Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Pulezidenti, Kbiteni, ndi Ulamuliro Wawo wa Malamulo

Nthambi yaikulu ya boma la United States ndi injini imene imayendetsa ndi kutsata malamulo a dziko. Imaikidwa ndi Article II ya Malamulo, imatsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi Pulezidenti ndi Bungwe, Kabita, ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma. Nthambiyi imamasulira zolinga za malamulo, imayang'anira ubale wa mayiko ena, imalamulira asilikali, ndipo imayang'anira ntchito za boma. Kumvetsa bwino kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito zake n’kofunika pomvetsa mmene dongosolo la American la ulamuliro limagwirira ntchito [1] ndi mmene mphamvu yake imapimidwa ndi nthambi zina. Nkhaniyi imapereka mafotokozedwe odalirika a ntchito za Prezidenti, malingana ndi ntchito za Kbibita, ndi ntchito za nthambi yapamwamba, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa mbiri ya dziko la America.

Pulezidenti: Mutu wa Boma ndi Boma

Pulezidenti wa United States amatumikira m'maluso ambiri panthaŵi imodzi . Wolamulira wamkulu, mkulu wa asilikali, mkulu wa oimira boma, mtsogoleri wa malamulo, ndi mkulu wa boma. Kuchuluka kwa maudindo kumeneku kumapangitsa kukhala waudindo kukhala imodzi ya maofesi amphamvu koposa padziko lonse, komabe amalamulidwa ndi mayeso a malamulo ndi zochitika za ndale zadziko. Pulezidenti amasankhidwa pa zaka zinayi zilizonse kudzera ku Electoral College ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi zaka zosachepera 35, nzika yachibadwa, ndi wokhala m’dziko la U.S.

Woyang’anira Wamkulu

Monga mkulu wa madipatimenti a akuluakulu, Pulezidenti ali ndi udindo wotsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma "Muziphedwa mokhulupirika. Izi zikutanthauza kuyang'anira ntchito yowonjezereka ya nthambi ya akuluakulu, yomwe imaphatikizapo antchito wamba pafupifupi 2.7 miliyoni (kuchotsa asilikali). Pulezidenti amaika akulu a madipatimenti 15 akuluakulu, limodzinso ndi akuluakulu zikwizikwi, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe . Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu yopereka malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, amene amatsogolera mmene mabungwe a boma amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Prezidenti Franklin D. Rooselt anagwiritsa ntchito malangizo apamwamba kukhazikitsa makina a zauyang'anira a bungwe la New Gault, pamene Pulezidenti Joe Biden adawagwiritsa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo nyengo ndi malamulo a za kusamuka.

Kazembe

Malamulo asankha Pulezidenti monga mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo, akumaika asilikali onse , Navy, Marine Corps, Milky, Space Force, ndi Coast (panthawi ya nkhondo). Mphamvu imeneyi imaphatikizapo kulamula asilikali kuti amenyane, kukhazikitsa njira zankhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito zobisa. Komabe, Nyumba ya Ufumu imasunga mphamvu zolengeza nkhondo ndi kuchirikiza nkhondo, kuyambitsa nkhondo. Zitsanzo zosadziŵika zimaphatikizapo Pulezidenti Harry Truman ‘s kuti aloŵerere mu Korea mu 1950 popanda chilengezo chalamulo cha nkhondo, ndi Pulezidenti George W. Chilolezo cha Afghanistan pambuyo pa 9 / 11 aukira zida za . Pulezidentiyo amalamuliranso zida za nyukiliya ndipo amayendetsanso ulamuliro wa zida za nyukiliya.

Kudzikongoletsa Koipa

M'malamulo achilendo, Pulezidenti akugwira ntchito monga kazembe wamkulu wa dzikolo, woimira United States, akukambirana mapangano (amene amafuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhale yomangidwa ndi mavoti awiri , ndi kukhazikitsa akazembe . Pulezidenti angasainenso mapangano a akuluakulu ndi mayiko akunja popanda chilolezo, chida chimene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri pa malonda ndi chitetezo. Kuwonjezera apo, Pulezidenti ali ndi mphamvu zozindikira maboma achilendo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon's anakhazikitsa ubale wa mapangano a boma ku China pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri, ndipo Prezidenti Donald Trump anazindikira kuti Yerusalemu ndi likulu la Israel mu 2017, ndipo akutenga bungwe la U.

