Nthambi Zitatu za Boma: Zoteteza Anthu Opondereza

Kugawidwa kwa mphamvu ya boma kukhala nthambi zitatu zosiyana . "zikuyang'anira, zolamulira, ndi zachiweruzo ndi maziko a demokrase yalamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa, ozikidwa pa luntha la Woganiza wa Kuunika Baron de Montesquieu, amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu mmodzi amene angalamulire ulamuliro. Dongosolo lotsatiralo la kupima ndi kulinganiza limagwira ntchito monga chitetezo pa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kusungitsa thayo la boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene nthambi zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito pawekha ndi kugwirizana ndi nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kugwirizana ndi boma lawo.

Luntha la dongosolo la Amereka siliri kokha m'kugaŵa mphamvu koma m'kulinganiza kuti kulakalaka kugonjetsedwe. Monga momwe James Madison analembera mu [Federal:0] Federal List Ayi. 51 , "Kufuna kuyenera kupangidwa kulimbana ndi kukhumba malo. Nthambi iliyonse imapatsidwa zipangizo zolimbanirana ndi kuloŵerera kwa ena, kuyambitsa mkhalidwe wamphamvu umene wakhalapo kwa zaka mazana aŵiri za kusintha kwa ndale zadziko. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza masinthidwe ndi mathayo anthambi iliyonse ndi kupenda mmene mapendedwe ndi machitidwe a kachitidwe kakedwe kake m’machitidwe ndi ntchito.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Mawu a Anthu

Malamulo Ovomerezeka a Nthambi, yokhazikitsidwa ndi Mfundo I ya Malamulo a ku United States, ndiyo bungwe lopanga malamulo. Nyumba yake ya bimeral . Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo . Inakonzedwa bwino pakati pa maiko aakulu ndi aang'ono. Nyumba, ndi mawu ake a zaka ziŵiri ndi kuimira anthu, inalinganizidwa kuyankha mofulumira ku malingaliro a anthu. Nyumba ya Malamulo, yokhala ndi mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi kuimira kwa boma kofanana, inalinganizidwira kupereka bata ndi kuchenjera kwambiri pa nkhani za dziko.

Mphamvu ndi Mathayo a Nyumba Yamsonkhano

Nyumba ya malamulo yandandalika maulamuliro amene amaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa misonkho ya levy, kubwereka ndalama, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko amodzi ndi achilendo, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza, ndi kupanga malamulo onse "ofunika ndi oyenera" kupha maulamuliro ameneŵa. Nyumba yokha imayambitsa ndalama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito akuluakulu a boma. Nyumba ya malamulo ndiyo yokha imene ili ndi mphamvu yoyesa kuletsa, kutsimikizira mapangano a pulezidenti, ndi raferation ndi mapangano aŵiri mwa anthu ambiri.

  • Nyumba ya Oimira: [[FLT:] Mamembala ovota ogawidwa ndi boma; amatumikira mawu a zaka ziŵiri; amachokera ku msonkho ndi kuwonongera ndalama; amasankha Pulezidenti pa chochitika cha tsono ya Electoral College.
  • Ifeyo: mamembala 100 (boma limodzi); amatumikira mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi; amatsimikizira alembi a Kabinati, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe; ayenera kupanga mapangano a raniv; kuyesa mapangano onse.

Njira Yolamulira

Chikalata chiyenera kudutsa zipinda zonse ziŵiri mumpangidwe wofanana asanaperekedwe kwa Pulezidenti. Kachitidweko kamaphatikizapo kupenda kwa komiti, kutsutsana pansi, kukonza zinthu, ndi mavoti. Makomiti . Monga ngati Komiti ya Nyumba Yamzinda kapena Komiti ya Nyumba ya Maiko a Dziko Lonse . Phunzirani ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'kukonza malamulo ndi kuyang'anira. Nthambi ya malamulo imagwiritsiranso ntchito mphamvu ya kachikwama, kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za boma, zimene zili zoyendera ntchito zapamwamba.

