Chiyambi

Boma la United States limamangidwa pa njira ya kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, kugaŵana ulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana: malamulo, mabwana, ndi chiweruzo. Mantha ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu mmodzi amene ali ndi mphamvu zosaletsedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti nthambi zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimawoneka kukhala kutali, zimaumba pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku mkhalidwe wa mpweya umene umapuma kukakhala ku malo anu otetezereka, maphunziro amene ana anu amalandira, ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wanu waukulu. Kuzindikira mmene nthambi iliyonse imagwirira ntchito ndi mmene zosankha zake zimakhudzira ntchito yanu, kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino. Nkhaniyi imapenda mbali zosiyanasiyana za nthambi iliyonse ndi kupereka zitsanzo zamphamvu pa zochita zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, kukuthandizani kuona boma kukhala losadalirana, ndi ufulu wambiri m’moyo wanu.

Kupenda Manthambi Atatu a Boma

Oyambitsa United States anapanga nthambi yokha yokhala ndi nthambi zitatu zosiyana kupanga njira yoyendera ndi kulinganiza. Nthambi imapereka malamulo, nthambi yodula, imateteza, ndi nthambi yothandiza kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zake ndi udindo wake wapadera, komanso imagwirizanitsa ndi kukhazikitsa nthambi ina, yomwe yapirira kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Kusonkhanitsa maulamuliro onse, malamulo, oyendetsa, ndi a jaji, m’manja amodzimodziwo... kunganenedwe moyenerera kukhala kumasulira kwenikweni kwa nkhalwe. – James Madison, Federalist No. 47

Nthambi Yolamulira: Kupanga Malamulo Amene Amakhudza Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Nthambi ya malamulo, yotchedwa Congress, ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira (435 ziŵalo zogaŵidwa ndi anthu a boma) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri paboma). Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi thayo la kupanga mapulani, kutsutsana, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira mtundu. Imalamuliranso ndalama zimene boma limawononga, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu. Malamulo amapanga pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya tsiku lanu, kuyambira panthaŵi imene mumadzuka mpaka nthaŵi imene mupita kukagona.

Ntchito ya Nthambi Yopereka Malamulo

  • Kupanga lamulo: Maprojekiti, kukonzanso, ndi mavoti pa ngongole zimene zimakhala lamulo la boma.
  • [[MLT:0] Kujambula ndi Kujambula: [[FULT:1] imasankha mmene ndalama za msonkho zimawonongedwera pa maprogramu, ziŵiya zapamwamba, ndi mautumiki.
  • Kumasulira: Mamembala a Congress amvetsera ku zigawo ndi kuchirikiza zikondwerero zawo.
  • Kupitira: ntchito za makampani a miyuziyansi ndipo amasunga mayeso kutsimikizira kuti adzadziŵerengera mlandu.
  • Kutsimikizira ndi Treaty Ratiation : Khoti imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi kuvomereza mapangano (ntchito za Sante zokha).

Mmene Nthambi Yotsatira Malamulo Imakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Zinthu zimene mumachita pa nthawi imene mumachita misonkhano zimasintha kwambiri.

  • Kuphunzitsa : The Students Fuevees Act (Essa) imakhazikitsa zitsogozo za boma kaamba ka maphunziro a K-12, kusonkhezera miyezo ya maphunziro ndi ndalama za sukulu za onse. Pamene Congress ipanganso lamulo limeneli, imayambukira mwachindunji chuma chimene chiri m’kalasi la mwana wanu.
  • Uloza: Malamulo onga Affordble Care Act (ACA) amagamula kuti mukhoza kupeza inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, zitetezero za mikhalidwe isanakhale, ndi ndalama zothandizira ndalama zoyendetsera. Zosankha za bajeti ya bungwe la Mabungwe zimakhudzanso ndalama za Medicaid, Medicare, ndi kufufuza kwa anthu zaumoyo pa National Institutes of Health.
  • Zitetezero za Consumer : Malamulo onga ngati Consumer Product Safection Act amalamulira chisungiko cha zinthu zimene mumagula, kuyambira pa mabebulo kufikira ku ma electronic. Mabungwe amakhazikitsanso malamulo a kulembedwa kwa chakudya ndi kusungika kwa tcheni la zopereka.
  • : Act deseat ndi Clean Water Act, zonse ziŵiri zinapatulidwa ndi Congress ndipo pambuyo pake kukonzedwa, kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mpweya ndi zilembo za madzi zabwino zimene zimakhudza mpweya umene mumapuma ndi madzi amene mumamwa.
  • Zotsatira: Chaka chilichonse, Nyumba ya Malamulo imasintha mabulaketi a msonkho, zoikizidwa, ndi ma ngongole. Malamulo a msonkho amasankha kuti ndalama zanu zotsala zipite ku boma zingakhudze zosankha monga kugula nyumba kapena kusunga ndalama kuti mukapuma pantchito.
  • . FULFFF : 1] Masheya a mafamu a misewu yopereka ndalama zothandizira kukonza misewu, kumanga maulalo, ndi madongosolo a zaulendo. Ngati mukwera tsiku ndi tsiku, mkhalidwe wa misewu imeneyo ndi kupezeka kwa sitima kapena basi zikudalira kwambiri pa kukonza mapulogalamu a bungwe.

