Mukachotsa chimbudzi, kukwera basi ya anthu onse, kapena kulandira cheke ya Social Security, mukukhudza ntchito ya boma m'miyezi yambiri. Ophunzira ambiri ndi aphunzitsi amamvetsa lingaliro lalikulu la nthambi zitatu . "Opatula, alamulo, achiweruzo , ocheperapo ozindikira mmene ya makoma a boma, boma, ndi boma la kumaloko [ameneko] amalumikizana kuti apange pafupifupi mphindi iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku malamulo a boma olinganizidwa ku Congresssss kunka ku bungwe lakwanu la mzinda wanu, mlingo uliwonse umapereka ulamuliro wapadera, kuyendetsa mathithilansi, ndi kuyankha mlandu. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza mmene zosankha zawo zimasinthira kupyola kwanu, ndi njira zothandiza kupanga mawu anu pa makwerero alionse.

Chipangizo Chopangidwa ndi Ndende Zitatu cha Boma la America

United States ndi pulogalamu ya boma , kutanthauza mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Onse aŵiri amapatsidwa ulamuliro ndi Malamulo, ndipo onse aŵiri amakumana mwachindunji ndi nzika. M'maboma, maboma, matauni, matauni, ndi madera apadera, amagwira ntchito monga zolengedwa za boma, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo. Kumvetsa nyumbayi ndi njira yoyamba yoona chifukwa chake chiboo cha misewu yanu chingakhale vuto la boma, pamene kuli kwakuti kuchedwa kwa nyumba yanu yosindikizira zinthu kuli kogwirizana ndi boma.

Boma Ladziko: Linafika pa Chimake ku Washington

Boma la boma likulu m'likulu la dzikolo, limasamalira nkhani zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse kapena dzikolo. Mkono wake wa malamulo, Congress, uli ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira (435 ziŵalo zovota, yogawidwa ndi anthu) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri pa dziko limodzi). Onse aŵiri amapatsirana malamulo monga ngati kusamukira m’dziko, chitetezo cha dziko, malonda a mayiko, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Nthambi yapamwamba, ikutsogozedwa ndi prezidenti, kukakamiza lamulo la boma, pamene jadiary akumasulira.

Udindo Waukulu wa Gulu la Ofesi

  • Kutetezera dziko ndi lamulo lakunja — kusunga magulu ankhondo, kukambitsirana mapangano, ndi kuimira U.S. kumaiko akunja.
  • Interstate ndi malonda a mitundu yonse — kuyang'anira malonda pakati pa maiko ndi mitundu ina, kuphatikizapo zikalata, kusungidwa, ndi malamulo otsutsa utsatiri.
  • Kusintha ndi kusunga ndalama — kusindikiza ndalama, kukhazikitsa chiwongola dzanja kudzera ku Federal Reserve, ndi kutsatsa mabanki (FDIC).
  • Maprogramu a inshuwalansi ya inshuwalansi — Social Security, Medicare, ndi boma lopereka chithandizo cha zaumoyo (Kusinthana kwa Chithandizo cha Chithandizo).
  • Kusungitsa zoyenera za boma — kutetezera kuyenera kwa kuvota, njira yoyenerera, ndi chitetezo cholingana pansi pa lamulo.

Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a boma ali aakulu pa malamulo a boma pamene akutsutsana (ndipo Supremacy Classia mu Mfundo VI ya Malamulo), Congress ingakhazikitse miyezo yochepera imene maboma ayenera kutsatira. Komabe boma limasiyanso malo aakulu kaamba ka boma ndi kusintha kwa malo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuli kwakuti boma limakhazikitsa malipiro ochepa kupyolera mu Fair Labor Standard Act, maboma angakhazikitse (ndi ambiri) malipiro ocheperapo.

