Table of Contents
Ntchito Yosinthasintha ya Oyang’anira Mizinda m’Mabwinja a Green.
Mamanejala a mizinda akhala otchuka kwambiri polimbikitsa kusungika kwa mzinda, ntchito yotembenuza zolinga zazikulu za malo okhala kukhala zooneka, panthaka. Zachilengedwe — madongosolo achilengedwe ndi achilengedwe amene amapereka kuyendetsa madzi a mphepo, kuwongolera kwa mpweya, ndi kukhazikika kwa nyengo — zimafuna mlingo wa kuyendetsa zinthu kwa m’mipata imene kampani zina za boma zimafuna. Mosiyana ndi njira zamakono zobiriwira, zimene zimatsalira unjiniya ndi njira zopangira zinthu, maprojekiti obiriwira kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna mabwana a mzindawo kuti ayendetse malo osasungidwa, kusungidwa kwa anthu, ndi kusungidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
Mabwana a mzinda awonjezeka pamene boma ndi boma lakhazikitsa malamulo oyang'anira madzi a mphepo, pamodzi ndi kukakamiza anthu kuti achitepo kanthu pa nyengo, kukakamiza ofufuza kuti achitepo kanthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maboma a m'tauniyo amayang'anizana ndi ndalama zambiri ndi antchito. Manijala amene angayendetse ntchito yokonza nyumba zobiriwira ayenera kukhala mbali ya dongosolo la zinthu, kugawana za ndalama, ndi kulinganiza mbali zina za chitaganya. Kumvetsetsa maprogramu ameneŵa kuchokera kunthaka nkofunika kuti boma lililonse likhale lofuna kukonzanso zinthu m’zaka makumi ambiri zikubwera.
Kulinganiza Kwabwino Kolinganiza Kusintha Zinthu Zaulimi
Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kupanga mapulani olinganiza bwino zinthu zobiriwira ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga kupita patsogolo kwa chuma, thanzi la anthu, ndi zoyendera. Popanda kulinganiza zimenezi, maprojekiti obiriŵira amaonedwa kukhala owonjezera zinthu m’malo mwa kusungitsa ndalama za mzinda.
Kusamalira Malo Osungiramo Anzake
Njira yoyamba pa kulinganiza kulikonse ndi kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wamakono wa malo okhala m’tauni. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kutumiza ndandanda yatsatanetsatane yomwe imaphatikizapo kujambula malo amene alipo a madzi a mkuntho, kupenda malo osefukira, kupenda thambo la mitengo yosawonongeka, ndi kupenda kugaŵidwa kwa mitengo. Kufufuza kumeneku kumapereka chidziŵitso chofunika chopangira ndalama ndi kusonyeza kufunika kwa zinthu zobiriŵira zosankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu.
Kufufuza kwa Baseline kumasonyezanso mipata ya kuthandizirana ndi makampani a zaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu okhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha asima angapindule ndi kubzala mitengo imene imawongolera mpweya wabwino komanso kuyang'anira madzi a mphepo. Mabwana a mizinda angagwiritse ntchito njira zimenezi kumanga maatomphoni ogwirizana kwambiri othandizirana kudutsa madipatimenti a zaumoyo, mabungwe olinganiza, ndi maofesi a malo okhala.
Kukhazikitsa Zonulirapo Zolinga Zolinga ndi Zochita Zake
Mapangano a "kulephera" sapulumuka kawirikawiri kayendetsedwe ka ndalama. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kufotokoza zinthu zenizeni, zofunikira kuyendera pa njira zobiriwira. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo malita a madzi osefukira ogwidwa pachaka, mahekitala a malo osawonongeka, chiŵerengero cha mitengo yobzalidwa, kapena kuchepa kwa zochitika zotayitsa zonyansa. Kukhazikitsa mipata yapadera ya mizinda kuchititsa mabwana kupita patsogolo, kulungamitsa kutsa malonda, ndi kuchititsa kuti anthu osunga mabankiwo athero.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency imapereka chitsogozo pa njira zoyendera zofanana ndi zimene mizinda ingatsatire. Kugwirizanitsa mizinda imeneyi ndi zolinga zinanso — monga kuchepetsa ziyambukiro za zisumbu zotentha kapena kuwongolera madzi abwino polandira madzi — kumalimbitsa mkhalidwe wa zomangamanga zamabala monga ntchito yaikulu ya boma mmalo mwa programu ya malo okhala.
