Table of Contents
Cholinga cha Boma
Chiyambi cha bungwe la United States Constitution chili ngati mawu ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ndale zadziko ya America. Siimapereka mphamvu, kupanga maofesi, kapena kulongosola zoyenera. Mmalomwake, imalengeza zolinga zazikulu zimene boma linakhazikitsidwa. Zonulirapo zisanu ndi chimodzi zofotokozedwa m'malamulo a Pregegee , kukhazikitsa chilungamo, kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa banja, kupereka mtendere wa banja, kupereka chitetezo cha onse, kuchirikiza ubwino wa onse, ndi kusungitsa madalitso a ufulu, ndipo kusungitsa zipata zimene mbadwo uliwonse umayenderapo boma lake. Pa zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zimenezi, choyamba [[FLT:]" kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wangwiro wowonjezereka,"" ndiwo maziko amene amadalira pa zolinga zina zonse. Popanda kukhazikitsa chilungamo, sungathe kukhazikitsidwa, ndi kulephera kuperekedwa, ndi kutchulidwa kwa ufulu, kopanda kulongosola mbiri yandale, ndipo sikukuimirabe.
Vuto Limene Linayambitsa Mtundu: Kulephera kwa Nkhani za Kugwirizanitsa
Mawu akuti "kupanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri" amatanthauza kuti mgwirizano umene unalipo mu 1787 unali wopanda ungwiro. Kupanda ungwiro kumeneko kunali Nkhani za Confederation, chikalata choyamba cholamulira cha United States. Chikalata choperekedwa mu 1781, Zigawozo zinapanga boma lofooka lomwe linkagwira ntchito ngati " kulumikizana kwa ubwenzi" pakati pa maboma achifumu kuposa mtundu wogwirizana. Nyumba za malamulo zinasoŵa mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo ake.
Nsonga ya tsoka inadza ndi Chipanduko cha Shays mu 1786 - 1787. Kumadzulo kwa Massachusetts, alimi a ngongole, oyang'anizana ndi kulephera ndi kuikidwa m’ndende, anatenga zida zotsekera makhoti ndi kuyendera ku mabwalo a boma la Springfield. Boma la dzikolo, linali lopanda mphamvu yokhazikitsa gulu lankhondo loletsa kupanduka. Linagwa ku boma la Massachusetts, ndi ndalama zokwezedwa mwachinsinsi, kubwezeretsa batanthana. Chochitikachi chinatumiza kudzidzimutsa kumbuyo kwa andale. James Mavidemy kwa Thomas Jeffen, akulongosola kuti kuyesa kwa dziko la Russia kunalephera. George Washington, amene anachoka pa moyo wa anthu onse, anagwidwa ndi mantha kuchokera ku Kazembe wa Boma ku Kazembe wa boma la Vernon. Chipangano cha Chipangano choyambirira kulowa cha Delphiriti. Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Demolphilia, chongo chinango chinangochokera m’ka kulowa m’kubwera ku
Msonkhano wa Malamulo: Unali Wovuta Kwambiri
Convention ya Constitution inasonkhana ku Philadelphia mu May 1787, ndi nthumwi zochokera ku magawo khumi ndi aŵiri (Rhode Island anakana kutengamo mbali). Ntchito inali yaikulu: kupanga boma lomwe linali lolimba kwambiri koma losalimba kwambiri kwakuti likachotsa pa udani wa anthu. Mawuwo "kupanga mgwirizano woposapo" ndiwo cholinga chachikulu. Nkhani yaikulu inali kuimira [[FLT:] Maboma aakulu anachirikiza [[FLD] Plan [FFLT:], imene inafuna kuti pakhale chipani cha malamulo cha mabillaral chozikidwa pa anthu. Smaker akutsutsa ndi [FLD2] Chigwirizano cha anthu aŵiri ogwirizana. [FLD:3], chimene chinatchedwa kuti chisonyezero cha boma lililonse. [FLT: FLT] [FFFFFF: FFFF] [FFF] [FF] [FF] [FF] [FF]
Kulolera kwakukulu kwachiŵiri kunaphatikizapo kuŵerengera anthu ogwidwa ukapolo kaamba ka zifuno za kuimira ndi msonkho. 3-FFFths Kusintha anaŵerenga atatu mwa atatu mwa anthu a ukapolo kaamba ka zonse ziŵiri ndi kugawidwa kwa msonkho. Imeneyi inali nkhani ya makhalidwe yolakwika kwambiri imene inaikidwa mu nsalu ya Malamulo. Ndi chikumbutso chachikulu chakuti "mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri" wa 1787 unachokera pa phindu lotheratu limene timayesayesa kulichitira lero. Inamangidwa pa kulolera, ina yolemekezeka ndi yosalungama. [FLD: 2] Zosoŵa zowopsa za mphamvu zamphamvu. Mapeto owopsawo adakhala ndi chothetsa chiwonjezero chachi chachi cha Hamil, ndi James Maya, ndi Jay, zomwe zinaguliko za kugulitsa kwa anthu ambiri. [Foctive]
