Kuyamba Kukhala Wolemekezeka M’boma

Boma la United States limagwira ntchito monga dongosolo lokhala ndi miyalo yolinganizidwira kulinganiza mphamvu ndi kutumikira nzika pamlingo uliwonse. Kuchokera ku bungwe la sukulu lapafupi ku msonkhano wa maholo a Congress, muyezo uliwonse `local , boma, ndi boma . N’zosiyana ndi anthu ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu m’njira zapadera. Kumvetsa miyalo imeneyi n’kofunika osati kokha kuti anthu aphunzire kulemba ndi kuŵerenga komanso kuti alimbikitse kuti zinthu zisinthe, kulowa m’mautumiki, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ndi mlandu. Chitsogozo chowonjezerekachi chimapereka kuyang'anira maulamuliro, ntchito, ndi kugwirizana kwa boma pamlingo uliwonse, kupereka zitsanzo za konkire ndi chidziŵitso zothandiza kaamba ka kukhala ndi kukhala nzika.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Anthu Ndi Ogwirizana Kwambiri

Boma la kumaloko ndilo maziko a demokalase ya America. Limakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku mwa mautumiki monga kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, maphunziro a boma, kusungitsa malamulo a kumaloko, ndi kupanga zosankha. Pali mabungwe a boma oposa 90,000 mu United States, kuphatikizapo magawo, matauni, zigawo za sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera. Maholo a maholo a matauni, misonkhano ya m'mabungwe a mzinda, ndi mabungwe a sukulu ndi kumene anthu ali okhoza kukonza zosankha.

Ntchito za Boma Lakumene Tikukhala

Maboma amathandiza kwambiri anthu.

  • Kutetezera kwa polisi: Madipatimenti a apolisi, mautumiki a moto, chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi, ndi kukonzekera tsoka. Maboma a kumaloko nthaŵi zambiri amakhazikitsa malamulo a kubwera kwa nthaŵi, malamulo a pamsewu, ndi malamulo a phokoso.
  • Kuphunzitsa: Magawo a sukulu za boma amayang'anira maphunziro K-12, olemba aphunzitsi, amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro a zitsogozo za boma, ndi kulinganiza bajeti. Makomiti a sukulu amasankhidwa mwachindunji m'madera ambiri.
  • Inslactive and Public Works: Kusamalira misewu yakumaloko, njira, magetsi a m’khwalala, malo osungira madzi, zimbudzi, mapaki, ndi malaibulale a anthu onse.
  • Thanzi ndi Mautumiki a Anthu: Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amayang'anira zipatala za katemera, malesitilanti, kuyendetsa zimbudzi, ndi kupereka maprogramu a mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa, mautumiki a zaumoyo, ndi mankhwala ogodomalitsa.
  • [[MTL: 0] Kumanga ndi Dziko Likugwiritsiridwa ntchito: [[FT:1] mabungwe olinganiza malo amasankha mmene malo angagwiritsidwire ntchito(makampani, maindasitale, mafakitale, aulimi. Zosankha zimenezi zimaumba mkhalidwe wa malo okhala, kupezeka kwa nyumba, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chuma.
  • Nkhoma za katundu: ndiyo magwero aakulu a ndalama za maboma akumalo. Matauni ena amakhoma misonkho ya malonda avy kapena misonkho ya ndalama yakwawo. Zosankha za bajeti zimakhudza mwachindunji mautumiki monga mapaki, kukonza misewu, ndi kuteteza anthu onse.

Kudzipereka Kudzera m’Nyumba za M’tauni ndi Misonkhano ya Msonkhano

Misonkhano ya m'holo ya tauni ndi yodziŵika ndi demokrase ya kumaloko. Imathandiza anthu a m'deralo kufunsa mafunso, kudzutsa nkhaŵa, ndi kufotokoza nkhani zokhudza kukonzanso malo osungira zinthu ndi kusintha kotsutsana. Kugwirizana kogwira mtima kumapitirira pa misonkhano: nzika zingatumikirenso pamabungwe a olondera, kuthamangira ku ofesi, kugwirizana ndi mayanjano, kapena kutenga nawo mbali m'nthaŵi zoyankhulapo. Maboma ambiri tsopano amakhala m’mphepete mwa mtsinje ndipo amalandira ndemanga zolembedwa, kupangitsa kukhala osavuta kuyankha. Kumvetsa ndandanda ya ndalama za dzikolo [1] Pamene anthu amamva angagwire ntchito yothandiza kwambiri pa zinthu zofunika.