Kusamuka ndi Zolinganiza za Kuwongolera Likulu
Imodzi ya njira zogwira mtima kwambiri zimene mabwana a mzinda angagwiritsire ntchito ndiyo kumanga nyumba zobiriwira za likulu la zowongolera (CIP). Mmalo mwa kuwona ntchito zobiriŵira kukhala njira zopangira masitepe, ziyenera kulungidwa m'maprojekiti omanga misewu, kukonzanso mapaki, kumanga anthu, ndi kubwezeretsa njira za magetsi. Kutero kumachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa ndalama chifukwa chakuti maatopilo obiriŵira amawonjezeredwa m'ntchito yomanga yamakono.
Mwachitsanzo, pamene khwalala lakonzedwa kuti lipangikenso, manijala wa mzinda angatsimikizire kuti mapulaniwo amaphatikizapo kuchepetsa minda ya mvula kapena madera a mlatho wotere. Mtengo wa kuwonjezera mbali zimenezi ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa kuichita monga ntchito zosiyana. Kuzungulira kwa likulu kwa zaka zisanu kufika ku khumi, kugwirizanitsa kumeneku kungafulumizitse kwambiri kuikidwa kwa nyumba zobiriŵira kuzungulira mzinda popanda kufuna bajeti yatsopano.
Kuchirikiza Ndalama Kudzera m’Njira Zosiyanasiyana
Kupereka ndalama kudakali chimodzi cha mavuto opitirizabe kwa mabwana a mzinda ofunafuna ziŵiya zobiriwira. Ndalama za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimasoŵa zinthu zopatulidwa kaamba ka ntchito zimenezi, ndipo kupikisana kaamba ka ndalama za oweruza nkwakukulu. Mamanejala a mizinda achipambano amasinthanitsa ndalama zawo za ndalama, kuphatikiza ndalama za boma, kuphatikiza ndalama za boma, zomangira, mayanjano a anthu, ndi malo othandizira ntchito.
Maprogramu a Boma ndi Opereka Maula
EPA's Clean Water State Revoten Fund (CWSRF) yakhala magwero aakulu a ndalama za ntchito za zomangamanga zobiriŵira mu United States. Maboma ambiri aperekanso maprogramu opereka kuyang'anira madzi a mphepo ndi kulimba kwa nyengo. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kutumiza antchito kuti aonere ndi kumanga maunansi ndi akuluakulu a boma a malo okhala amene angapereke chidziŵitso choyamba cha ndalama zoyendera.
EPA's Green Infrablicature Fund Marking Marks imandandalika maprogramu a boma amakono amene mizinda ingakhoze kupata, kuphatikizapo ndalama zopikisana kupyolera m'Madzi a Infrastructure State ndi Innovation Act (WIFIA) ndi Community Development Block Grants (CDG). Nkofunika kuwona kuti maprogramu ambiri a maprogramu ameneŵa amafunikira ndalama zofanana kapena kusonyeza kusoŵa kwa ndalama, chotero mabwana a mzinda afunikira kukonzekera mapulogalamu amphamvu amene amawongolera zachuma ndi mapindu a chitaganya a ntchito zoyembekezeredwa.
Zoyendera Zogwirizana ndi Anthu Onse Ndiponso Zoyendera Zoyendera
Mabwana a mizinda yoyambirira akudalira kwambiri anthu odziwa bwino za mabizinesi kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira kumanga. Mabungwe akuluakulu amene ali ndi ntchito zodalirika angachirikize ntchito yobzala mitengo kapena ntchito za m'misewu yobiriwira monga mbali ya njira zawo zosamalira malo okhala, chikhalidwe, ndi ulamuliro (ESG). Opititsa patsogolo angafunikire kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awonjezere zinthu zobiriwira zomanga zatsopano kudzera m'mabungwe kapena mabotolo owonjezera mphamvu.
