Kuphatikiza magulu andale zandale kwakhala mphamvu yotchuka m'kugwirizanitsa demokrase ya Japan, yotumikira ponse paŵiri monga njira yomangitsira mphamvu ndi yosonkhezera kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko. Kuchokera ku kugwirizana kwa pambuyo pa nkhondo ya kugawana kwa mphamvu zachikhalidwe kufikira ku kugwirizanitsa kwa madzi kwa ma 1990 ndi 2000, kuphatikizana kumeneku kwasonkhezera kwambiri ulamuliro, kupitirizabe kwa malamulo, ndi kuvomereza. Kuzindikira kwawo sikumavumbula kokha mmene dongosolo la kampani la Japan layambira komanso mmene malonda a pakati pa umodzi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imachirikiza demokrase yake lerolino.

Mbiri ya Chipani Chogwirizana ku Japan

Dongosolo lamakono la Japan linatulukira pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndi Agulu Ogwirizana akukhazikitsa dongosolo la democracy limene linalimbikitsa mpikisano wa mbali zambiri. Komabe, zaka zoyambirira za nkhondo zinawona malo andale ogaŵanika pamodzi ndi magulu angapo aang'ono, kutsogolera ku maboma osagwirizana. Kagulu kake ka kake kanatha mu 1955 pamene Liberal Party ndi Japan Democratic Party inagwirizana kupanga LIBERAL DEC Party (LDP) . Dongosolo limeneli “1955” linathetsa mokhutiritsa nyengo ya kusakhazikika ndi kupanga gulu lamphamvu limene likalamulira kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi anayi.

LDP inapanga dala kuukira kolingaliridwa kukhala chiwopsezo kuchokera kumanzere, makamaka Chipani cha Socialist cha Japan, chimene chinapeza mphamvu zazikulu zosandutsa. Mwa kusonkhanitsa, magulu osunga zinthu, mapulatifomu ogwirizana, ndi kupereka kutsogolo kogwirizana. Zotsatirapo zinali kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko komwe kunalola Japan kusumika maganizo pa kukonzanso chuma ndi kuwonjezereka kwa maindasitale. Akatswiri kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula kugwirizanitsa kumeneku kukhala chinthu chachikulu m'chozizwitsa cha mwamsanga cha nkhondo, monga momwe kunatheketsa kuyendetsa malamulo ogwirizana kupyola maulamuliro osiyanasiyana.

Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, kuphatikiza magulu angapo otsutsana ndi kukonzanso masankho, kupanikizika kwa zachuma, ndi kusintha kwa maganizo. Mu 1990, kutha kwa “Madongosolo a [1] kunayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa makampani. Kupangidwa kwa New Frontired Party mu 1994, mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza magulu angapo otsutsa poyesa kutsutsa LDP. Posachedwapa, gulu la Democratic Party la Japan (DPJ) linatuluka kuchokera ku magulu a Pentrist ndi kumanzere, ndipo anatenga mphamvu mu 2009 asanachite ma franction . Kusinthakunga kumeneku kukusonyeza mmene gulu la anthu likukhalirabe chida chapakati cha dziko la Japan posinthasintha za ndale.

Mmene Kugwirizanitsa Zipani Kumakhudzira Democratic Democratic Development

Kukhazikika kwa Ndale ndi Kukhutiritsa kwa Maulamuliro

Chimodzi cha ziyambukiro zachindunji kwambiri za kugwirizanitsa zipani ndicho kuchepetsa kwa kugaŵikana kwa malamulo. Pamene zipani zazing'ono zigwirizana, kaŵirikaŵiri zimatenga maambala a nyumba ya malamulo kapena kuwonjezera kwa madera ena aakulu, kuchepetsa kufunika kwa mgwirizano wa kumalitariyani. Ku Japan, LDP yatalikira ndi nyengo zochepa chabe zochokera ku mphamvu. Chigwirizano cha OlDP ndi kusintha kwa chuma kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1980 chinapangidwa kukhala chotheka ndi gulu lotsutsa.

Komabe, kukhazikika sikumayenderana ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Magulu ogwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana kugwirizanitsa magulu a mkati ndi kukhulupirika kosiyana kwa mbiri yakale. LDP imadziŵika bwino, ndi atsogoleri ofunikira kulinganiza zikondwerero zopikisana mwa kuyang'anira mosamalitsa. Komabe, chiyambukiro chonse cha kuchepetsa kugaŵikana kwa magulu chakhala chopindulitsa kaamba ka zotulukapo za kulamulira ku Japan.