Congress uyang'aniro wa Congregation umaphatikizapo kuweruza, kufufuza, ndi mphamvu ya zikalata zapansi ndi mboni. Ulamuliro umenewu umatsimikizira kuti mabungwe a akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu a boma akhalabe oŵerengera kwa oimira anthu. M'zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, kukula kwa boma la boma kwapangitsa kukhala kuyang'anira kolimba kuposa ndi kalelonse.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chilamulo

Mfundo ya II ya ulamuliro wapamwamba wa Pulezidenti wa United States. Pulezidentiyu amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma, ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kutsogolera malamulo a dziko lina, ndi kulamula magulu ankhondo a kumayiko ena. Nthambi yapamwambayi imaphatikizaponso Pulezidenti wa Pulezidenti, Kabinali, mabungwe odziimira paokha, ndi bungwe la akuluakulu a antchito wamba pafupifupi 2.1 miliyoni.

Ntchito ya Pulezidenti

  • [[MLT:0] Kukakamiza Malamulo: Pulezidenti amatsimikizira kuti malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress aperekedwa "mokhulupirika" zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutsogolera Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security, ndi mabungwe ena osungitsa.
  • M'akazi ndi Security ya National: Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano (akugonjera ku kukhazikitsa), kukhazikitsa akazembe, ndi kutumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali. Mapangano a akuluakulu, amene safuna chilolezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo, akhala chida chofala choyendetsera nkhani za malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Count and Remover: Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma, alembi a Kbit, ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti angachotsenso akuluakulu a nthambi akuluakulu ambiri pa chifuniro.
  • Maulamuliro a Chilamulo: Prezidenti angapereke malamulo, kuvomereza malamulo ku Congress, ndi kuitanira Nyumba ya Malamulo ku chigawo chapadera. Mphamvu ya voto ndi kuyang'anira mwachindunji pa nthambi ya malamulo.

Malamulo a Olamulira ndi Ulamuliro wa Olamulira

Malamulo a akuluakulu aperekedwa ndi Pulezidenti amene amasamalira ntchito za boma la boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, iwo ali oyenera kupendedwa ndi khoti ndipo angagwedezedwe ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Zitsanzo za mbiri yabwino zimaphatikizapo Pulezidenti Lincoln's Emampication Proclation ndi Pulezidenti Truman's decuretion ya asilikali. M'nthaŵi zamakono, malamulo a akuluakulu agwiritsiridwa ntchito pa nkhani zoyambira pa malamulo a dziko lapansi ndi dziko.

Bungwe la boma [1] kuphatikizapo madipatimenti onga Defense, State, ndi Education, limodzinso ndi mabungwe odziimira okha onga Environmental Protection Agency ndi Federal Reserve . Mabungwe ameneŵa amapereka malamulo amene amayendetsa malamulo, kachitidwe kodziŵika kukhala kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kulamulira kwa nthambi ya akuluakulu pa kampani kumaipatsa mphamvu yaikulu pa kugwiritsidwa kwa malamulo.

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kumasulira Konsichushoni

Mfundo III ikhazikitsa Bhadi la Judication Branch, lotsogozedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. Chiweruzo cha boma ndi dongosolo lamilandu la zigawo (makhoti a milandu), makhoti amilandu a m’chigawo (makhoti apakati), ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. Oweruza a Federal amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo, kugonjera ku khalidwe labwino, limene limawatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi kusunga ufulu wa chiweruzo.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti a Federal amamva milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, Konsola, mapangano, ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma kapena nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana. Mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo . ulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo kapena machitidwe a maulamuliro popanda kugawiridwa ndi mlandu wosintha zinthu Marbury v. Madison (1873). Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa judicaria kukhala nthambi yokhoza kuyang'anira Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Pulezidenti.

Khoti Lalikulu limasankha milandu 100 mpaka 150 chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku masauzande ambirimbiri a mapempho. Milandu imagamulidwa ndi ambiri, ndi malingaliro ogwirizana ndi otsutsana kaŵirikaŵiri kugwirizanitsa kumasulira kwa m'tsogolo kwa lamulo. Zigamulo za Khotilo zimakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimagwirizanitsa makhoti aang'ono, kupangitsa kuti izi zikhale zongowonjezera kulongosola tanthauzo la malamulo.