Mtsogoleri Wolamulira

Ngakhale kuti Pulezidenti sali chiŵalo cha Congress, Konsichushoni imapatsa mphamvu zazikulu za lamulo. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo . Mwachitsanzo, Boma la Union kaŵirikaŵiri limakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutumiza ndalama zalamulo . ndi kutumiza ndalama za mapepala zoperekedwa ndi Congress. Aveto angasanduke ndi mavoti aŵiri okha, omwe ali osoŵa. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu ya kutcha Nyumba ya Malamulo ku chigawo chapadera ndi kukhazikitsa zipinda ngati sangathe kugwirizana panthaŵi ina. Pulezidenti wamakono amagwiritsa ntchito kampani ya kuukira anthu a ku America mwachindunji kudzera m'nkhani za . Pulezidenti B. Johnson anagwiritsa ntchito maluso ake otchuka kuchotsa malamulo a boma mu 1964, pamene Pulezidenti Barack Obacka adalephera kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito njira yoyendetsera ufulu wa boma posintha zinthu.

Mtsogoleri wa Zachuma

Pulezidenti amachita mbali yaikulu m'kukonza zachuma. Pulezidenti amatumiza lamulo la ndalama pa chaka kwa Congress, akutchula zofunika za kugwiritsa ntchito popanga mapulogalamu a boma. Pulezidenti amaikanso mpando wa Federal Reserve (Pomvera Bungwe Lokhazikitsa) ndi mamembala a Council of Economic Advisers. Pa nthawi ya mavuto a zachuma, Pulezidenti angapereke ndalama zosonkhezera, malamulo a zamalonda, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Rooselt New Secreaual anakhazikitsa ndalama zambiri za boma kuti athetse Vuto Lalikulu la Zachuma, ndi Pulezidenti George W. Bush ndi Back Obamak adasaikana zonse ziŵiri thilaritime pankhondo ya ndalama za 2008 ndi 202020OV.

Pulezidenti Wothandiza

Pamene kuli kwakuti Pulezidenti wa Mangangedwe amaonedwa kukhala mbali yochirikiza, ofesi imanyamula lamulo ndi tanthauzo lopindulitsa. Pulezidentiyu amatumikira monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, kuswa mavoti, ndipo ali woyamba pa mzera wa kutsatizana Prezidenti akalephera kutumikira. Mapiclala asanu ndi anayi apambana pa mapresidenti otsatira imfa ya pulezidenti kapena kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo Theodore Roosevelt, Harry Truman, ndi Lyndon B. Johnson. M'maulamuliro amakono, Pulezidenti wamakono kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kukwaniritsa malamulo apadera (m., Kamara Harla anasumikira mfundo za kusankhiridwa ndi ku Central America) ndipo amatumikira monga mfungulo wa Pulezidenti wosankhidwa ndi Pulezidentiyo koma angachotsedwe mwa imfa kapena kuikidwa.

Kazembe Wautsogoleri

Kabinate ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa mabungwe a akulu 15 a madipatimenti akuluakulu, limodzi ndi akuluakulu ena monga White House of Staff, U.S. Trade woimira , ndi Woyang'anira Office of the Management . Mamembala a Kabitte amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Bungwe la Malamulo. Iwo amatumikira pa chikondwerero cha Pulezidenti, tanthauzo iwo angachotsedwe popanda chifukwa. Magwero a Katrinate a kubwerera kwa George Washington, amene anafunsana ndi Mlembi wa Boma la Treathers Alexander Hamilton, ndi ena. Lerolino, KBBB imakumana nthaŵi ndi kukambitsirana za malamulo ndi kuyang'anira, ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake zimadalira kwambiri ndi makampani a makampani, pamene ena amapanga zosankha m'nyumba ya White.