Kusintha kwa Kachitidwe ndi Maso Aatali

Magulu ogwirizana ali ndi malo abwinopo kulondola malamulo ogwirizana m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana za masankho. Ku Japan, zimenezi zakhala zowonekera kwambiri m'madongosolo a maindasitale ndi malonda a mitundu yonse. Kukakamiza kwa zaka makumi makumi ambiri kwa LDP kaamba ka kuwonjezereka kwa kutumiza kunja, kochirikizidwa ndi Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), kukanakhala kovuta kwambiri kuchirikiza ngati gululo linagaŵikana mobwerezabwereza. Gulu lathandiza kutetezera malamulo kuchokera ku makampani achidule a ndale ndi atumiki a ntchito imene ingakhale imatenga zaka khumi kapena makumi aŵiri kuti ibale zipatso.

Kumbali ina, kuphatikiza pamodzi kungatsatiridwenso ndi malamulo a m'zachuma. Ngati chipani chiphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana, kulolera kwa m’kati kungachepetse kusintha kolimba. Chilakiko cha DPJ cha 2009, chomwe chinapangidwa pa kuphatikiza magulu angapo a kumanzere ndi a m'ma 100, chimakhala chovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachuma zogwirizana chifukwa cha mfundo zosiyana. Motero, ngakhale kuti kuphatikiza kulimbikitsa kupitiriza, kuyenera kuthetsedwa bwino kupeŵa kufera thupi.

Kudalirana Ndiponso Kuchitapo Kanthu Mokwanira

Magulu aakulu, ogwirizana kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza chithunzi cha kudalirika ndi kusankhidwa, chimene chingawonjezere wovota. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Japan, ulamuliro wa LDP unagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha ovotawo (pafupifupi 70% kapena kuposa mu 1960 ndi 1970) pamene nzika zinalingalira kuti voti yawo ikhoza kusonkhezera boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, nyengo za kugawikana kwa magulu, monga ngati kumayambiriro kwa ma 1990, zinawona kutsika pansi pa 60% pamene ovota anataya mtima ndi zigwirizano.

Ogwirizana angamveketsenso chosankha cha osankha mwa kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha mapwando ndi mapulatifomu ofanana. Mkati mwa ma 2000, kugwirizanitsa magulu otsutsa ku DPJ kunapereka ovota njira ina yowonekera bwino ku LDP, yothandizira ku chisankho cha m'mbiri cha 2009 chimene chinachotsa LDP ku mphamvu. Komabe, pali ngozi: ngati kuphatikiza kuyambitsa dongosolo la deco - mbali ziŵiri, osankha ena angaone kuti zinthu zawo zapadera zikunyalanyazidwa, mwina kuchepetsa mbali yawo pakati pa magulu ochepa.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Ogwirizana ndi Zipani

Kutha kwa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Zamoyo

Magulu akaloŵa m'gulu, chipanichi chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zimene zimasokoneza maganizo a anthu. Chipani cha ku Japan chimakhala ndi mfundo zambiri zandale, kuyambira kalekale ndipo chimakhala ndi mbali yakumanzere, cha makoswe, ndi mawu otsalira, ndipo chachepetsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsa kobwerezabwereza. Chipani cha Japan Socialist, chomwe chinakhala champhamvu, chinazimiririka pambuyo pogwirizana ndi magulu ena kuti chipange DPJ, ndi chipani cha Komyunizimu chikhalebe choseŵera. Kusintha kumeneku kungachepetse njira za malamulo zokambirana pa Diet ndi kuchepetsa kuimira malo, monga malo okhalako kapena chipani.

Anthu otsutsa amanena kuti, kuti pakhale ulamuliro wabwino, pamafunika kuti anthu ayambe kupikisana kwambiri, osati kungosankha okha.

Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana ndi Mphamvu Zake

Magulu ogwirizanitsa anthu amasonkhanitsa pamodzi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana za gulu, mabungwe a utsogoleri, ndi malamulo ofunika kwambiri. Mbiri ya ndale ya Japan ili ndi zitsanzo zambiri za kuphatikizana kumene kunachitika mofulumira chifukwa cha mikangano ya m’kati mwa nkhondo. Party New Frontier , yomwe inapangidwa mu 1994, inatha pasanathe zaka zitatu chifukwa cha mpikisano pakati pa magulu ake aakulu aŵiri. Mofananamo, DPJ inavutika ndi kusagwirizana kosalekeza pakati pa mapiko ake osunga mwambo ndi opita patsogolo, zomwe potsirizira pake zinatsogolera ku ku kugwetsedwa kwake ndi kugwa kwake mu 2012.