Boma: Ulamuliro Wolamulira

Boma lililonse limagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo ake, amene kwenikweni amaonetsa dongosolo la boma ndi mkulu wa boma (governor), nyumba ya malamulo (kaŵirikaŵiri yotchedwa msonkhano wa boma kapena msonkhano wa onse), ndi khoti loweruza. Boma lili ndi thayo la malamulo a m’nyumba amene amagwira ntchito mwachindunji kwa nzika: maphunziro, thanzi la anthu, malamulo a zachitetezo, lamulo laupandu, ndi malamulo ambiri a malo okhala. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. laitana maboma kukhala “maluso a demokrase" chifukwa chakuti iwo angayese ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana. " monga maprogramu a wopereka wopereka ndalama mmodzi wa zaumoyo ku Vermont kapena carbon pastep mu California [1] Popanda kupempha chivomerezo cha boma choyamba.

Mathayo Aakulu a Boma

  • K-12 ndi maphunziro apamwamba — kuchirikiza sukulu za boma, kukhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, kukhazikitsa zofunika za uphunzitsi.
  • Kutumiza — kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, misewu, ndi milatho; kuyang'anira kulembedwa kwa galimoto ndi kulembetsa.
  • Kusamalira ndi thanzi la anthu — kupatsa Medicaid (yochirikizidwa ndi boma la boma), kuyang'anira zipatala, ndi kuchiritsa matenda.
  • Chiweruzo cha mlandu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Lamulo lachikhalidwe — kukhazikitsa mpweya ndi miyezo ya madzi abwino, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga California Air Resources Board.

Malamulo a boma amasamaliranso nkhani zachiŵiri zambiri zonga ngati malamulo a ukwati, kutumiza (madokotala, maloya, ometa tsitsi), ndi malamulo a malonda a zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a boma angasiyane mokulira, kumene mumakhala amayambukira mokulira njira zanu zaumoyo, zimene mumalipira m’misonkho, ndipo ngakhale zimene mungagule pa Sande.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Kumene Mpandowo Umafikira Anthu

Maboma akwawo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Udindo Waukulu wa Kumeneko

  • Kutetezeka kwa polisi — madipatimenti a apolisi, ma Office, ma chipatala a zamwadzidzidzi, ndi kusungitsa malamulo.
  • malo a malo amodzi [[FL:1] — makwalala, njira, magetsi a m’khwalala, madzi a mkuntho, madzi, ndi zimbudzi.
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito thumba ndi nthaka [ — kugamulapo zimene zingamangidwe, kuyambira nyumba za banja limodzi ndi mafakitale, ndi kutumiza zilolezo zomangira.
  • Sukulu za kumaloko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Mapake ndi zosangulutsa [1] — kukonza mapaki a onse, malaibulale, malo a anthu, ndi maiŵe osambira.
  • [[MFUNDO:0] msonkho ndi malipiro a kumaloko — misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda (kaŵirikaŵiri ogaŵana ndi boma), ndi malipiro a chilolezo kapena mautumiki.

Bungwe la mzinda kapena bungwe la boma ndilo bungwe la malamulo limene mungakhoze kumamatirapo mosavuta, ndipo zosankha zake zingayambukire mapindu a katundu wanu, kusintha nthaŵi, ndipo ngakhale zimene mungagule (ngati msonkhanowo uletsa masitolo otsatizana kapena zikwama zapulasitiki). Unansi umenewu umatanthauza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri boma la kumaloko ndilo mlingo wosavuta kwambiri kwa nzika kusonkhezera.

Mmene Zosankha Zapansi, Boma, ndi Zam’malowo Zikuwonongera Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Anthu ambiri saona kuti “boma” ndi gulu limodzi. M’malo mwake, amagwirizana ndi mabungwe, malamulo, ndi mapulogalamu osokonekera.