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kungakuthandizeni kuona bwino udindo wa anthu amene mwawasankha kuti muwasankhe kuti musankhe bwanji pa nkhani ya mavoti.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Kupereka Mautumiki

Nthambi yaikulu imatsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, amene amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa asilikali. Imaphatikizaponso Pulezidenti Wamkulu, madipatimenti a Kabitai (15 ndi mabungwe ena), ndi antchito a boma oposa mamiliyoni aŵiri. Udindo waukulu wa nthambi yaikulu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mwakutero, imapereka ntchito zimene anthu a ku America amadalira tsiku lililonse.

Ntchito za Nthambi Yoyang’anira

  • Kutsatira Malamulo: [[FULT:1] mabungwe a Federal amalemba malamulo ndi malamulo osungitsidwa kuti apereke chiyambukiro ku malamulo aungwe.
  • Affairs and Diplomacy: Prezidenti amachititsa malamulo achilendo, akambirana mapangano, ndi kukhazikitsa akazembe.
  • Ulwensi ya dziko: [1] Department of Defense ndi magulu ankhondo amatetezera dziko ku ziwopsezo zakunja.
  • Mabungwe a Chitukuko: Oyang'anira ayang'anira maprogramu a Social Security ndi Medica ayang'ana ku chivomerezo cha tsoka ndi kutetezera malo okhala.
  • Kupereka Malangizo ndi Zopereka: Prezidenti angalamulire nthambi ya mkuluyo kuchitapo kanthu m'lamulo lomwe lilipo, kuumba malamulo popanda malamulo atsopano.

Mmene Nthambi Yoyang’anira Ntchito Imakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Nthambi ya akuluakulu ya boma imakhudza moyo wanu mwachindunji kuposa nthambi ina iliyonse kupyolera mwa ntchito zimene imapereka ndi malamulo amene imasungitsa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Sacial Security and Medicare : Bungwe la Social Security Administration limatumiza madeko, kupunduka, ndi mapindu opulumuka kwa mamiliyoni a Aamereka. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services imapereka zaumoyo kwa achikulire ndi anthu olandira ndalama zochepa. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapereka chisungiko cha ndalama ndi mankhwala kwa banja lanu.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imafufuza kutetezeka kwa chakudya, mankhwala, ndi zipangizo zamankhwala. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imayambitsa matenda ndi zitsogozo za thanzi. Mukadya palesitilanti kapena kumwa mankhwala olembedwa, mumadalira pa mabungwe ameneŵa.
  • Indalama zoulutsira ndege: Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo kwa magalimoto, imasunga kuyendetsa ndege, ndi kupatsa ndalama zoperekera pa maprojekiti a misewu ndi njanji. Federal Aviation Administration (FA) imatsimikizira ulendo wa ndege kukhala wotetezeka, pamene kuli kwakuti National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTA) imayang'anira galimoto.
  • Chitetezero cha Entry : The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakakamiza mpweya woyera ndi miyezo ya madzi, imayang'anira kuyeretsa kwa macheke angozi, ndi kuyendetsa kutetezereka kwa makemikolo. Mpweya ndi madzi a kwanuko zimadalira kwambiri pa zochita za EPA.
  • Response yoona mtima: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imagwirizanitsa chithandizo cha tsoka pa mphepo za mkuntho, moto wa mlengalenga, kusefukira kwa madzi, ndi miliri. M'nthaŵi za tsoka, nthambi yaikulu imapatsa chithandizo chopulumutsa moyo ndi ndalama zochiritsira.
  • Consumer Financial Protections :[FLT ] The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kubwereketsa kwa adani, amatsimikizira kuwonekera m'mabanja ndi makhadi a ngongole, ndi kusamalira madandaulo a ogula. Ngati muli ndi vuto ndi banki kapena wopereka ngongole, CFPB ikhoza kuloŵererapo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha ndi Custom: ndi Mautumiki Ogwirizanitsa U.S. (USCIS) ayendetsa zifuno za visa, makhadi obiriŵira, ndi kulinganiza. Customs ndi Bord Relivet Providect (CBP) imatetezera ndi kuchititsa malonda ndi ulendo kukhala ololedwa.

