Kumvetsetsa Nthambi ya Chiweruzo m’Ntchito ya ku Amereka

Nthambi ya boma ya boma imamasulira malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi zochita zochitidwa ndi nthambi yaikulu. Mwa ntchito imeneyi yomasulira, imatsimikizira kuti ntchito zonse za boma zikugwirizana ndi Malamulo ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kuti n’zotetezeka. Pamene kuli kwakuti nthambi ya boma ikulemba malamulo ndi nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma imakakamiza, nthambi yachiweruzo imasiyana ndi kuchirikiza kusaloŵerera m’nkhani za malamulo. Nyumba imeneyi imapanga dongosolo la kuyendera ndi kulinganiza zimene zimaletsa nthambi iliyonse kuwonjezera mphamvu. Ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, kuzindikira mmene ntchito za judiary ziliriary kuyamikira lamulo.

Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa a Bungwe la Federal Direcial

Mfundo III ya Malamulo a United States ikhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo. Mosiyana ndi malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane a Congress ndi desident, nkhani ya Konsichushoni pa khoti ndi yaifupi kwambiri. Chigawo 1 chikufotokoza kuti: "Gulu la chiweruzo la United States, lidzaikidwa m'khoti limodzi lalikulu, ndipo m'makhoti osayeneretsedwa monga Nyumba ya Malamulo nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kukhazikitsa. Chinenerochi chimapatsa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa makhoti a boma ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wawo. Oweruzawo anasiya tsatanetsatane wambiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo, kuzindikira kuti ntchito ya jadiary idzakhala yogwirizana ndi mtundu.

Malamulo amapatsanso oweruza a boma moyo wokulira mkati mwa "Kudzisungira Kwabwino" ndipo amaletsa kuchepetsa malipiro awo pamene akutumikira. Zitetezero zimenezi zinalinganizidwa kutsimikizira kudziimira kwachiweruzo . Zoweruza zikapereka zigamulo zozikidwa pa lamulo ndi chikumbumtima mmalo mwa kuwopa kubwezera kwa ndale zadziko kapena chitsenderezo cha zachuma. Kudziimira kwa kampani kumalingaliridwa kukhala maziko a dongosolo lalamulo la America.

Malo a Khoti Lalikulu

Chigamulo cha boma ncholinganizidwa m'mabungwe atatu oikidwa, ndi mlingo uliwonse wosamalira milandu ndi zikopa zosiyanasiyana. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amalola kuyang'anira bwino anthu ndipo amapanga njira yomveka yoitanira.

Makhoti Achigawo: Mlandu

Mabwalo amilandu achigawo ndiwo mahatchi a dongosolo la boma. Pali zigawo 94 zachiweruzo za boma, kuphatikizapo chifupifupi chimodzi m'boma lililonse, kuphatikizapo Chigawo cha Columbia ndi Puerto Rico. Khoti lililonse lachigawo lili ndi ulamuliro pa milandu ya boma ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni. Maweruzi amachitidwa pamaso pa woweruza ndipo, m’nkhani zambiri, ajuli. Mabwalo amilandu achigawo amasamalira milandu yokhudza malamulo a boma, mafunso alamulo, mikangano pakati pa nzika za maboma osiyanasiyana (kulamulira ulamuliro) pamene ndalama za mlanduwo zipitirira $75,000, ndi nkhani zina zokhudza boma la United States monga gulu.

Oweruza a khoti lachigawo amaweruza milandu, amaweruza mwamwambo, ndi kuweruza kapena kuweruza. Amachita mbali yaikulu popanga mbiri yoona ya mlandu, imene ili yofunika kuti apilukire mlandu uliwonse wotsatira. Nkhani zachitsanzo zimene zinamvedwa pamlingo umenewu zimaphatikizapo kuzembetsa anthu mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuzenga milandu ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, kukangana kodzisankhira, ndi kusankhana ntchito.

Mabwalo a Zipilo: Chiyeso cha Kukapidwa

Pamwamba pa makhoti a chigawo pali makhoti a zipilala a United States, otchedwanso makhoti a chigawo. Pali madera 13: 11 a madera a chigawo anafikira 1 mpaka 11, Destrict of Columbia, ndi Federal Transderation, amene ali ndi ulamuliro m’dziko lonse pa milandu yapadera monga ngati lamulo lachilolezo ndi kutsutsana ndi boma.