Department of State

Department of State inayamba mu 1789, ikuchititsa malamulo a dziko lina ndi zoyesayesa za boma. Imayang'anira mapangano ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo padziko lonse, imakambirana mapangano, mapasipoti ndi ma viza, ndi kuimira United States ku United States. Mlembi wa Boma ndi chiŵalo chapamwamba kwambiri cha Kabinati chotsapo Pulezidenti ndipo ndi wachinayi mumzera wa prezidenti. Osati n’kulephera kutchula a John Quincy Adams, Hillary Clinton, ndi Antony Blinken. Ndalama ya dipatimentiyi ndi pafupifupi $60 biliyoni, kuthandizira ndi maprogramungwe a .

Department of Defection

Department of Defense (DoD) imayang'anira dipatimenti ya zachitetezo, ndi likulu la asilikali ndi dziko, lomwe lili ndi malikulu pa Pentagon . Ndilo dipatimenti yaikulu kwambiri mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana madola 800 biliyoni mu 2023(ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito asilikali achangu 1,3 miliyoni ndi antchito wamba 70,000. Mlembi wa za Usilika, amene ayenera kukhala msilikali (mwa lamulo, zaka zosachepera zisanu ndi ziŵiri kuyambira pa ntchito yausilikali), akulangiza Pulezidenti za njira zankhondo ndi zochita zankhondo. DoD amaphatikizapo Gulu la asilikali, Gulu la Ndege, Air, Marine, ndi Gulu la Space Force , limodzinso ndi gulu la Atsogoleri a DoD a ntchito ya Uraq (zitsanzo za nkhondo za Uganda) ku Iraqhwe ndi zothandiza anthu pambuyo pa ngozi zachilengedwe 2003.

Dipatimenti ya Ndalama

Dipatimenti ya Treasurer Department imayang'anira ndalama za boma: Kusonkhanitsa misonkho kudzera ku IRS, kupereka ngongole (mapangano a kusindikiza), ndalama zosindikiza, ndi kulangiza za zachuma. Iyang'aniranso Secret Service (choyambirira kulimbana ndi kupeka chinyengo) ndi Financil Crimes Enforcement Network. Mlejala wa Treasurente ndi wotsogolera kwambiri pa zachuma, kaŵirikaŵiri wotsogolera kukambitsirana kwa zachuma padziko lonse. Mbiri ya dipatimentiyi imaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa kwa banki ya dziko ndi kupangidwa kwa IRS mu 191313.

Department of Justice

Department of Justice (DOJ) imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi kuimira U.S. Wotsogolera wa malamulo. Wotsogozedwa ndi Attorney General, amaphatikizapo FBI, DEA, ATF, ndi U.S. Marshals Service . DOJ imaweruza milandu ya boma, kutetezera malamulo a boma m’khoti, ndi kuyang'anira ndende za boma. Attorney amakhala mu Kabitasipo koma amayembekezeredwa kusonyeza chiweruzo chodziimira; mwambo wa DOJ kudziimira kwa kampani yamakono. Zochita zapamwamba zikuphatikizapo kufufuza kwa makampani aakulu a za tekinoloji ndi milandu yotsutsa makampani opanga makompyuta.

Madipatimenti Ena a Kabinabit

Madipatimenti 11 otsalawo amasamalira malamulo a zachuma: Nyumba za boma ziyang’anira maiko a boma ndi chuma chachilengedwe (m’chingamizero, mapaki achilengedwe); Alimi amayang’anira chisungiko cha chakudya, ndalama zothandizira pa ulimi, ndi makonzedwe a chakudya; malonda amapititsa patsogolo malonda, kuwonjezereka kwa chuma, ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu za ntchito za ntchito; Antchito amakhazikitsa malamulo a za ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma; Thanzi ndi mautumiki a Chikhalidwe cha anthu amayendetsa Medicara, Medicaid, FDA, ndi NH; Maphunziro amagaŵira sukulu za boma ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu m’maphunziro; Mphamvu za nyukyukiliya zimayang’anira minda ndi kufunafuna kwa anthu ndi kutukuka kwa chitaganya; zoyendetsa nyumba zoyendera ndi ndalama, ndege, ndege, ndi misewu ya kumudzi; Kutetezera chitetezo m’dziko, ndi kusungitsa malonda a zaulendo zankhondo; ndi kusungitsa malonda a zaumoyo, ndi zaumoyo wa asilikali; Aauniza zauni, ndi a a zaunishi, ndi a a zauni.