Makhoti Aang’ono ndi Kachitidwe ka Kufuna Kuzengedwa

  • Makhoti a chigawo: zigawo zachiweruzo za boma 94, kusamalira milandu ndi kutsegulidwa koyamba. Awa ndi mahatchi a a jaji ya boma, akumvetsera milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi yaupandu.
  • Courts of Appeal: madera 13 (m'dera, kuphatikizapo D.C. Federa ndi Federal Treasur). Amapenda zigamulo za khoti ndi ziungwe, kusumika maganizo pa zolakwa za lamulo mmalo mwa mikangano yeniyeni.
  • Khoti la Azaupo: Chiweruzo sanu ndi chinayi; ulamuliro woyamba m'zigawo zochepera (m., mikangano pakati pa maboma); ulamuliro wa khoti lonse la boma ndi la boma lophatikizapo lamulo la boma.

Makhoti Aunyinji angaletse machitidwe a boma amene amaphwanya malamulo kapena ufulu walamulo, monga momwe zimawonedwa m’nkhani zambiri kuti amatokosa chilichonse kuyambira pa kuletsa kuyenda ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a chilengedwe.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Macheke ndi maatomu si nthanthi yosasintha; ndi njira yamoyo imene imaseŵera m'nthaŵi yeniyeni. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi zipangizo zambiri zochepetsera ina, kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene imakhala yolamulira.

Kupenda Malamulo pa Waukulu

  • [[FLT :0] VETO Enaba: Nyumba za Malamulo zingaposepo kumbuyo kwa pulezidenti ndi anthu aŵiri atatu ambiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri, njira yamphamvu yokhazikitsira malamulo pa kutsutsa kwa Pulezidenti.
  • Kuzenga mlandu: Nyumba ingapatsire pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, ndi akuluakulu ena a boma kaamba ka "kulingalira, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi olakwa . Pamenepo Nyumba ya Malamulo ikupereka mlandu. Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump adaimbidwa mlandu ndi Nyumba; palibe amene anaimbidwa mlandu.
  • Kugwirizana ndi kuvomereza: Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kapena kukana mapangano a pulezidenti ndi kupeputsa mapangano. Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza kapena kuchedwetsa kuikidwa kotsutsana m'mbiri yonse.
  • Mphamvu ya Phindu: Congress imalamulira ndalama za boma. Ingachotsetse njira za mabwana kapena kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe pa kuulutsa.

Akuluakulu Afufuza Mantha a Malamulo ndi Malamulo

  • Arevoto Power: Pulezidenti angakanize malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, kukakamiza kupambana kuletsa. Ichi ndicho chiŵiya chachikulu cha akuluakulu a malamulo.
  • Kukhazikitsa Oweruza: Prezidenti asankha oweruza a boma, kuumba oweruza kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kugamula mlandu kuli pakati pa malamulo okhalitsa a Pulezidenti.
  • Mphamvu ya Pardon: Pulezidenti angakhululukire maupandu a boma, kupima mphamvu ya jaji yoweruza.
  • Zilolezo zopitira: Pamene kuli kwakuti kutokosa, maoda a akuluakulu amalola Pulezidenti kutsogoza ntchito za boma popanda chilolezo cha mwamsanga.

Oweruza Afufuza Mantha Ena

  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: [[FLT :1] Khoti Lalikulu lingagamule malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi zochita zotengedwa ndi Pulezidenti monga ngati wosaimira boma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Brown v. Board of Education (11954] kutha kwa fuko ndi United States v. Nixon[FLT:] [74]) kukakamiza Pulezidenti kutembenuza matepiti a madzi.
  • Kumasulira Malamulo: makhoti a Frigine omasulira malamulo, ndipo zigamulo zawo zimapereka mphamvu ya lamulo. Nyumba za Malamulo zingavomereze mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo opimira, koma kumasulira koyamba kwa makhoti kumaima popanda kusinthidwa.
  • Oweruza a Federal Tenure: [[FL:1] amatetezeredwa ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, kuwalola kulamulira motsutsana ndi malingaliro ofala kapena zikondwerero zamphamvu.