Makhoti a apilo sachititsa milandu yatsopano kapena kumva mboni. M’malo mwake, gulu la oweruza atatu limapenda milandu ya khoti la boma kuti aone ngati zolakwa za boma zinachitika. Iwo amapenda mbiri ya mlandu, amaŵerenga zinsinsi zolembedwa zoperekedwa ndi mabungwewo, ndi kumva zigomeko za pakamwa. Khotilo lingatsimikizire chigamulo cha khoti laling'onolo, kuibwezera mlanduwo, kapena kubwezera mlanduwo chifukwa cha milandu yowonjezereka. Makhoti a apilo amavomereza makhoti onse a m’deralo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limakhazikitsa zitsanzo zofunika zimene zimapanga lamulo m’chigawocho.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States

Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo khoti lalikulu koposa m'dzikolo. Ilo liri ndi oweruza aakulu asanu ndi anayi . Ilo liri ndi oweruza asanu ndi atatu ogwirizana ndi mayeso audindo . Amene amaikidwa ndi pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Khoti. Ntchito yaikulu ya khotilo ndiyo kupenda zigamulo kuchokera ku makhoti a boma ang'onoang'ono ndi makhoti aakulu amene akuloŵetsamo mafunso aakulu a boma. Khoti limasankha milandu imene idzamva kupyolera mwa njira yachiweruzo yotchedwa kupatsa chilo cha mapensiti a certiorari . Mwa mapempho oposa 7,000 amene amaikidwa, Khotilo limavomereza kuti limve pafupifupi 70 kufikira ku milandu 80.

Pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba lipereka chigamulo, nlomaliza ndi loyenera m'dziko lonselo. Kumasulira kwake kwa Konsichushoni ndi lamulo la boma kumakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene makhoti ena onse ayenera kutsatira. Izi zimapatsa Bwalo lamilandu lapadera kuumba chitaganya cha America, monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'nkhani zonga Brown v. Board of Education [1954]), imene inathetsa tsankho la fuko m'masukulu a onse, ndi bergefell v. Hodges (20).55], imene inakhazikitsa lamulo loyenera ku ukwati wofanana.

Kuzengedwa Chilango ndi Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Milandu

Makhoti a boma ali ndi malire ochepa chabe, ndipo angamve nkhani zovomerezedwa ndi malamulo a m’bungwe la Malamulo kapena a boma.

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Kulamulira kwa dziko kumalola makhoti a boma kuweruza milandu pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana kapena pakati pa nzika ya U.S. ndi nzika yachilendo, ngati ndalama zotsutsanazo ziposa $75,000. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti oloŵa m'maiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi uchete ndi osayang'anizana ndi tsankhu m'makhoti.

Ndiponso, makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yokha pa nkhani zina, monga ngati kulephera kubweza ngongole, kulembedwa ndi kulembedwa kwa olemba mabuku, kuikidwa pa ukatswiri wa boma ndi kuikidwa m’nyanja, ndi milandu imene United States ali chipani.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Chiyambi Chake

Mphamvu yapadera kwambiri yosonyezedwa ndi nthambi yachiweruzo ndiyo kupenda kwachiweruzo . ulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo ndi zochita za mabwana popanda lamulo. Malamulo samapereka mphamvu imeneyi mwachindunji, koma Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa m'nkhani yachizindikiro (1803 bury v. Madison .

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall, polembera khotilo, analingalira kuti Konsichushoni ndilo lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo ndi kuti iyenera kutembenuzidwa ndi atsamundawo. Iye analemba motchuka kuti: "Ndimo mwamphamvu chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena zimene lamulo lili. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa ntchito ya jadiary monga nthambi ya boma yolingana ndi ya boma ndipo chinapanga mayeso amphamvu pa nthambi za boma ndi za akuluakulu a boma.

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumagwira ntchito ponse paŵiri m’zochitika za boma ndi boma. Khotilo lagwetsa malamulo mazana ambiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuyambira pa malamulo a zachuma a New Deance kufikira pa malamulo a zachuma ndi zilamuliro za zaumoyo. mphamvu imeneyi idakali nkhani ya mkangano, ndipo osuliza akutsutsa kuti imapereka ulamuliro wopambanitsa pa malamulo opangidwa mwachigamulo.

Oweruza Oweruza Olamulira: Kuikidwa, Kusudzulidwa, ndi Kusudzulidwa

Njira yosankha oweruza a boma yandandalitsidwa mu Mfundo II ya Malamulo: pulezidenti wosankha oyembekezera, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imapereka uphungu ndi chivomerezo ndi osankha ambiri. Kwa oweruza a m'makhoti ang'onoang'ono, mwambo wa khoti la Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri umalola oimira malo amodzi kutsekereza kupyolera mu "bulue" . Malamulo a Supreme Court amatsutsana kwambiri ndi kukopa kusanthula kwaponse.

Oweruza a boma akakhala ndi udindo wofuna moyo, ndipo akakhala ndi khalidwe labwino, moyo wawo wonse umawateteza ku zitsenderezo zandale ndipo amalola kupanga malamulo amene angasagwirizane nawo kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Njira yokha yochotsera zinthu ndi yokha yochokera ku Nyumba ya Oimira ndi kugamulidwa ndi Khoti. Oweruza ochepa okha a boma ndiwo amene analetsedwa ndi kuchotsedwa, makamaka chifukwa cha katangale kapena khalidwe laupandu.