  • Wotchi ya alamu ikanatha kuikidwa pa nthawi imene bungwe la National Institute of Direference and Technology linakonza.
  • Kuyenda pampope kumatunga madzi kuchokera ku magetsi a boma omwe onse aŵiri amatsata miyezo yosalingana ya madzi yokwana 76 ndi malamulo a boma a Safe Save Towater Act.
  • Mumayendetsa galimoto yanu pamisewu imene imakhala ku mzinda (kwawokha), ku boma, kapena ku boma.
  • Basi ya mwana wanu ya kusukulu imatsatira malamulo a chisungiko okhazikitsidwa ndi boma lonse (kufufuza) ndi boma la boma (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration).
  • Sukuluyo imagwira ntchito pansi pa miyezo ya maphunziro a boma, malamulo a bungwe la sukulu lakumaloko, ndi malamulo a boma oletsa kugaŵana (Tit IX, IDEA).

Mathayo opatsirana ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti nkhani imodzi ya kayendetsedwe ka sukulu , maphunziro a boma ndi mbali zonse zitatu. Lamulo la Federal limapereka ndalama kwa ophunzira otsika olandira (Inter I) ndi kuteteza ophunzira amene ali ndi vuto la kupunduka (Akufa ndi Kulephera Kuphunzitsa). Boma limakhazikitsa mfundo zamaphunziro ndi kupatsa ndalama zambiri za sukulu mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzitsira. Sukulu yakumaloko imalemba aphunzitsi ntchito mabuku, kusankha mabuku, ndi kuyang'anira nyumba. Ngati kholo likufuna kusintha mmene sukulu ya mwana wawo ikuyendera, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kuyendetsa masiteshoni atatu onse: kuyang'anira komiti ya maphunziro, kulankhula ndi bungwe la za maphunziro, ndipo mwinamwake kuchonderera kuti lisinthe lamulo la boma.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko za Chiyambukiro cha Boma

Kupeza Njira Zosamalira Thanzi

Affordble Care Act (ACA), lamulo la boma, linapanga mainshuwalansi a zaumoyo ndi kufutukula Medicaid edigne . Komabe, chigamulo cha 2012 Khoti Lalikulu linapanga chiwonjezeko cha Medicaid ku mayiko. Monga chotulukapo, kukwera kochepa kwa ndalama zopezedwa ku New York (kumene kumakula) kumakhalapo ndi ufulu kapena kuchepa kwa ndalama, pamene munthu ameneyo ku Texas (zimene sizinali) angagwere mpatali. M’boma, madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma angapereke machipatala aulere kapena mautumiki oongoletsa kupezeka. Njira yowonjezereka yothandizira chakudya (SPAP ndi boma limaikhazikitsa ndi kuika malamulo ena) ndi kuyendetsa nyumba (ndalamatale, kuyendetsa nyumba).

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Miyezo ya mpweya woyera yokhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ikufuna kuti maboma apereke mapulani oikwaniritsa. California, ndi bungwe lake la boma lopereka kuchepetsa kukwera kwa mpweya (CARB), amakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima kwambiri ya michira ya mchira kuposa chilolezo choperekedwa ndi boma. Maboma a boma amaonetsetsa kuti malo oyenda achepetse makilogalamu a galimoto amene akuyenda, mwachitsanzo mwa kulola chitukuko chachikulu, chokhoza kuyenda. Munthu wokhala ku Portland, Oregon, amapuma mpweya woyera kuposa munthu wina m'tauni imene sanavomereze malamulo ogwirizana oterowo, chifukwa cha ntchito zitatu.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Chigwirizano

Malamulo ambiri aupandu ndi malamulo a boma. Ofisala wa polisi wa mzinda amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa kuba kapena kuukira, koma dipatimenti yawo imagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a kumaloko ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a bungwe, makamera, ndi uyang'aniro wa chitaganya. Motero, kusungidwa kwa lamulo kwa boma kungaloŵerere kaamba ka upandu wa boma, kuswa ufulu wa anthu, kapena nkhani za dziko la boma (mapaki adzikolo, zipinda zankhondo). Boma la boma limaperekanso madipoti a a apolisi a kumaloko kupyolera maprogramu onga Edward Byrne Memorial Alvicity Grant.