Malo osungira zinthu a m'madera ozungulira amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi ndalama zambiri.
Zomangira Zaudzu ndi Zomangira Zoyambukira Zachilengedwe
Mabungwe obiriŵira atchuka kwambiri monga njira yopezera ndalama zothandiza pa malo okhala. Mapangano ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa oikizira malo amene adzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolinga zodziŵika bwino, kaŵirikaŵiri kukopa anthu opanga ndalama zochuluka ndi ndalama zochepa.
Mabwana a mizinda ogwira ntchito m’dipatimenti za zachuma angapange mgwirizano umene umachirikiza ntchito zamakono zomanga nyumba zobiriwira, kufalitsa ngozi ku malo osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoloŵerera. Kupereka lipoti la zotulukapo zake nkofunika kwambiri kuti munthu asunge chidaliro cha wopereka ndalama ndi kukonza mzera wa zomangira zamtsogolo.
Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Kumene Kumachirikiza Kosatha
Kulinganiza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama sikungayende bwino ngati chitaganya sichikuchirikiza ntchito zamakono. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kutsogolera mwadala, mwapadera ntchito yopanga pangano imene imasamalira ndi kumanga chuma pakati pa anthu a m'deralo. Masiku a kupanga zosankha zapamwamba kwambiri za boma akuthandiza kuti agwirizane ndi maluso a anthu a m’mudzi.
Kulankhulana Koyambirira ndi Kosonyeza Malingaliro
Kulephera kwa anthu ambiri pa pangano la ukwati ndi kuyamba mochedwa kwambiri. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kuyamba kukambirana ndi anthu a m’madera amene akhudzidwa asanapange zosankha zawo, osati pambuyo pa misonkhano ya onse, maulendo a malo ochezera a anthu otsatizana, ndi mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti, zonsezi zimapereka njira zosonyezera zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kuona bwino za nthawi yochitira ntchito, kuyembekezera kusokonezeka kwa zinthu panthaŵi yomanga, ndiponso mapulani osamalira anthaŵi yaitali amakulitsa chikhulupiriro ndi kuchepetsa chitsutso.
Malo amene anthu akukhala m’madera amene anthu akukumana ndi mavuto a kusoŵa kwa zinthu, amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomasuliridwa, omasulira pa misonkhano, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a m’deralo.
Kuthetsa Mavuto Amene Anthu Ambiri Amakumana Nawo
Nzikazo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchula nkhaŵa zomveka za maziko obiriŵira, makamaka pa kukonza, kusefukira, ndi katundu. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kukonzekera mayankho omveka bwino, ozikidwa pa umboni wa mafunso ameneŵa. Mwachitsanzo, minda yamvula yokonzedwa bwino imene imakonzedwa bwino siiyambitsa mavuto a udzudzu; kwenikweni, amachepetsa madzi oima poyerekezera ndi njira zomangira. Kubzala m'njira yamanja kungawonjezere mitengo ya katundu ndi kuchepetsa kukwera kwa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya moyo pomira pamtengo.
Ngati pali zifukwa zomveka zodera nkhawa za mizu yowononga njira kapena madzi ofika pafupi ndi maziko a nyumba, oyang’anira mizinda ayenera kuvomereza nkhaniyo ndi kufotokoza malamulo opangira zinthu ndi njira zozitetezera.
Programu ya Chisonyezero ndi Udindo
Malo omangapo mafakitale okongola kwambiri amakhudza anthu ambiri. Ku Portland, Oregon, pulogalamu ya mzinda wa Green Street Gazer imaphunzitsa anthu odzipereka kuti atenge ndi kusamalira minda yamvula ya m’mbali mwa misewu, kuchepetsa ndalama zosamalira pamene akukonza mizinda. Mabwana a mizinda angapange mapulogalamu ofananawo amene amapangitsa anthu kukhala okongola ndiponso kuti azisamalira malo obiriwira m’madera awo.