Mabungwe Odziimira Okha

Kupitirira madipatimenti 15 a Kabinati, nthambi yaikulu imaphatikizapo mabungwe ambiri odziimira okha amene amachitira lipoti mwachindunji kwa Pulezidenti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu. Awa akuphatikizapo Central Intelligence Agency (CII), Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), SNA), Sma Komiti ya Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la Federal Reserventiease , ndi bungwe la Federal Reserve Board . Nthawi zambiri bungwe la Pulezidenti limachita ntchito ngati Securential ndi Ex (SECC), koma likhoza kuchotsa pa makampaniwo, ndipo likhoza kutsogolera pulezidenti. Pulezidentiyo

Ntchito Zazikulu za Nthambi Yoyang’anira

Kukakamiza ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo

Ntchito yaikulu ya nthambi yaikulu ndiyo kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutembenuza malamulo ambiri a malamulo kukhala malamulo akutiakuti, kuswa malamulo, ndi kupereka mapindu. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa Affordcable Care Act mu 2010, nthambi yoyang'anira inalemba mapepala mazana a malamulo olamulira ndalama za inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndalama zothandizira anthu, ndi mabwana. Mabungwe a Federal amafufuza, amakonza mafashoni, ndi kubweretsa milandu ya anthu kapena yaupandu kutsimikizira kuti avomerezedwe. Ntchito imeneyi imapereka mphamvu yaikulu ya nthambi yapamwamba ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuchokera ku chisungiko cha chakudya kuntchito ya kuntchito.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo ndi Kubwezera

Makampani akupanga malamulo atsatanetsatane kukhazikitsa malamulo kupyolera m'dongosolo la boma. Izi zimaphatikizapo kufalitsa malamulo operekedwa mu Federal Register, kulandira ndemanga zapoyera, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo omalizira amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Federal Register ili ndi masaandi zikwi makumi ambiri a malamulo atsopano chaka chilichonse. Mwachitsanzo, EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo yotulutsa mpweya wa galimoto ndi malo amagetsi, Dipatimenti ya Transportation imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo cha galimoto, ndi FDA yovomereza mankhwala atsopano ndi zipangizo zamankhwala. Ulamuliro umenewu uli wofunikanso ku maulamuliro amakono koma uli woyang'anira ndi kubwereranso kwalamulo ndi mabungwe.

Kukonza Manda ndi Kusamalira Ndalama

Pulezidenti, kudzera mu Office of Management and Balbage (OMB), amakonza mfundo ya pachaka yosonyeza kuti mfundo za boma ndi zofunika. Chikalata chimenechi chimaperekedwa ku bungwe la Kongress, limene limatumiza ndalama zothandizira kukonza. OMB imayang'aniranso ntchito ya bungwe ndi kukonzanso. Nthambi yaikulu imayang'anira kusonkhanitsa ndalama zokwana madola 10,000 miliyoni pa ndalama zimene boma limatulutsa pachaka, kuchotsa masheya a Social Security ndi Medicareare, ndi kuchotsa msonkho. Dipatimenti ya Ndalama imalipira ndalama kudzera mwa kugulitsa ndalama za bungwelo pamene ndalama za dziko lonse zikupitirira madola 3 miliyoni.

Kusankha ndi Kuchotsa Maulamuliro

Pulezidenti amaika oikidwa andale 4,000, kuphatikizapo alembi a Kabinati, oweruza a boma, akazembe, ndi atsogoleri a mabungwe a kudziimira. Ambiri amafuna kuvomerezedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu zochotsa akuluakulu a nthambi ambiri pampandopo, ngakhale kuti ena monga mamembala a makampani odziimira paokha angachotsedwe kokha chifukwa chake. Mphamvu imeneyi imachititsa mapresidenti kupanga mapangano a boma ndi olamulira kwa zaka makumi ambiri, monga momwe oweruza oikidwa a moyo wawo wonse angayambukirire lamulo lapangika pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa pulezidenti.