Macheke, Kulinganizika, ndi Kutsika kwa Federalism

Chifukwa chimodzi chimene boma limaonera kukhala lovuta nchakuti malamulo a U.S. amapereka mphamvu zina zokha kwa boma la boma (ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo) ndi kusungira zina ku maboma (masankho a zamankhwala, kuyendetsa za umoyo ndi chisungiko). Koma mayiko ambiri amagawana: maboma a boma ndi a boma angakhome msonkho, kubwereka, ndi kumanga misewu. Pamene pabuka nkhondo, Khoti Lapamwamba limawaika pa malo ake / pokhapokha ngati malamulo a chamwa, kumene malamulo a boma amene amalola kuti adzisangalatse polimbana ndi Substances Act.

Ngati madzi a m’tauni yanu ali oipitsidwa, kodi ndani amene ali ndi mlandu?

Mmene Mungachitire Zinthu Zonse

Ukwati wa mwamuna ndi mkazi sumangofuna kuvota pa zaka ziwiri kapena zinayi zilizonse, koma umatanthauza kumanga ubwenzi ndi anthu amene amasankha zochita ndiponso kumvetsa kumene angasinthe.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma Lausilikali

  • Kukumana ndi ziŵalo zanu za Congress. Nzika iliyonse ili ndi mamesenti aŵiri ndi woimira mmodzi. Mukhoza kuitana, email, kapena kulemba ku maofesi awo achigawo. Malamulo othandizira kutumiza mafoni pa mafoni apadera; foni ya pa foni ya pataliartgamed ikhoza kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chotsimikizirika. ([FLT:]] Kapezeni oimira anu pa USA.gov)
  • ndemanga zapoyera zoperekedwa pa malamulo a boma olingaliridwa kupyolera mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma (Malamulo.gov). Mautumiki onga EPA ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ayenera kupenda chigamulo chapoyera asanatsazike malamulo omaliza.
  • Parcipate mu chisankho cha boma. Sangano la pulezidenti limakhala ndi chisamaliro chachikulu, koma masankho apakati asankha kulinganiza kwa Congress ndipo angakhaledi oyenerera kaamba ka lamulo.
  • Kutaya kapena kuchirikiza mabungwe aukapolo a dziko lonse amene amayang'anira malamulo a boma [1] Magulu onga Chigwirizano cha Akazi, American Civil Libereties Union, kapena programues process .

Kugwirizana ndi Boma

  • Mayeso a komiti ndi magawo a pansi a nyumba yanu yoikizira. Nyumba zambiri za boma zimapereka zosungiramo zinthu zolembedwa ndi zolembedwa. Mukhoza kulembedwa mawu ndi kupereka umboni pa ngongole zimene zimakhudza chitaganya chanu.
  • Kugwirizanitsa boma lanu ndi chiŵalo cha msonkhano. [FLT ] Chifukwa chakuti zigawo za boma nzaing'ono kuposa za boma, mungakupeze kukhala kosavuta kumanga unansi ndi antchito awo kapena ngakhale kukumana ndi wopanga malamulo pa chochitika cha kumaloko. ([FL:]Fumbulani nyumba yanu ya malamulo kudzera ku NCL[FL:3]])
  • Kugwirizana ndi njira za boma. Maboma ambiri amalola nzika kupereka ndi kuvotera malamulo mwachindunji kupyolera mwa njira ndi ma mendulo. Imeneyi ndi chiŵiya champhamvu kwambiri chosinthira malamulo pamene malamulo ali osalabadira.
  • Kutumikira pa komiti ya boma kapena komiti. Maboma amayang'anira mabodi ambiri a zopereka za kuyang'anira pa nkhani monga za malo okhala, maphunziro apamwamba, ndi makampani olemba ntchito. Mapangano kaŵirikaŵiri amatsegulidwa kwa anthu onse.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma Lakumene Mumakhala