Chiphunzitso cha Filosophy ndi Chiphunzitso cha zinenero cha "Kupanga Mgwirizano Wangwiro Wokulirapo ”
Chinenero cha Pregest nchaching'ono kwambiri, koma mawu onse anasankhidwa molunjika. Mawuwo "angwiro kwambiri" ndi apamwamba kwambiri poyerekezera ndi amene anayambirira. M’zaka za zana la 18, "wangwiro" anali ndi tanthauzo lalamulo ndi la nthanthi la "angwiro" kapena "angwiro". Anali kugwirizana kopambana, kogwira mtima kwambiri, ndi kopambana kuposa kwa poyamba. Sikunali kuvomereza ungwiro kapena kutha kwa mkhalidwe. Chinali kuvomereza kupanda ungwiro ndi kudzipereka kuwongolera kopitirizabe. Oyambitsawo anamvetsetsa kuti sanali kukhazikitsa malo a queorbolage; iwo anali kukhazikitsa njira. Iwo anakhazikitsa, osati njira imodzi. Mawuwa ""
Benjamin Franklin, m'nkhani yake yomaliza pa Msonkhanowo, anagonjetsa mzimu umenewu wa kudzichepetsa ndi chiyembekezo. Anavomereza kuti sanavomereze kotheratu Malamulo m'mbali zake zonse, koma anakayikira kusalakwa kwake ndi kulimbikitsa nthumwi anzake kusaina. Ndikuvomereza, Bwana, ku Lamulo limeneli, chifukwa sindikuyembekezera zabwino," Franklin ananena. Ili ndi lingaliro lomveka la "ungwiro". Siliri ponena za kukwaniritsa ungwiro wonse, chimene sichingatheke m'nkhani za anthu. Ili yokana kukhala mdani wangwiro wa abwino ndi wochita zinthu zimene zimalola kusintha ndi kupita patsogolo.
Mfundo Yachikhalidwe Yogwirizana ya "Unyinji"
Liwu lakuti "Union" linali lofunika mofanana. Nkhani za Confederation zinatchula dzikolo kukhala " United States of America," koma galamala inali yochuluka . United States "ya United States". Malamulo anasintha galamala kukhala chiwiya cha [1] . Kusintha kumeneku kwa chinenero kunasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko. Dzikolo silinalinso gulu la maboma ogwirizana momasuka; linali gulu limodzi lolamulira. Linakhala liwu lopatulika m'chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha America. Podzafika m’zaka za zana la 19, kusungidwa kwa bungwe la United States kunali cholinga chachikulu cha boma. Lincoln linali chifukwa chimene chinayambitsa nkhondo yachiweni. Mawuwo [FL: 0] . Plubulubus Unium" ""
Mbiri Yolembedwa m’Masinthidwe: Zinthu Zosaiwalika Zochititsa Kuti Anthu Agwirizane Bwino
Mbiri ya United States ndi yonena za nkhondo yoyesayesa kupangitsa ukwati kukhala wangwiro. mbadwo uliwonse wayang’anizana ndi vuto lalikulu la kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi malonjezo a Pregesa.
Mlanduwu ndi Dziko Loyambirira
Zochita zoyambirira za boma latsopanolo zinakhala ndi cholinga chowongolera mgwirizano. Zikole za Ufulu Wakulankhula (1791]), zokambirana khumi zoyambirira ku Malamulo, zinawonjezeredwa kuti zithetse mantha a Anti-Federalist. Zinatsimikizira ufulu waukulu wonga ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi kufalitsa, ndi kutetezera nzika ku kugonjetsa boma latsopano. Mwa kutetezera ufulu umenewu, Bill of Rights inalimbitsa mgwirizano mwa kupambana okayikira. M'zaka zoyambirira, mgwirizanowo unayesedwa ndi kukwera kwa magulu andale zadziko (Federal Reacture) popanda kugamula kwandale (Reod Rea) ndi kutsutsana ndi mavuto achilendo (Xuckies, Affen, Sviney, ndi kutembenuzatsa kwamtendere kwa Al, zaka zambiri za kutsutsana ndi kugawa kwa chivomeretso cha ndale cha chivomeretso cha 1800, chomwe chinatchedwa "1000, chikane, chikanetso chandale, chikatsimikizira kuti chikanetso cha dongosolo chati cha dziko.
Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Mgwirizano Wolimba
Chiyeso chachikulu kwambiri cha "mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri" chinabwera ndi vuto la kusokonezeka kwa [Fecess] mu 1860-1861. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ukapolo kunali tchimo loyambirira la kuyesa kwa America, kutsutsana mwachindunji ndi zolinga zokhazikitsidwa za ufulu ndi kulingana. Kulolera kwa mu 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, ndi [FLT] Dired Scott [[FLT: 1] chosankha [1857] chonsecho chinayesa kulemba magawa aakulu pakati pa maiko a akapolo ndi aufulu, koma mkanganowo unali wosamvana. Pamene Abrahamu Lincoln anatenga udindo, anatsimikiza kuti Union inali yosatha ndi kuti ipirira? Nkhondo yachiŵeruza inali yosagwirizana m'mbiri m'mbiri ya Amereka, inaimbidwa ndi kuyankha kwa moyo umodzi. Ilo: Kuyankha kwa mtundu umodzi kwa anthu "Umodzi]
Lincoln Adiresi ya Rotysburg [[FLT: 1] imaimira kumasuliranso kwamphamvu kwa zolinga za Preggee. Mwa kutchula Chilengezo cha Ufulu ndi kubadwa kwa mtunduwo "kayi ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zapitazo," Lincoln anatsutsa kuti "maukwati angwiro" sanali chabe makonzedwe andale zadziko koma ntchito ya makhalidwe abwino. Anaitana kubadwanso kwa ufulu" [[FLT:] kutsimikizira kuti boma la anthu, ndi anthu, ndi kuti anthu sadzatha kuwonongeka ndi dziko lapansi. [FLD4], 14 [D], ndi 15 kayendedwe kakenso] (FFLT) (Foption Ref Reconformation) kukhazikitsa ufulu walamulo walamulo lalamulo la ufulu, ndi kuperekedwanso kwa lamulo lofanana ndi kuperekedwa kwa anthu ena.
Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi Kufutukuka kwa Demokrase
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 20 zinabweretsa mavuto atsopano. Kusintha kwa maindasitale kunayambitsa kusalingana kwakukulu kwa chuma, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito, ndi ziphuphu zandale. Gulu Lopita Patsogolo linafuna kukwaniritsa mgwirizanowo mwa kuchititsa boma kukhala lomvera. [[FLT:] 16. [FLT:] 16th Confectivement [16] Lowonjezera pa masankhoti a Senator, kuchotsa mphamvu ku magawa ndi kuipatsa ogwirizana. [FLT:] Kusintha kwa ndalama kowonjezereka. [[FLT:] [FLD] [2]] kumawonjezera kuyenera kuvotera, kukwaniritsa lonjezo la chivoti cha chivomerezo cha democracy , ndi kukwaniritsa lonjezo la chigamu cha chiwonero cha chiwonetso cha chiwonetso cha chinza cha "FLD procentices okhoza kutembenuza chigalamuliridwa chogwira ntchito cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigawa cha chika chaku
Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukwaniritsidwa kwa Lonjezolo
Kusintha kwakukulu kwa zaka za zana la 20 kulinga ku mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri kunachokera ku Chigwirizano cha Chigawo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu . Brown v. Board of Education [ [1954]] chinagwedeza chiphunzitso cha "kusintha koma chofanana" ndi kulengeza kusagwirizana. Chigamulochi chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwachindunji kwa ufulu wa Claus Calaus , womenya mtima wa boma lopatula. Gululo, lotsogozedwa ndi Martin Luther King Jr., Rosal, ndi Johns, adagwiritsira ntchito kusamvera kwa anthu kuvumbula ufulu wa dzikolo pamene likukana ufulu wa anthu a ku Blansi.
[[FLT: 0] Chikalata cha ufulu wa Aamereka ndi [[FLT:] Chikalata cha ufulu [[FLT:] chinali chipambano cha malamulo chapadera chimene chinathetsa ufulu walamulo ndi kuchulukitsa mamiliyoni a Aamereka. [M'lamulo] [[FLT:]] Ili ndi Maloto" [[FLT:] Mawu], Mfumu inakhazikitsa nkhondo monga kufunidwa kwa dziko kulemekeza mapepala ake oyambitsidwa. Iye analankhula za malamulo ndi Chilengezo monga "chikalata cha ufulu" chimene Azungu onse anali choloŵa nyumba. [F64], zomwe zinawonjezeka ndi kutsutsa kwa anthu a mtundu wa anthu. [F4]
Ntchito Yosatha: Mgwirizano Wangwiro Kwambiri m’Zaka za Zana la 21
Mawu akuti "kupanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri" adakali muyezo wamphamvu ndi wotsutsidwa m'ndale zamakono. Amapemphedwa m'zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, nkhani za pulezidenti, ndi ziudzu. Chimakhala chikumbutso chosalekeza kuti ntchito ya mtunduwo sinathe. Mgwirizanowo ukuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano amene amayesa kulimba kwake ndi kukhoza kwake kwa chilungamo.