" Kusonkhanitsa maulamuliro onse, malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi a jaji, m’manja amodzimodzi, kaya amodzi, oŵerengeka, kapena ambiri, ndi kaya choloŵa, chodzisankhira, kapena chosankhidwa, moyenerera kunganenedwe kukhala mafotokozedwe enieniwo a utsenderezo. . . . Mndandanda wa AFLT. Na.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Masiku Ano

Kugawanikana kwandale, kukula kwa mphamvu za ulamuliro, ndi kucholoŵana kwa ulamuliro wamakono zonse zayesa malamulo alamulo.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Ntchito Yosatsatira

Mapresidenti amadalira kwambiri malamulo a akuluakulu ndi maulamuliro kuti akwaniritse zolinga za boma pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo iikidwa mwalamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingakhale zothandiza, otsutsa amatsutsa njira ya malamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Pulezidenti Obama's Defered Action for Childholp Act for Childhoomers (DACA), Pulezidenti Trump's woletsa ulendo, ndi pulezidenti Biden's wobwereka mapangano a kukhululukira kwa ophunzira ku zitokosokoso. Makhoti aletsa, kugonjetsa adani pamene akuchirikiza ena, kusonyeza kulimba kwa kupenda koweruza kochitidwa.

Malamulo Otseguka ndi Ochititsa Chidwi

Magawano a mapalesa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku kulephera kwa malamulo. Machenjera a Nyumba ya Malamulo a Servene filbuster akufunikira mavoti 60 kuthetsa mkangano pa mapepala ambiri . Awa akhala chopinga chachikulu ku kukhazikitsa malamulo. Izi zalimbikitsa Mapresidenti kuchitapo kanthu popanda kugawana ndipo zasintha mphamvu ku nthambi ya akuluakulu. Malingaliro a kusintha, monga ngati kuchotsa kapena kukonzanso mwana, akutsutsana kwambiri, kusonyeza mafunso aakulu ponena za mmene nthambi ya genic iyenera kugwira ntchito m'nyengo yosintha.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Makhoti amathandiza kwambiri kumasulira mfundo za m'Chilamulo. Oweruza amene amachita ntchito yoweruza amakhala ofunitsitsa kuswa malamulo ndi malamulo a mmene amachitira zinthu; amene amavomereza kugonjera nthambi zosankhidwa. Nkhondo zoletsa kuikidwa kwa makhoti akhala ndi malingaliro ambiri, ndipo onse aŵiri akusankha oweruza amene amagwirizana ndi malingaliro awo. Kutsimikizirako kwakhala kongopeka, monga momwe kukuonekera m’maweruzidwe a Jasitisi Brett Kavaugh ndi kutsimikizira kofulumira kwa Justice Amy Coney Barrett.

Boma Lolamulira

Mabungwe a Federal tsopano ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu mwa kupanga malamulo ndi kuimitsa. Ena amatsutsa zimenezi kulekana kwa maulamuliro mwa kuphatikiza malamulo, maulamuliro, ndi mabwalo achiweruzo m'mabungwe amodzi. Khoti Lapamwamba lafotokoza zimenezi m'mikhalidwe yonga Sebelius v. Chikalata cha Chimapper [ (202] ndi [FLT] West Virginia v. EPA] [2022]), ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya EPA kuyang'anira mpweya wotentha pansi pa "major authstions. Chiphunzitso cha pakati pa maluso ndi magulu a oimira a bungwe la ogwirizana chigawa.

Kumaliza: Sungani Kulinganizika

Magawo atatu a boma sali chabe malingaliro ongopeka; iwo ali chitetezo chakutetezera demokrase ku ulamuliro. Oyambitsawo anapanga dongosolo lolinganizidwira kuchepetsa kachitidwe kawo kamsanga, limafunikira kugwirizana, ndi kupereka njira zambiri kaamba ka kuŵerengera. Monga nzika, kuzindikira njira zimenezi kuli sitepe loyamba la kuŵerengera boma.

M'nyengo ya ukatswiri wa kuyang'anira, kusayendetsa bwino malamulo, ndi kutsutsana kwa chiweruzo, malamulo a macheke ndi malingana ali ofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse. Kugwirizana ndi nzikazo , kukumana ndi oimira, ndi kuphunzira mbiri yakale yalamulo, ndi thayo lomwe limagwera pa mbadwo uliwonse. Kufufuza magwero aakulu a dongosolo limeneli, oŵerenga angapende malemba onse a U.S. Constitution kuchokera ku National Archives, [FLT:] Farelist Paps [FLT] yodziŵira [FL:] yothandizana ndi kuyang'anira ntchito ya boma, ndi kuyang'anira koyenera kwa maofesi ena.