Maprogramu a ndege zokhala ndi magalimoto otengera kutsogolo, maphunziro a sukulu, ndi a m'dera limodzi amapereka maprogramu a ntchito zaching'ono zonsezo zimapereka malo oloŵera a anthu a m'deralo. Maprogramu ameneŵa amafunikira nthaŵi ya antchito kulinganiza, koma kubwezeredwa ndalama m'zothandiza anthu ndiponso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu kapena kunyalanyaza ndi kochuluka.
Kugwiritsira Ntchito Njira ndi Kusamalira
Mabwana a mizinda safunika kukhala mainjiniya, koma ayenera kudziwa kuti pamafunika luso lopanga zinthu zopangira mafakitale kuti aone ngati ntchito zomanga mafakitale obiriwira zikuyenda bwino kapena zikulephera kwa nthawi yaitali.
Miyezo ya Kulinganiza ndi Kusankha malo
Mabwana a mizinda sangakhale ndi malo alionse oyenera kupangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zobiriwira. Makampani a mizinda ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito zawo zaunyinji kapena madipatimenti aunjiniya apange miyezo yooneka bwino yosonyeza mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zilili. Malamulo amenewa ayenera kukonzedwa nthawi zonse pofufuza zinthu ndi pophunzira.
Kusankha malo ochezera kuyenera kukhazikitsa malo kumene nyumba zobiriŵira zimapindulitsa kwambiri: madera okhala ndi madzi osefukira a m’misewu, malo okhala ndi malo obiriŵira kwambiri ndi kutentha kwadzaoneni, ndi malo a m’mphepete mwa madzi onyansa osanganizidwa amasefukira. Kupenda Gis chidziŵitso cha makampani olengeza za chigumula, zizindikiro za chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi dongosolo la zinthu zapamwamba kumathandiza oyang'anira mizinda kupanga zosankha za kumene angaikire choyamba.
Kulinganiza Bwino ndi Kupereka Ndalama
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zolakwika kwambiri m'maprogramu a zamagetsi ndi kulephera kulinganiza kuti akonzere kukonzanso. Maluŵa amvula amafunikira kusefa ndi kufukiza, mitengo imafunikira kudula ndi kuthirira pamene pali ntchito, ndipo mabwana a mizinda afunikira kukhala ndi chotseka kuti asungebe mphamvu yake. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kupanga ndalama zowasamalira kuti apange ndalama zolipirira ntchito kuyambira pachiyambi, mmalo mowasamalira monga zongoganizira.
Mizinda yambiri yapanga magulu odzipereka osamalira kapena inapangidwa ndi mabungwe ogwirizana ndi chitaganya kuti azichita ntchito yanthaŵi zonse. Dipatimenti ya Portland's Environmental Services, mwachitsanzo, imagwiritsa ntchito antchito osamalira amene amagwira ntchito za zomangamanga zobiriŵira, kutsimikizira kuti katundu akupendedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndandanda yanthaŵi zonse. Kufufuza zinthu za m'makampani kudzera m'dongosolo losamalira la kompyuta (CMMS) kumalola mabwana a mizinda kugula bwino zinthu ndi kutulukira mavuto asanafike pakulephera kodula ndalama.
Kufufuza ndi Kusintha Zinthu
Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kulimbikira kuyang’anira ntchito zikuluzikulu za mafakitale opangira zinthu. Kuyang’anira zinthu — kaya pa kugwidwa kwa madzi otentha, kuchepa kwa kuyenda, kupulumuka kwa zomera, kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi — kumapereka umboni wofunikira kuti akonze njira zopangira zinthu, kulungamitsira kutsalira ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama, ndi kukambirana ndi anthu.
Kukhazikitsa Lamulo ndi Ntchito Zokonza Mafamu
Mabwana a mizinda amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendetsera zinthu monga makampani a boma, boma, ndi malo omwe amalamulira kuyendetsa madzi a m’nyanja, kugwiritsa ntchito malo, kukonza malo, ndi ntchito zina. M’malo moona kuti zinthu zimenezi ndi zopinga, akuluakulu a mizinda ya Savvy amawagwiritsa ntchito monga oyendetsa zinthu zofunikira kwambiri kuti atengere ana awo.