Malamulo a Olamulira ndi Zolengezedwa

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi amene amayendetsa ntchito za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti sali malamulo, iwo amayendetsa mphamvu yalamulo malinga ngati zazikidwa pa ulamuliro walamulo womwe ulipo kapena mphamvu yalamulo. Mapresidenti awagwiritsira ntchito kuchotsa asilikali (Truman), kukhazikitsa Peace Corps (Kennedy), ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a kusamuka kwa dziko (Obama ndi Trump). Malamulo audindo angasinthidwe ndi mapresitalenti otsatira kapena kumenyetsedwa ndi makhoti ngati aswa malamulo. Malamulo a pulezidenti akakhala opitirira malire a boma ali ofanana koma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatitsatitsatiridwa, monga ngati National Veterans Visagesagement Week.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Ulamuliro wa Malamulo

Uyang’aniro Walamulo

Nyumba ya boma imalamulira kwambiri nthambi ya boma kudzera m'mphamvu zake kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalongosola kuikidwa kwa mapangano, kutsimikizira kuikidwa, ndi kupambana. Makomiti a khonsati akuchititsa milandu, kupempha zikalata, ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti afufuze ntchito za boma. Mayeso aakulu ndi osagwirizana ndi mapulogalamu a boma. Nyumbayo siingapereke malangizo kwa Pulezidenti chifukwa cha "kulingalira, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi opalamula milandu," ndipo Nyumba yachifumu ingapereke mlandu ndi kuchotsa. Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton1918, ndi Donald Brum (209 ndi 2021) adalephera kuyankha.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti Apamwamba ndi ang'onoang'ono a boma ali ndi mphamvu yolengeza machitidwe a akuluakulu a boma popanda kugamulidwa, lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1883]. Makhoti achotsa malamulo a akuluakulu a kusamuka, makomiti ankhondo, ndi kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo (] Achichepere ttp & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 1952). Division imatsimikizira Pulezidenti kugwira ntchito m'malamulo, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri nthambi ikupita pa zigalamu, kutsogolera ku milandu yopanga malamulo.

Mavuto Ena

Ofalitsa nkhani, maganizo a anthu, ndi mayiko afunikanso kuyendera malamulo monga Freedom of Information Act, amene amalola anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mafashoni. Bungwe la Federalist limakhazikitsa maulamuliro aakulu kwa maboma, kuchepetsa ntchito ya boma. Oyang’anira a boma ndi malamulo a m'mabungwe angachepetsenso njira zautsogoleri.

Kusinthika kwa Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi yaikulu ya nthambi yakula kwambiri kuyambira tsiku la George Washington. Kabinate yoyamba inali ndi ziŵalo zinayi zokha (Chigawo, Ndalama, Wamba, ndi Atttorney General ). Zaka za 19 zinaona kuwonjezeka kwa Interior (1849), Agriculture (1889), ndi mabungwe ena. Zaka za zana la 20 zinaona kuwonjezeka kwakukulu chifukwa cha New Deal, Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndi maprogramu Great Society. Kulengedwa kwa Ofesitive Office ya Pulezidenti ya Pulezidenti (EOP) mu 1939 Aunited House Woyera monga National Security Council ndi OMB. Lerolino, nthambi yaikulu imagwiritsira ntchito ndi kuwononga mamiliyoni ambiri a madola. Kulimbana kwa mphamvu za ulamuliro kukupitirizabe, makamaka ponena za mphamvu za ulamuliro, za ulamuliro, ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kumvetsa Mbali Yofunika ya Nthambi Yoyang’anira

Nthambi yapamwamba ndi yoposa Pulezidenti ndi Kabinati . Ndi makina ovuta kwambiri amene amatembenuza malamulo a boma, kuteteza dziko, kuyendetsa zachuma, ndi kupereka ntchito kwa nzika. Kuchokera ku malamulo a Prezidenti monga mkulu wa asilikali ndi mkulu wa bungwe la nthambi ya Departis Affairs ndi EPA, nthambi ya mkulu ya dziko imakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa America. Mphamvu yake, ngakhale kuti ndi yaikulu, imayendera malamulo ndi uyang’aniro wa zamalamulo, kutsimikizira mlandu. Kwa nzika za nthambiyi, zimazindikira sitepe yoyamba youzidwa ndi boma kudzera m'voti, kulankhulana ndi oimira, kapena kutsatira malamulo a boma.