" Boma la chigawo chakwawo ndi kumene mphira umakumana ndi msewu mu demokrase. Nzika ingawone vuto m'dera lawo [1] magetsi osweka m’khwalala, chiboo cha chitetezo, njira yoonekera bwino yothetsera vutolo ndi chiŵalo cha bungwe la mzinda kapena mtsogoleri wa anthu. . — League of Women Voters [1]

Boma: Maboma a Demokalase

Maboma ali ndi mbali yaikulu m'dongosolo la boma la United States. Pansi pa Malamulo a U.S., maulamuliro osapatsidwa boma la boma kapena oletsedwa ku maboma amasungidwa ndi maboma kapena anthu. Zimenezi zimapatsa ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro, zoyendera, malamulo a zaumoyo, lamulo laupandu, lamulo la banja, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, bungwe la malamulo, nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma (boma ndi maofesala ena a dziko lonse), ndi dongosolo la khoti.

Mathayo Aakulu a Boma

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa: Madziko amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro a dziko lonse, kupereka miyezo ya kupima, kuyang'anira zikalata zoperekera umboni, ndi kugaŵira ndalama ku zigawo zasukulu zakumaloko. Maboma amayang'aniranso mayunivesite a anthu onse ndi makoleji a anthu.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Ulozansi : Maboma amayang'anira Medicaid (pansi pa zitsogozo za boma), kuyendetsa malaboratori a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kuyang'anira zipatala ndi nyumba zosungirako okalamba, ndi kuyendetsa misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amafufuza matenda opatsirana ndi kugwirizanitsa kuyankha kwadzidzidzi.
  • Malo Oletsa ndi Kuwongolera: [[FLT :1] Apolisi a boma olondera misewu ndi kupereka chichirikizo kwa makampani akwawo. Madipatimenti owongolera boma amayang'anira ndende ndi madongosolo a kuchotsa milandu. Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya upandu ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, kuphatikizapo malamulo a banja, mapangano, ndi kuvulala kwaumwini.
  • Development : Madziko amapereka zisonkhezero za malonda, maprogramu a ntchito, inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi kutukuka kwa chuma. Amayang'aniranso mafakitale onga mafuta ndi gasi, ulimi, ndi malonda.
  • Chitetezero cha Entry : Madziko amaika mpweya ndi miyezo ya madzi abwino, kuyendetsa zinthu zachilengedwe, kuyang'anira kutaya zinyalala, ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo a malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • Zisankho: Maboma amayang'anira boma, boma, ndi masankho akwanuko . Kulembetsa voti, kukhazikitsa njira zovotera, kujambula zigawo za malamulo, ndi kutsimikizira zotsatirapo zake.

Ntchito ya Malamulo a Boma ndi Bwanamkubwa

Nyumba za malamulo za boma (kusiyapo njira ya Nebraska ya mitu ya maufumu) zili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: nyumba yaing'ono (imene kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Msonkhano) ndi nyumba yapamwamba (Nyumba ya Konshoni). Amapatula malamulo a boma, amavomereza kulinganiza kwa boma, amatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa boma, ndipo angaiikepo ndi kuikidwa ndi nyukiliya. Kazembeyo amatumikira monga mkulu wa akuluakulu, wokhala ndi mphamvu zochitira saini kapena kulipira ndalama, kulamula akuluakulu a boma, kulamula boma la National Guard, ndi kupatsa chikhululukiro. Dongo lamphamvu la [[FLT:] ndi linzake likhoza kugwira ntchito pa mlingo wa boma: akazembeto, malamulo, ndi makhotimeti a boma, ndi kuswa malamulo a boma.

Nzika zingaloŵe m’dziko mwa kulankhula ndi woimira boma kapena woimira boma, kupezeka pa milandu ya komiti ya malamulo, kupereka umboni pa mapepala olingaliridwa, kuvota m'masankho a boma (kuphatikizapo mapulatifomu a kazembe ndi malamulo a boma), ndipo ngakhale kukhazikitsa njira zolembera m’maiko ambiri. Malikulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ofikirika kwambiri kuposa Washington, D.C., kupanga kutembenuza kowonekera bwino kwambiri.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Mphamvu Zosatha

Boma lililonse limatsatira malamulo ake, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa malamulo a U.S. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma ambiri amatsimikizira kuyenera kwa maphunziro, mkhalidwe wa malo okhala, kapena malo achinsinsi amene amapyola miyezo ya boma. Mapepala ameneŵa amachepetsa mphamvu ya boma ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. 10. Demendimenti ya U.S.