Magulu Oletsa Mphepo ya Mphepo ndi Makampani Osiyanitsa Miphepo (MS4)
Mizinda yambiri imagwira ntchito pansi pa EPA National Pollutient Disproduct Relective Endromeation System (NPDES) imalola njira zawo zoyendera madzi otentha. Izi zimafuna kuti makampani achepetse katundu wowononga ndi kutsegulira mitu ya zinthu. Makampani a Green factive amasamalira zinthu zimenezi, kaŵirikaŵiri pamtengo wotsika kuposa njira zoperekera chithandizo. Mabwana a mizinda angapange ndalama zopangira zinthu zoyendera zoyendera zoyendera, kuwapangitsa kukhala ovuta kuti akuluakulu a bajeti athe kudula.
Mizinda ina yalola zinthu zambiri mwa kutsatira malamulo a za magetsi obiriŵira m'malo ake ndi malamulo awo a chigawo. Kufuna kusintha kwatsopano kuti ayendetse madzi osefukira pamalopo kudzera m'maprojekiti obiriŵira kumapangitsa kuti malo ochitirako mabizinesi akhale okongola kwambiri ndipo kutsimikizira kuti kukula sikukuwonjezera kusefukira kapena mavuto a madzi abwino.
Chilungamo cha M’malo Okhala ndi Anthu Opanda Chilungamo
Mabungwe a boma amafunika kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zisamayende bwino. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito zomangamanga za mafakitale zaukhondo sizikuchuluka kwambiri.
Mizinda ingapo, kuphatikizapo Seattle ndi Washington, D.C., yapanga zida zosonyezera zinthu zimene zimaphatikizapo zinthu zimene anthu amakhala nazo, zizindikiro za malo okhala, ndi mfundo za chitaganya pochita ntchito. Mabwana a mizinda amene amachirikiza zida zimenezi angayambitse mfundo yakuti njira zopangira zinthu zobiriwira sizili chabe programu ya malo okhala komanso njira ya kulinganiza kwa anthu.
Kufufuza za Kupambana kwa Woyang’anira Mzinda
Ngakhale kuti palibe mizinda iŵiri yofanana, maphunziro amene amachokera kwa olera oyambirira a maprogramu omanga nyumba okongola akupereka chitsogozo chofunika kwa oyang’anira mizinda ya kwinakwake.
Filadelphia: Mzinda wa Green Green City, Madzi Oyera
Programu ya Philadelphia ndi imodzi ya njira zapamwamba kwambiri za magetsi obiriŵira mu United States. Mabwana a mizinda mu Dipatimenti ya Zamadzi ya Philadelphia anagwira ntchito ndi bungwe la mzinda, ofesi ya meya, ndi magulu a anthu kukonza pulani ya zaka 25 yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zobiriwira zosamalira 85% ya zimbudzi zophatikiza. Programu yapanga ntchito mazana ambiri zobiriŵira, kubwezeretsa malo a anthu onse, ndi kuchepetsa madzi a mkuntho wa pansi kwambiri pokwera ndi kukwera kwa mchera.
Mfungulo ya chipambano chinali ntchito ya manijala wa mzinda m'maunansi a m'mizinda yonse — mapaki, makwalala, kulinganiza, ndi malonda — ndi kulinganiza chitsanzo cha ndalama zimene zinaphatikiza ndalama za ndalama, ndalama zotsala za boma zothandizira kulipira ndalama, ndi kupereka ndalama. Zotsatirapo zofunikira zapangitsa programuyo kuchirikiza mwa ndale za madongosolo osiyanasiyana.