Njira ya moyo yoyendera zinthu zapamwamba imathandiza kuti a jaji adzilamulire okha komanso kuti pulezidenti mmodzi angaumbe makhoti a boma kwa zaka makumi ambiri mwa kuikidwa m'magulu apadera. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale kugawikana kwa ndale chifukwa cha kugamula milandu, makamaka ku khoti Lapamwamba.

Ziphunzitso za Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Oweruza ndi oweruza amamasulira mfundo za malamulo pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi a nzeru zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mfundo ziwiri zotchuka kwambiri ndi zokhudza kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi malamulo a m’chilengedwe.

Kuyambirira

Okhulupirira mfundo za m'Chilamulo amanena kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku tanthauzo loyamba la mawu ake panthaŵi imene inavomerezedwa. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti oweruza sayenera kukhazikitsa mapindu awo kapena kukonza chikalata kuti chisonyezere malingaliro amakono. Chiphunzitso cha kusinkhuka chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zigamulo zotsalira mwambo monga malemu Antonin Scalia ndi Clarence Thomas. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuletsa kuweruza ndi kusamala zochita za demokrase, chifukwa chakuti kusintha ku Malamulo kuyenera kubwera kupyolera mchitidwe wokonzanso, osati kumasuliranso komiti ya chiweruzo.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Ochirikiza malamulo a kapangidwe ka moyo amaona chikalatacho kukhala maziko osinthika amene ayenera kusinthira ku malamulo ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Amakhulupirira kuti mawu aakulu monga "kutsatira" ndi "chitetezero cholingana" ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yamakono. Njira imeneyi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zigamulo zoperekedwa ndi anthu monga malemu Ruth Bad Ginsburg ndi Stephen Breyer. Otsutsa amati chimapangitsa kuweruza mopambanitsa ndi kupeputsa lamulo mwa kulola zokonda zaumwini kusonkhezera zosankha.

M’zochitika, ndi zigamulo zochepa zimene zimamamatira zolimba ku nthanthi imodzi; zambiri zimagwiritsira ntchito kuphatikiza kwa malemba, mbiri, ndi kumveka kwa mawu. Komabe, nthanthi zopikisana zimenezi zimasonkhezera zambiri za makangano a Khoti Lalikulu.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yoposa Milandu ya Khoti ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zasintha kwambiri moyo wa anthu a ku America. Pamene nkhani yoyamba itchula milandu itatu, ina yambiri iyenera kuiganizira. Pansipa pali malamulo ena ofunika kwambiri amene amasonyeza ntchito ya Khoti.

  • Marbury v. Madison (103] – Yokhazikitsa lamulo la kupenda chiweruzo.
  • McCulloch v. Maryland [1] (1819) [1] – Kutsimikiziridwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi mphamvu zoimira za Congress, kusungitsa maulamulirowo sikungakhoze kukhoma msonkho wa mabungwe a boma.
  • [[FLT :1] red Scott v. Sandford (187) [1] – adalamulira kuti Aamereka a mu Afirika sakakhala nzika ndi kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingaletse ukapolo m’magawo; pambuyo pake zinagwetsedwa ndi madeti 13 ndi 14 Consoletion.
  • [FLT .[FLT] Pneby v. Ferguson[FLT :2] (1996)[FLT :3] – Universe flution pansi pa "kusiyana ndi kulingana" chiphunzitso; kugwedezeka ndi [[FLT:]bn v. Board of Education.
  • Miranda v. Arizona[FLT :2] (1966 [1] [1] polisi ofunidwa kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo wa kukhala chete ndi loya asanafunse mlandu.
  • [[FLT :0] New York Times Co. v. United States [1] (1971 [1] - Ufulu wosindikiza wa nyuzipepala mwa kulola kufalitsidwa kwa Pentagon Papers mosasamala kanthu za zinenezo za boma za chisungiko cha dziko.
  • Citablens United v. FEC[FLT :2] (2010) [1] – Held kuti ndalama zandale zaumwini zowonongedwa ndi makampani ndi maukwati zatetezeredwa ndi ufulu wa kulankhula, kubwezera lamulo la ndawala ya zandalama.