Boma: Ntchito Yopanga Zinthu Zapadera

Boma la boma ndilo mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa boma ku United States, lomwe lili ndi thayo la nkhani za dziko ndi maiko. Maulamuliro ake amandandalitsidwa mu Lamulo la U.S., limene limapatsa ulamuliro pa malamulo achilendo, chitetezo cha dziko, malonda a mayiko, ndalama, kulinganiza, zololeza, ndi dongosolo lapositi. Boma la boma limachitanso mbali yaikulu m'madera onga ngati ubwino wa anthu, ufulu wachibadwidwe, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi malamulo a zachuma kudzera mwa malamulo operekedwa ndi Malamulo, makamaka [[FLT: 0] chilomocracy [1] ndi [FLT:] [FLT:] yovomerezeka ndi [FLT:] yoyenerera ndi yovomerezeka.

Nthambi za Boma la Federal

Konsichushoni imagaŵa mphamvu ya boma pakati pa nthambi zitatu, iriyonse ndi zopinga pa zinazo:

  • Nthambi yovomerezeka: Itsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, amene amasungitsa malamulo a boma, amatsogoza malamulo achilendo, amatumikira monga Mkulu wa gulu la asilikali, amaika oweruza a boma ndi mamembala a kabati (ndi kutsimikiziridwa), ndipo angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu a boma. Nthambi yaudindo imaphatikizapo madipatimenti 15 a bungwe la boma (m. g., Boma, Defense, Khwetsa, Chilungamo, Maphunziro) ndi mabungwe mazana ambiri onga ngati Federal Bureauni ya Kuteteza, ndi National Park Service.
  • Nthambi ya Malamulo: Igwirizana ndi Congress , Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 100, aŵiri pa boma) ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 4,35, ogawidwa ndi anthu). Nyumba imapanga malamulo, misonkho, kuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko ndi achilendo, ndipo ikhoza kuchotsa ndi kuchotsa Pulezidenti kapena oweruza a boma. Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikiziranso kuikidwa ndi kuvomereza mapangano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nthambi ya judicial : Yotsogozedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu, ndi makhoti a madera 13 a apilo ndi 94. Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo a Konsichushoni ndi a boma, kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma, ndi kupendanso malamulo alamulo ndi machitidwe a akuluakulu. Mphamvu ya [[FLT:] judica yopendedwa mu Marbury v. Madiuml . Madison .[FL:5] [183]] [183]]) imalola makhoti kugamula malamulo oswa malamulo.

Mphamvu za Maboma ndi Mathayo

  • Unyinji wa Dziko: [1] Dipatimenti ya Usilikali imayang'anira Magulu a Nkhondo (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force). Nyumba za malamulo zokha zingalengeze nkhondo, koma Pulezidenti angapangitse asilikali kwa masiku 60 pansi pa Nkhondo Desolution.
  • Affairs : [[FLT :1] Dipatimenti ya Boma imachita mapangano, imachita mapangano, mapasipoti, ndi kusamalira unansi ndi maiko ena. Pulezidenti amakambirana mapangano (akumayang'anira ku kupenyetsedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo) ndi kupanga mapangano audindo ndi maiko akunja.
  • Mgwirizano wa zachuma: Dipatimenti ya Ndalama imasonkhanitsa misonkho, kuyang'anira ndalama za boma, kusindikiza ndalama, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a zachuma. Federal Reserve (bungwe lodziimira) imakhazikitsa malamulo a ndalama. Mabungwe amapereka bajeti ndi malamulo a msonkho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sacial Security and Medicare : Bungwe la Social Security Administration limayang'anira mapindu a kuleka ntchito ndi kulemala. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services imayang'anira inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya okalamba, anthu olumala, ndi mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa.
  • Ufulu wa Chikole: Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo cha Chigawo Chigamulo imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, kupunduka, chipembedzo, ndi dziko. The Ecompate Accomplication Opportunity Commission (EOC) iyang'anira kusasankhana pantchito.
  • Environin Protection : EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka mpweya ndi madzi, imalamulira zinthu zapoizoni, ndi kuyang'anira kuyeretsa malo otayidwa owopsa. Kaŵirikaŵiri United States amagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a malo okhala pansi pa ulamuliro woperekedwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha ndi Customs: Dipatimenti ya Chisungiko cha Homeland (DHS) imayang'anira chisungiko chamalire, kusungitsa kusamuka, kukonza malo, ndi miyambo. Makhoti a kugawa kuli mbali ya Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma

Simungayendere mlingo wa boma paokha. Malamulo a Federal amakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera imene ingathe kupambana (m'jere, malipiro ochepa, malamulo a malo okhala). Maboma amapereka maprogramu ambiri a boma, monga Medicaid ndi ulova. Maboma akukhazikitsa zofunika za boma kaamba ka maphunziro, thanzi la anthu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malo. Dongosolo logwirizana limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limatchedwa chigwirizano cha boma .