Portland, Oregon: Green Street ndi Udindo wa M’chitaganya
Portland yakhala yoyambirira kugwirizanitsa nyumba zobiriŵira m'maluwa a m'tauni. Ofesi ya mzindayo inagwirizanitsa pulogalamu ya khwalala la mzinda wonse lomwe lakhazikitsa minda yamvula zikwizikwi m'njira ya ufulu wa anthu. Mwa kugwira ntchito pafupi ndi mayanjano a m'dera ndi kukhazikitsa programu ya Green Street Kapitala, mabwana a mizinda asunga ndalama zolipirira pamene akumanga chilikizo la anthu onse.
Njira ya Portland imasonyeza kufunika kwa kuyamba pang'ono ndi kukwera. Maprojekiti oyamba anali malo osonyezera mfundo ndi luso la mkati. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, mzindawo unayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapampambo, kulola, ndi kuunjikana kwa zobiriŵira kukonza pulogalamu ya likulu. Chotulukapo chake ndi mzinda kumene nyumba za biriŵira sizili ntchito yapadera koma mbali yanthaŵi zonse ya mmene misewu imamangidwa ndi kusungidwa.
Mzinda wa Kansas: Ntchito Yoyendetsa Nkhokwe Mwaluso
Poyang'ana ku chivomerezo cha boma chochepetsa kusefukira kwa zimbudzi, Kansas City anapanga programu ya "Smart Sewer" yomwe imagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri programu yopangira zinthu zobiriŵira. Mabwana a mzinda anakambirana lamulo losinthidwa losonyeza kuti amalola njira zobiriŵira, kupulumutsa mzindawo madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri poyerekezera ndi mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mpira ndi mtopoto. Programuyi imaphatikizapo mafreat rotting ku madera akumidzi, zisonyezero za sukulu, ndi mafakitale aakulu osungiramo madzi a mphepo m’malo a anthu onse.
Kansas City ikusonyeza kufunika kwa mabwana a mzindawo ogwirizana ndi apolisi a boma. Mwa kusonyeza kuthekera kwa luso ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu zobiriŵira, mabwana a mizinda angapange malamulo osintha kukhala mapangano a kusungitsa.
Tsogolo la Kukonza Zinthu ndi Kuyendetsa Mzinda
Mabwana a m’mizindayi apitirizabe kusintha chifukwa nyengo imayenda bwino, luso la zopangapanga likupita patsogolo, ndipo anthu ambiri ayamba kuyembekezera kuti zinthu zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina.
Choyamba, kulumikiza kwa zipangizo zamakono ndi zipangizo zamakono monga zipangizo zothandizira kumva zinthu, zipangizo zoyendera nthawi, kutsimikizira kuti zikhoza kuchititsa kuti mabwana a mzinda azigwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu ndiponso kuti asonyeze zotsatira zake. Zinthu zobiriwira zimene zimasintha kuti madzi a mvula kapena agwere azitha kugwiritsa ntchito pothirira madzi, zimaimira malire ena.
Chachiwiri, kugwirizana kwa zinthu zobiriwira ndi thanzi la anthu kudzakhala koonekeratu, kuyendera limodzi pakati pa mabwana a mizinda ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo ya m'Urban imathandiza kuchepetsa matenda oyambika ndi kukonzanso thanzi la maganizo. Kuyendera limodzi ndi kulankhulana kwa zaumoyo kungathandize kuti ndalama zikhale zoyendetsedwa bwino.
Malo osungiramo ndalama apitirizabe kusintha. Mabanki a Green, malo okhala, ndi mafashoni opezera ndalama zambiri akuwonjezera zipangizo zimene mabwana a mzinda ali nazo. Anthu amene amayesetsa pa zinthu zimenezi, atha kupeza malo abwino ochitira mapulogalamu ngakhale m’malo otetezeka.
Mabwana a mizinda amene amayang'anira zinthu zobiriwira osati monga katundu wotsatizana kapena pulogalamu ya malo okhala, koma monga njira yaikulu yothandizira anthu kuti athe kupirira ndi kutha kwa nthaŵi yaitali, adzaona zotsatirapo zazikulu. Kukonzekera, ndalama, pangano, ndi maluso opangidwa otchulidwa pamwambapa, zimapereka mapu othandizira kuti aone zinthu zenizeni.