Unansi Pakati pa Makhoti Ausilikali ndi Boma

United States ili ndi dongosolo lamilandu la aŵiri: milandu ya boma ndi ya boma yogaŵidwa panthaŵi imodzi. Makhoti aboma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya mlandu(pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya milandu yonse ya mlandu wa banja (kuphatikizapo lamulo la banja, mikangano ya pangano, milandu ya katundu, ndi milandu ya upandu yambiri. Makhoti a Federal amasamalira nkhani zokhudza lamulo la boma kapena zipani za mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo a khoti la boma amasiyana, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amawunikira dongosolo la boma ndi makhoti amilandu, makhoti apakati, ndi bwalo lamilandu lalikulu la boma. Mabwalo aakulu a boma ali omalizira opereka lamulo la boma, kusiyapo ngati funso la boma likuphatikizidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lingapende zigamulo za khoti zimene zimadzutsa nkhani za lamulo kapena kumasulira kwa boma.

Magaŵano a ntchito ameneŵa amalola dongosolo lirilonse kukulitsa ukatswiri m’malo ake alamulo pamene akugaŵira zitetezero zotsatizana kaamba ka ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Kumapanganso kucholoŵana: Ogulitsa ntchito ayenera kaŵirikaŵiri kusankha kaya kubweretsa mlandu m’khoti la boma kapena la boma, chosankha chimene chingayambukire mowonekera bwino.

Kudziimira pa Ufulu wa Oweruza ndi Chidaliro cha Anthu

Ufulu wa chiweruzo umatanthauza kuti oweruza angagamule milandu yozikidwa pa lamulo ndi mfundo popanda kuopa kulangidwa kapena kuvomerezedwa. Lamulo limeneli nlofunika pa chilungamo ndi malamulo. Lamulo limatetezera ufulu mwa moyo ndi kutetezeredwa, koma kudziimira pakokha kumadaliranso pa malamulo a boma ndi kudalira anthu onse.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu otsutsa ayamba kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi ufulu woweruza, chifukwa chakuti oweruza amaukira kwambiri oweruza, amawaopseza, ndiponso amawaletsa kumanga makhoti kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo ena.

Kudalirana kwa anthu m’makhoti n’kofunika kwambiri.

Machenjezo ndi Kulinganizika: Mbali ya Nthambi Yoweruza

Nthambi yachiweruzo siigwira ntchito yodzipatula, ndipo nthambi zina ziŵirizo zimafufuza mphamvu zake, ndipo zikatero zimafufuzanso.

Nthambi yaikulu imakhazikitsa malamulo a khoti ndi kukhazikitsa zigamulo. Pulezidenti amaika oweruza, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira. Nyumba ya Makhoti ingayambitse kapena kuchotsa makhoti ang'onoang’ono a boma, kukhazikitsa ziweruzo za Khoti Lapamwamba, ndi kupereka malamulo alamulo kuti achotse zigamulo zachiweruzo. Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang'aniranso bajeti ya jaji ndipo ingachotse oweruza ndi kuchotsa oweruza.

Mayeso ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene imalamulira. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mbali za Lamulo la Zoyenera za Anthu mu Shelby County v . Horeter (2013), Congress ikanasintha lamulolo koma anasankha kusafufuza kwa ndale zadziko pa ulamuliro wa komiti. Komanso, pamene Pulezidenti Richard Nixon anakana kutembenuza matepitepi mkati mwa chipowere, Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti atulutsidwe, ndi Nixon anavomereza.

Mavuto Amakono Oyang’anizana ndi Omva Oimba

Oweruza a boma akukumana ndi mavuto angapo a m’nthaŵi ino. Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa milandu kwakula kwambiri, kuchititsa kuchedwa ndi kubwerera kumbuyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵerengero cha zoweruza chakhala chosasintha, kucholoŵana ndi unyinji wa milandu zawonjezereka.

Chachiŵiri, kutsimikizira oweruza kwakhala kochedwetsa. Khoti Lalikulu makamaka lakhala malo ankhondo ochirikiza nkhondo, ndi malo okhalapo mkati mwa zaka za chisankho oyambitsa mkangano waukulu. Makhoti a pansi kaŵirikaŵiri amayembekezera kuchedwa, kusiya mipando yambiri ili yopanda malo kwa nyengo yotalikirapo.

Chachinayi, apolisi ayenera kukambirana ndi anthu amene sakufuna kuweruza milandu, chifukwa anthu ambiri sangakwanitse kumasulira malamulo awo paokha.

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, nthambi yachiweruzo idakali ndi ulemu waukulu.

Kumaliza: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Nthambi Yoweruza

Nthambi yachiweruzo singomasulira malamulo koma woyang'anira wokangalika wa Malamulo. Mwa kakonzedwe kake . Madigion, makhoti adera, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba(imapereka njira yothetsera mikangano ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Mphamvu ya kuweruza, yokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0]] Mastery v. Madison , imapatsa judicariary ntchito yaikulu yosungitsa kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zitatu. Mwa kuzindikira mmene nthambi imagwira ntchito, nzika zingayamikire bwino maziko a democracyricism ndi kufunika kwa judia. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kwa akuluakulu a mawelo a [FOK: [FFF] [FF: [FF] ndi: FFF]