  • Atented council kapena misonkhano yachigawo. [FLT :1] Ambiri amakhala ndi nyengo zopereka ndemanga zapoyera . Ngakhale mutangomvetsera, mudzaphunzira mmene zosankha zimachitikira. Misonkhano yambiri tsopano njosakanikira (innuperson ndi yeniyeni). ([FLT:] Fufuzani boma lanu lakwanulo kupyolera mwa National League of Cintule
  • Kutumikira pa komiti yakwanuko kapena komiti. Mabudi olinganiza, ma pulati a zikalata zofunsira, makhonsati a sukulu, mabudi a m'mapaki, ndi mabodi a malaibulale nthaŵi zonse amafunafuna odzifunira. Malo osalipidwa ameneŵa amakupatsani mphamvu yeniyeni pa malamulo a kumaloko.
  • Kuvota m'masankho akwanuko. Turnout ya chisankho cha kumaloko njambiri yotsika [1] kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa 20% ngakhale m’mizinda yaikulu. Chosankha chanu chili ndi kulemera kwakukulu kuposa m'masankho a pulezidenti.
  • Kuzungulira nkhani za m'dera. Njira yothyoka, misewu yaupandu, kapena chitukuko cholingaliridwa chingagwirizanitsidwe ntchito mwa kupanga gulu la mnansi kapena kusonkhanitsa kusainitsa chikalata chofunsira ku bungwe la mzinda.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito malamulo otseguka (matembenuzidwe a boma lanu a Freedom of Information Act) kupempha zikalata kuchokera ku mabungwe akuno. Zimenezi zingasonyeze mmene zosankha zinapangidwira ndi kaya ngati malamulo anatsatiridwa.

Zimene Ntchito Imachita: Chifukwa Chake N’zofunika

One of the most dispiriting forces in moderndemocracy ndi lingaliro lakuti boma liri kutali ndi kuvuta. Chowonadi nchakuti boma silokhala limodzi koma ndi msanganizo wa mabungwe ozungulira, amene ambiri a iwo ali ofikirika kwambiri. Msonkhano wa msonkhano wa mzinda kaŵirikaŵiri uli pa ola limodzi pa Lachiŵiri usiku; intaneti ya wopanga malamulo ya pa Intaneti; wonena wa boma amatenga mphindi 15 kuti ayende. Chopingacho si chakuthupi koma chamaganizo ndipo chimazindikira kuti dongosololo nlachikulu kwambiri moti sichingayambukiridwe ndi munthu mmodzi.

Koma mbiri imasonyeza zosiyana ndi zimenezo: Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, gulu la malo okhala, ndi nkhondo ya kulingana kwa ukwati onsewo zinapambana chifukwa chakuti anthu wamba anadziloŵetsa m’milingo yosiyanasiyana: malamulo ovuta a kusankhana kwa anthu akomweko, kukakamiza malamulo a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kusayanjana, ndipo potsirizira pake kukakamiza Congress kuti asinthe dziko. Pamene mupezeka pamsonkhano wa bungwe la sukulu kapena kulemba kalata kwa woimira boma, mukupitirizabe mwambo umenewo.

Kumaliza

Kumvetsa mmene Nyumba za Malamulo, ndi nyumba za boma zimakhudzira moyo wanu, sikuli chidziŵitso chachiphamaso cha anthu. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa njira yokulirapo ya ufulu, chisungiko, ndi malonda a mayiko. Maboma amadzaza tsatanetsatane wa maphunziro, thanzi, ndi zigwirizano. Maboma akupereka ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku zimene zimathandiza kuti anthu akhale otetezeka ndi odalirika. Mkhalidwe uliwonse uli ndi mphamvu zake, ndipo mlingo uliwonse umachitapo, koma mopanda ungwiro, kuumirira mtima wa nzika. Mwa kuphunzira zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito yolamulira banja lanu, linzanu, ndi nthaŵi yanu yamtsogolo.