Kulimbana kumeneku kungasokoneze zosankha ndi kufooketsa kudalirana kwa anthu. Mabungwe angaone mapangano ogwirizana kukhala osakhazikika kapena oyendetsedwa ndi mabizinesi a kumbuyo mmalo mwa malamulo. Kuti achepetse ngozi zoterozo, anthu a ku Japan kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito malingana olinganiza bwino kwambiri [1] Kuika zidindo za makadi mogwirizana ndi magulu a anthu pakati pa kuphatikiza [1] Koma zimenezi zingachirikizenso chikhalidwe cha ochirikiza malo mmalo mwa kuyenerera.

Kuchepetsa Mpikisano ndi Kuŵerengeredwa

Pamene kuphatikizana kutulutsa gulu lamphamvu, monga ndi LDP kwa mbali zambiri za nyengo yapambuyo pa nkhondo, mpikisano wa ndale zadziko ukuvutitsidwa. Gulu la hegemonic lingakhale losasamala, loloŵerera m'chinyengo kapena kunyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu. Japan anaona ziphuphu zambiri pansi pa ulamuliro wa LDP, kuchokera ku mchitidwe wa chiphuphu wa Lockheed mu 1970 kufikira ku tsoka la Recruit kumapeto kwa ma 1980, limene ena amalivomereza kusoŵa kwa chitsutso chogwira mtima. Popanda kuwopseza kwa kutaya ulamuliro, magulu aakulu safuna kuchitapo kanthu kena.

Ndiponso, kugwirizanitsa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kumapanga mkhalidwe wakuti chipani chimodzi nchachikulu kwambiri kwakuti chimalamulira bwino Diet, kuchepetsa ntchito ya makomiti a nyumba ya malamulo. Ku Japan, ulamuliro wa LDP wa malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri unatanthauza kuti ngongole zijambulidwe ndi kukonzedwa pang'ono, kuchepetsa kulinganiza kwa demokrase. Komabe, kusintha kwa voti kwa 1994, kumene kunayambitsa dongosolo la kachitidwe ka ka ka katsekedwe ka mbali ziŵiri zophatikizapo, kunalinganizidwa kuletsa zimenezi mwa kulimbikitsa maprogramu opikisana aŵiri.

Kugwirizana Kodziŵika m’Mbiri ya Japan

Gawo la Chipani cha Democratic Chimaimira Chigwirizano cha Anthu cha 1955

Kuphatikiza Chipani cha Liberal (chopangidwa ndi Shigeru Yoshida) ndi Japan Democratic Party (yopangidwa ndi Ichirō Hatoyama) kunapanga LDP, yomwe ikalamulira pafupifupi popanda kusokonezeka kufikira mu 1994 ndi kachiŵirinso. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kunagwirizanitsa mphamvu zosunga zinthu ndi kutha kutha kutengera kunzere kwa kumanzere. Imeneyi inakhazikitsa njira yolamulira yosinthasintha imene inaumba chuma ndi malamulo a chitetezo a Japan kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kwa ena pa Komiti ya , onani malongosoledwe a WPUPT]

Chipani cha New Frontinenti (1994 - 997)

Poyankha kuchotsedwa kwa nthaŵi yochepa kwa LDP mu 1993, magulu angapo otsutsa [1] kuphatikizapo Japan New Party, Komeito, ndi Japan Socialist Party anagaŵikana . Kulephera kwa NFP kunachititsa Chipani cha New Frontier (NFP) kutsogolera Morihiro Hosokawa ndipo pambuyo pake Ichiro Ozawa. Ngakhale kuti chinali chipani chachikulu kwambiri chotsutsa, cha mkati mwake chinachititsa kuti chithe mu 1997. Kulephera kwa NFP kunasonyeza kuti chipambano chokha sichingatheke; Pregoverse conetic synction ndi utsogoleri wamphamvu n’zofunikanso.

Chipani cha Democratic Party cha ku Japan (1998 - 2016)

Atagwirizana ndi chipani cha Democratic Party (kulengedwa kwa 2016) ndi magulu angapo aang'ono, DPJ inakula kukhala njira yodalirika yoloŵa m'malo mwa LDP . Inachita chipambano cha dziko mu 2009 koma inalimbana ndi kugonjetsa, kusokonezeka ndi magaŵano a mkati ndi chivomezi ndi tsunami za 2011. Kuchepa kwa DPJ ndi kuloŵa m'gulu la chiyembekezo mu 2017 kunagogomezera kuchuluka kwa magulu ogwirizana ogwirizana ogwirizana ndi mfundo zoipa.