Kusintha ndale ndi Kupondereza
Chimodzi cha ziwopsezo zazikulu ku "chigwirizano changwiro kwambiri" lerolino ndicho kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko kopambanitsa. Dzikolo nlogaŵikana kwambiri pa malingaliro, malo, ndi chikhalidwe. Chisankho cha 2016 ndi 2020 chinavumbula dziko logaŵikana pafupifupi theka pa mafunso aakulu a ulamuliro. Kukhoza kwa boma kuthetsa mavuto ambiri . "kusiyana kwa zachuma, zosamalira zaumoyo, kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa malo . Kutayikiridwa ndi chikhulupiriro m'mabungwe a demokrase, kukwera kwa mawu osokeredwa, ndi kufalikira kwa zikole zonse za mgwirizano. Vuto la zaka za 21 ndi kupeza njira za kugaŵikana pamene kuli kutsutsana ndi malingaliro oyenera kuchitidwa. Kugwirizana kwangwiro kumafunikira osati kokha kudalirana kwalamulo ndi kudalirana kwa anthu ndi kugaŵana mlandu. Kusintha kwa mtendere kwa mphamvu ndi kulephera kutsutsa kuyesayesa kwa kutsutsa kuyesayesa kwake.
Kumasulira "Ife Anthu" M’mtundu Wosiyana
Funso la amene ali m'bungweli nlokhalitsa. Nkhani yoyamba yakuti "Ife Anthu" inali yochepa kwambiri kwa anthu: oyera, eni katundu a amuna. M’zaka mazana ambiri za nkhondo, mafotokozedwe afutukukira kuphatikizapo akazi, a mafuko aang'ono, ndi anthu a mitundu yonse. Lerolino, mtundu wa anthu ndi wosiyana kwambiri kuposa kale lonse, ndipo nkhani ya kuphatikizidwa m’chigwirizano idakali yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yopanga mgwirizano wangwiro. Malamulo oletsa ufulu, kuvota, ndi kukonzanso chilungamo ndi malo amene anthu aupandu amapikisana. Chipambano cha nkhondo zimenezi chidzatsimikizira ngati mtunduwo uli ndi zolinga zake zapamwamba. Ntchito yopanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri ikupitirizanso dziko lonse la mbiri yakale, kuphatikizapo kusoŵa kwa ukapolo ndi kulandidwa kwa anthu a ku America.
Malamulo Osonkhezera ndi Mbali ya Makhoti
Nthambi yachiweruzo imachita mbali yaikulu m'kumasulira tanthauzo la "mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri. Chiphunzitso cha Kusunga Malamulo a Chikhalidwe" chimavomereza kuti tanthauzo la chikalatacho limasintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti likumane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano. Pambali imeneyi, makhoti ali ndi thayo la kufutukula mapulinsipulo a maziko monga ngati kulingana ndi ufulu. Zigamu za 20 ndi 21 zokhalako, [[FLT:] [BY] v. "Bronnbn v. ". "Anawo a maphunziro a maphunziro [FLT: 3], [FFFF:] [ifusesstion:] ku chigamu chake cha chisankhomo. [FF.FF.H.H.H. kumasuliransi ake onse a .
Kumaliza: Choloŵa cha Ntchito Yosafuna Kugwira
Mawu akuti "kupanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri" sindiwo malongosoledwe achilendo a kukwaniritsa. Ndilo chiitano cha ntchito, muyezo umene mtunduwo umaikako kupita patsogolo kwake, ndi chiyembekezo cha mtsogolo abwino. Oyambitsawo anapereka osati chikalata changwiro, koma angwiro. Iwo anamvetsetsa kuti mgwirizanowo udzafuna chisamaliro chosalekeza, kutetezera kwatcheru, ndi kusintha kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Mbiri ya United States imatsimikizira mphamvu ya lingaliro limeneli. Kuyambira pakutha kwa ukapolo mpaka ku kufutukuka kwa ufulu wa kuvota, kuchokera ku Chikwanulo Chatsopano ku Chikwanulo cha Chikunja cha Chiku
Pamene dzikolo likupita mkati mwenimweni mwa zaka za zana la 21, vuto lidakali lofanana. Kugawanika kwandale, kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi mafunso a mtundu adzayesa maunansi a mgwirizano. Koma mapu a msewuwo ali oonekeratu. Chiyambi chapereka kampasi. Ife anthu" ndi anthu amene amalemba ndi nzika za nkhani ino. Udindowo sudalira boma lokha; uli ndi nzika zonse zangwiro. Kupanga mgwirizano wangwiro umafuna kukambirana kwa onse, kuwona mtima, ndi kufunitsitsa kufutukula madalitso a ufulu kwa onse. Ndiwo ntchito yosatha ya ku America. Monga momwe [FLT:] CPUT]