenera kuyenera kukula m’mphamvu. Kokha mwa kuumirira pa njira zolungama ndi kulemekeza zoyenera zazikulu ndi m’chigwirizano cha demokalase kungaletse kuloŵerera pang’onopang’ono kwa olephera kumene kungasinthe malonjezo alamulo kukhala mawu opanda pake.