Kaya mukupita ku paki ya dziko, kukonza misonkho yanu ndi IRS, kapena kulandira phukusi loperekedwa ndi bungwe la Postal Service la United States, mukuchita zinthu ndi nthambi ya akuluakulu.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Kuteteza Ufulu Wanu

Nthambi yachiweruzo ndi ya Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States ndi makhoti a ang'onoang'ono a boma (makhoti a m'makhoti a milandu, ndi makhoti apadera). Ntchito yake yaikulu ndiyo kumasulira lamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti likugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo, makhoti angamenyetse malamulo ndi machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa malamulo alamulo. Nthambi imeneyi imachita monga wosunga ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi womalizira woweruza milandu yalamulo.

Ntchito za Nthambi Yoweruza

  • Kutsegulira Malamulo: Makhoti amamveketsa tanthauzo la malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress ndi Konsichushoni yeniyeniyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: [[FLT :1] Khoti Lapamwamba liri ndi ulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo kapena malamulo a akuluakulu osagwirizana ndi malamulo, mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1] (1803).
  • Chigamulo: makhoti a Federal amathetsa mikangano yokhudza lamulo la boma, kusiyana kwa unzika, kapena Konsichushoni.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa Ufulu: Makhoti amasungitsa Bhili la Ufulu ndi zitsimikizo zina za lamulo, kutetezera anthu ku boma kwa ochenjerera.
  • Kuikidwa kwa Malamulo a Federal: Makhoti amapenda machitidwe a bungwe kutsimikizira kuti iwo agwirizana ndi malamulo otheketsa ndi njira yoyenerera.

Mmene Nthambi Yoweruza Imakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Zimene khoti linkaweruza zimakhudza moyo wanu m’njira zimene nthawi zina sizidziwika bwino:

  • Ufulu ndi Malo: Khoti Lalikulu ligamula [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education (154] (1954) kutha kwa ufuko m’masukulu, pamene Obergefell v. Hodges [2015] Maukwati a ''''''''''lamulo. Makhoti onga Manda v. Arizona . [FLD:] [196]
  • Privitacy: Khoti lavomereza kuyenera kwa chinsinsi kumene kumachirikiza ufulu wa kubala, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoletsera, ndi ziletso pa kuyang'anira boma. Kukhoza kwanu kulamulira chidziŵitso chanu chaumwini ndi zosankha za mankhwala kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa mafotokozedwe achiweruzo.
  • Chiweruzo cha Chilamulo: Makhoti amagamula zitsogozo zopereka chilango, kulephera kwa umboni, ndi miyezo ya mlandu wolungama. Pamene mutumikira pa juli, mumachita nawo mwachindunji ntchito ya nthambi ino.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Malo: Milandu yokhudza mapangano, maloboti, ndi kugula katundu imathetsedwa m'makhoti a boma. Zigamulo za katundu waumboni zimakhudza chilichonse kuchokera ku nyimbo zimene mumatsata kumka ku pulogalamu imene mumagwiritsira ntchito.
  • Lamulo la zachikhalidwe ndi la Consumer: Makhoti amabwereza zitokoso ku malamulo a EPA, zigamulo za FDA, ndi malamulo otetezera ogulira. Ngati kampani yaimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kugulitsa zinthu zowopsa, nthambi ya chiweruzo imagamula mlandu ndi kubwezera.
  • Kusuntha ndi Asylmu: [[FULT:1] khoti la Federal limamva zikalata zochonderera kuchokera kwa oweruza oloŵa m'dziko, kuumba amene amaloledwa kukhala m’dziko ndi pansi pa mikhalidwe.