Kugwirizana Kwaposachedwapa: Gulu la Chiyembekezo ndi Gulu la Malamulo Ademocracy

M'chisankho cha 2017, Yuriko Koike Party of Hope inayesa kugwirizanitsa magulu otsutsa koma mmalo mwake inagawanitsa mamembala a DPJ. Ziŵalo zambiri zodekha kapena zamasiye zomapanga CDP (CDP), zimene pambuyo pake zinagwirizana ndi magulu ena mu 2020 kupanga CDP yaikulu. Zimenezi zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa dongosolo la zipani za Japan. Kukonda kalembera ka gulu laposachedwapa, kuwona nkhani iyi ya ku Japan Times .

Malingaliro Oyerekezera: Japan vs. Democracies Enieni

Magulu ambiri a ku Japan sagwirizana. Mademokrase ambiri a nyumba ya malamulo, monga Italy, India, ndi Germany, akhala ndi njira zofanana. Komabe, mlandu wa Japan ndi wosiyana ndi mmene gulu limodzi la LDP( LDP(wakhala likulamulira ngakhale kuti nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi amagwirizanitsa mbali zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ku India, bungwe la Indian National Congress linakhalanso ndi mphamvu zambiri koma linamangidwa pa maziko ena a mbiri yakale. Pakali pano, gulu la Germany lapambuyo pa nkhondo laona kuti nkukhala ndi mfundo zogwirizana kwambiri (CD/CSU, SPD, Greens, Greeks , Greearty) ndi ntchito yochepa, chifukwa cha kuimira magulu aang'ono.

Komiti ya mamembala ankhondo osanganizidwa ya Japan (yaikidwa mu 1994) inalinganizidwira kukhazikitsa dongosolo la magawo aŵiri koma mmalo mwake yatulukapo ku LDP yokhala ndi chitsutso choopsa. Zoyesayesa mobwerezabwereza za chitsutso cha kugwirizanitsa ndi kuswa zimapereka lingaliro lakuti kulinganiza kokha sikungatsimikizire chipani chogwirizana; mwambo wa ndale zadziko ndi nkhani za utsogoleri. Kusanthula kwa akatswiri za mmene madongosolo a osanthula amayambukirira kuphatikiza, onani pepala la Dziko Lonse la Politiki (kuvomerezedwa kungafunikire).

Ziyembekezo ndi Mapeto a Mtsogolo

Chivomerezo cha ndale zadziko cha Japan chikupitirizabe kusintha. LDP, mosasamala kanthu za maupandu aposachedwapa ndi kutha kwa kudalirana kwa anthu, imakhalabe yotchuka chifukwa cha kulephera kwa chitsutso kuchirikiza njira ina yodalirika yogwirizanitsidwa. Komabe, masankho 2021 anawona CDP ikugwira ntchito yake, ndi magulu aang'ono onga Komeito (Imene inagwirizana ndi gulu la LDP) ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha Japan chikusungabe mipando. Mtsogolo mwake kungabweretse mgwirizano waukulu, mwina chitsutso chachikulu kapena chitsutso chimene chimaswa mphamvu ya LDP.

Kufunika kwa kugwirizanitsa zipani za ndale zadziko mu kukula kwa demokrase ya Japan sikungatchulidwe. Zapereka kukhazikika ndi kupitirizabe, zikumatheketsa kulinganiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chuma. Komabe zachepetsanso kusiyana kwa malingaliro, kuchititsa nkhondo za mkati, ndipo nthaŵi zina kupikisana. Vuto la Japan . Ndilo la demokrase iliyonse kuti ikhale ndi kulinganiza kwabwino pakati pa kugwirizana ndi kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pamene dziko likuyang'anizana ndi kuchepa kwa chuma, ndi kusagwirizana kwa nthaka, kukhoza kwa kayendetsedwe kake ka zinthu, kukhoza kwa kagwirizanitsedwe kake kake kugwirizanitsa zinthu ndi kutulukira pamene sagwirizana.

Pomalizira pake, kuphatikiza maphwando si abwino kapena oipa mwa iwo okha; phindu lawo limadalira pa nkhani yake. Ku Japan, zonse ziŵiri zakhala chiŵiya cha bata ndi magwero aukali. Kumvetsetsa mbali ziŵiri zimenezi kumapereka maphunziro ofunika kwambiri kwa mademokrase ena ogaŵanika ndi kufunafuna utsogoleri wogwira mtima.