Zitsanzo za Unansi wa Boma

  • [[FLT: 0] Kudziwitsa: Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zoperekedwa ku magawo ndi madera a misewu, maphunziro (Tit, I IEA), thanzi la anthu, ndi chithandizo cha masoka. Malo ambiri amabwera ndi mikhalidwe (zifuno zalamulo zimene maboma ayenera kutsatira kulandira ndalama).
  • Ubwino wa malamulo: United States amakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko a malo okhala pansi pa nthumwi za EPA. Apolisi a boma angasungitse malamulo a boma a anamgoneka kupyolera mwa magulu a ntchito. Kusungidwa kwa lamulo kwa kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri kumagwira ntchito ndi FBI ndi DHS pakufufuza kwa onse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuyamba kwa Ofesi: [1] United States angayambitse malamulo atsopano (m’chitsanzo, miyezo yokhwima ya California yotulutsa galimoto) imene pambuyo pake imakhudza malamulo a boma. Boma la boma lingachotseretu malamulo a boma m'madera a ulamuliro wa boma, monga ngati kusamuka kapena kulephera kwa ndalama.
  • Mabungwe a Interstate: United States angalowe m'mapangano ndi wina ndi mnzake, ovomerezedwa ndi Congress, kuyang'anira zinthu zogawana monga ufulu wa madzi, kusungitsa upandu (m' lekuatiso, Interstate Identificiation Index), kapena makhosi a zoyendera.

Phunziro la Nkhani: Ulendo Wochoka ku Dorowan Hall Kupita ku Nyumba Yachiyera

Talingalirani mmene nkhaŵa za madzi akumwa oipa zingakulire m'miyezo ya boma: Malo apafupi ku Flint , Michigan, poyamba anadzutsa nkhaŵa pa misonkhano ya m’tauni yokhudza madzi a mtovu. Akuluakulu a boma analibe ndalama , chotero nkhani yosumidwa ku nyumba ya malamulo ya boma, imene inatsutsana za ndalama zothandizira madzi. Mabungwe a Federal (EPA ndi HUD) anafufuza ndi kutulutsa malangizo, ndipo pambuyo pake Congress anadutsa madzi Infrapture Revelopeations for the Nation Act. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Pulezidenti anatsogolera chithandizo chamwayi. Chitsanzochi chikusonyeza mmene mavuto a pansi pa chikambira kachitidwe ka kachitidwe ka boma kalikonse.

Chifukwa Chake Muyenera Kuchita Zinthu Paudindo Uliwonse

Kukhala ndi phande m'boma sikuli kokha kusanthula m'masankho a pulezidenti. Kwenikweni, mamaofesi a boma ndi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chiyambukiro cha mwamsanga pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku: misonkho ya katundu, mkhalidwe wa sukulu, ntchito za apolisi, kumanga kumene kumawononga kusoŵa kwa nyumba, ndi mkhalidwe wa misewu ndi mapaki. Komabe wovotayo amatembenukira ku masankho a kumaloko ali ochepera 25%. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu pamlingo uliwonse kumalola nzika kuyang'anizana ndi kulakwa kwawo: kusweka kwa khwalala kuli nkhani ya mzinda, kutsekedwa kwa misewu ya boma kuli ndi chigwirizano cha boma cha boma, ndi chiwonjezeko cha chitetezo kuli kogwirizana ku Congress.

Mmene Nzika Zingakhalire ndi Mnzawo Wake Kuposa Kulankhulana Mwaubwenzi

Kumaliza: Kukhala Nzika Yamphamvu Kumafunikira Kumvetsetsa Makhalidwe

Kuchokera ku holo ya tauni yakwawo mpaka ku White House, maulamuliro a boma amagawidwa mwadala kutsimikizira kulabadira, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kulola kuyambitsa zinthu. Palibe mlingo umodzi wokha umene ungathetse vuto lililonse. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa kakonzedwe kameneka zingayendetse mabungwe, zimapangitsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumawongolera anthu awo. Dongosolo la U.S. silili lokhoza kuchitika, koma limapangidwa kuti likhale lokhoza kupezeka. Mwakudziŵa kumene angapereke mphamvu yawo polinganiza zinthu, woyang'anira mzinda, boma, kapena bungwe la boma, lingapange mamve ndi kukonza malamulo amene amalamulira moyo wawo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za kapangidwe ka boma la United States, fufuzani National Archives: Constitution ndi Conrever.gov [[FLT :3] platifomu ya malamulo. Ziŵiya za boma zimapezeka kudzera pa webusaiti ya boma iliyonse.