Nthambi yachiweruzo ndiyo kuimitsidwa kumene kumatsimikizira kuti zochita zina zonse za boma zikhalabe zogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza: Mmene Nthambi Zimaloŵererera

Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi maulamuliro amene angaichepetse:

  • Khonaret ingapose chiwiya cha pulezidenti ndi magawo aŵiri atatu ambiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo [, koma Nyumba za Malamulo zingagonjetse lamulolo.
  • Khoti Lalikulu lingalengeze malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo , koma Msonkhano ungapereke ziwongolero za lamulo kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano amene amasamalira nkhaŵa za Khoti.
  • Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma , koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuwatsimikizira.
  • Khonaret imayang'anira bajeti [[FL:1] ya nthambi za akuluakulu ndi zachiweruzo, kusonkhezera ntchito zawo.
  • [[Nyumba:0] Nyumba ingapereke psoto kwa Pulezidenti kapena oweruza a boma , ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ingawaimbe mlandu ndi kuwachotsa.

Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti malamulo opangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndiponso kuti mfundo zina zimene mukufuna kusintha zikhoza kuchitika panthambi zambiri.

Njira Zothandizira Nthambi Iliyonse

Kuzindikira mmene nthambi zikukukhudzirani ndi chinthu choyamba chimene mungachite, ndipo chachiwiri ndi kuchita nawo ntchito ya democracy.

Kugwirizana ndi Nthambi Yotsatira Malamulo

  • Umboni m'masankho [[FLT :1] kaamba ka Nyumba ndi okonzekera Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chikalata chanu chogamula mwachindunji amene akuimira inu m'Malamulo.
  • Kukumana ndi oimira anu ndi mamesenti [[FL:1] mwa foni, email, kapena kalata yofotokoza malingaliro anu pa malamulo oyembekezera.
  • Nyumba za tauni zomangidwa ndi ma tauni ndi mabwalo a anthu onse kufunsa mafunso ndi kukambitsirana nkhani.
  • ndemanga zapoyera pa mapepala ndi milandu ya komiti (zambiri zimatseguka kwa anthu).
  • Paricipate m'magulu a kupeputsa imene imachititsa msonkhano kukhudza nkhani zina monga zaumoyo, maphunziro, kapena malo okhala.

Kugwirizana ndi Nthambi Yotsogolera

Kugwirizana ndi Nthambi Yoweruza

  • [[FLT: 0] Kutumikira pa juli [[FLT :1] pamene iitanidwa. Iyi ndi imodzi ya njira zachindunji kwambiri zokhalira ndi phande m'dongosolo lachiweruzo.
  • File amicuscuria (bwenzi la khoti) chidule ngati inu kapena gulu lanu muli ndi chidziŵitso choyenerera ku mlandu (kaŵirikaŵiri kuchitidwa mwa kuimira kwalamulo).
  • Kutsatira zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu ndi kukambitsirana nazo m'mudzi wanu. Lingaliro la anthu likhoza kusonkhezera kugamula kwa mtsogolo ndi zigamulo za lamulo.
  • Mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu amene amavomereza ufulu wa anthu kapena zinthu zina zimakupangitsani kukhala wosamala, monga ACLU, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, kapena Institute for Justice.
  • Khalani wodziŵitsidwa [ ponena za zitsimikizo zachiweruzo ndi kufunsa atsendereza anu kuti afotokoze malingaliro anu pa minese.

Kumaliza

Nthambi zitatu za boma la United States siziri kutali. Zilipo m’zakudya zimene mumadya, mpweya umene mumapuma, misewu imene mumayendetsa, sukulu zimene ana anu amapitako, ndi ufulu umene muli nawo. Nthambi ya boma imalemba malamulo amene amakhazikitsa malamulo ndi maprogramu a ndalama; nthambi yoyang'anira imapereka mautumiki ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo; nthambi ya zamalamulo imateteza ufulu wanu ndi kumasulira malamulo amene amalamulira zinthu zonse. Mwakumvetsetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za nthambi iliyonse, ndi njira zimene amayendera zina. Ngati muchita chisankho, lankhulani pa komiti ya oweruza, kapena kulankhulana ndi oimira anu, imalimbikitsa dongosolo la democracy. Boma linalinganizidwa kuti lithandize anthu, ndipo anthu ayenera kupitiriza kukwaniritsa ntchitoyi.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani ziŵiya za boma: