Table of Contents
Mpukutu Wachisanu ndi Chisanu: Mphuthu ya Chilungamo Chabwino ndi Cholungama cha Anthu
Chikalata cha Edzi cha Malamulo cha 88 chikusonyeza kuti chitetezero chake chachikulu kwa boma lopanda chilungamo. Chigamulo choperekedwa pa December 15, 1791, monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, chigamulo chachidule komanso champhamvu chaumba malamulo apadera a ku America kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Kuteteza kwake kutatu kwakukulu , kuchuluka kwa maliro, ndi ziphuphu zopambanitsa, ndi chilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo, zikutsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya boma ya kulanga njogwirizana ndi malamulo a ufulu, ulemu, ndi mtundu wa anthu. M'nyengo ya kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri ndi kuphwanya malamulo, malamulo asanu ndi atatu opangika amakhalabe ofunika kwambiri, kutumikira ponse pa zonse ziŵiri kuyang'ana pa malamulo ndi kuyang'anira dongosolo la zalamulo ndi la makhalidwe abwino a dziko.
Magwero a Mbiri Yakale ndi Maziko a Filosofi
Demetrition yachisanu ndi chitatu sinatuluke mu Chingelezi. Maziko ake anafalikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya zamalamulo, makamaka Bill wa ku England wa ufulu wa Mfumu Bench wa 1689, amene analengeza kuti "Sindiyenera kugula, kapena kukhazikitsa Mapeyilo opambanitsa; kapena nkhanza ndi chilango chachilendo. Malamulo ameneŵa anali ovomereza nkhanza za ufumu wa Stuart, kuphatikizapo chilango chankhanza chimene chinaperekedwa ndi Khoti la Mfumu Bench pansi pa Woweruza wa mbiri yoipa George Jeffers pa kulamulidwa kwa Magazi kwa zaka za 1685. Malamulo a ku America, analunjikiza m'mabuku a anthu oganiza bwino monga Cesar Becria, John Locce, ndi Montesquie, anazindikira kuti dziko latsopano lofunikira kutetezedwa ndi chilango cha dziko lakale.
Béccaria's 1764 imalemba Pa milandu ndi Zilango zinali zosonkhezera kwambiri. Iye anatsutsa kuti "chilango chiyenera kuyenerera upandu" ndi kuti "chifuno cha chilango si kuzunza ndi kuzunza munthu. Mfundo zimenezi zinamveka kwambiri ndi atsamunda a ku America, amene anaona kuchuluka kwa chilango mu ulamuliro wa Britain. Chilango cha atsamunda cha chilango chonga kutentha, kukwapula, ndi zikwapu za matangale a makampaniwo kudziŵitsa kutsimikiza kwa kuwonjezera dongosolo laumunthu. James Mayeso, mlembi wamkulu wa Bill of Rights, anakhazikitsa malamulo adziko lachisanu ndi chisanu chimodzi kuti aletse boma kuloŵerera m'mitundu ya kuukira.
Zipilala Zitatu Zoteteza
Kudya Mopitirira Muyeso: Kusunga Chizoloŵezi Chopanda Ufulu
Chiganizo choyamba cha Eight Reformation chimaletsa kuchuluka kwa belo. Malamulo ameneŵa amazikidwa pa mfundo yaikulu yakuti munthu woimbidwa mlandu amalingaliridwa kukhala wopanda mlandu kufikira atapezedwa ndi mlandu. Bail amatumikira chifuno choyenerera: kutsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlandu aonekere popanda kuikidwa m'ndende. Komabe, pamene ndalama za bere yaikidwa imene wonenezedwayo satha kuigula, imakhaladi chida choperekera chilango asanaikidwe mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndilo lopambanitsa pamene lakhala "kuikidwa pamtengo woposa pamtengo woyenerera" kutsimikizira kuwonekera kwa woimbidwa mlandu (Stack. Boyle, 342.U.U.S.F.1. 1951)
Mosasamala kanthu za chitetezo cha malamulo chimenechi, dongosolo lamakono la belo lakhala likusulizidwa kwambiri. Maboma ambiri atengera mafailsail amene amasonkhezera mokulira oimbidwa mlandu otsika, kutsogolera ku mtundu wa kusungidwa kwa chuma kozikidwa pa kusungidwa kwa chuma. Magulu a kusintha zinthu m'dziko lonse tsopano akuchirikiza zida zoyendera zoyendera ndi mautumiki a pasadakhale kukhala njira zopezera ndalama. Bail Reformation Act ya 1984, imene imalola oweruza a boma kukana kotheratu oimbidwawo, adzutsanso mafunso onena za kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko cha anthu onse ndi ufulu. Mkambirano wa pa maliro wosintha zinthu umasonyeza kulimba kopitirizabe pakati pa zipambano za chiwongosoko ndi zopindulitsa za dongosolo la chiweruzo.
Zoipa Zopambanitsa: Kupindula ndi Ndalama
Alonda achiŵiri oletsa kulipira ndalama zochuluka, kutsimikizira kuti chilango cha ndalama nchofanana ndi mlanduwo. Pamene kuli kwakuti makonzedwe ameneŵa poyamba sanalandire chisamaliro chachiweruzo chochepa kuposa chinzake, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba 2019 mu Timbs v. Indiana . anatsimikiziranso kufunika kwake. Mlanduwo unavomereza kuti malamulo opambanitsawo akugwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera ku Programme ya 145 Demement Claus, kuphatikizaponso makonzedwe ena a Bill of Rights à la boma. Nkhaniyo inaloŵetsamo mwamuna amene anali ndi dziko lake la Indiana Reverse pambuyo pa mlandu wa mankhwala ogodomalitsa amene analipo. Khotilo linapeza kuti laku linalo lolakwa ndi kulakwa kwa Khirine.
Chigamulo cha mathithi chili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa machitachita a chuma a anthu, amene akhala akusulizidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali monga njira yosungitsira lamulo kubweretsa ndalama pa zoikizira za katundu. Maboma ayankha ndi mamlingo osiyanasiyana a kusintha, koma nyumba ya malamulo yokhazikitsidwa ndi Timbs imatetezera boma mopambanitsa. Ndalama zochulukitsitsa zimagwiranso ntchito pa zigamu zaupandu, makhoti, ndi zilango zina za ndalama zimene zingapereke anthu ndi ngongole yowachititsa chilema pambuyo pomaliza milandu yawo. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba likupitirizirabe ku kulinganiza kwake kwa jupricide, mapangano abwino kwambiri otetezera chiŵiro chachuma.
Zilango Zankhanza ndi Zachilendo: Muyezo Wosintha wa Chinyengo
Gawo lachitatu ndi lokhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri la Kusintha kwa Eighth Remendment limaletsa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Mawu ameneŵa akhala nkhani ya kumasulira kokulira kwa milandu, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba likukhazikitsa muyezo umene ukusintha ndi "miyezo yosinthasintha ya makhalidwe abwino a anthu" ( Trop v. Dulles [[FL:1]], 356 U.S. 86, 1958). Khoti latchula mfundo zingapo zoletsa zimenezi: Zilango siziyenera kukhala zankhanza kapena zowopsa kwa chikumbumtima, ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi kulakwa, ndipo ziyenera kutumikira zolinga zoyenerera monga chilango, kubwezera, kubwerera mlandu, ndi kukonza.
M'mbiri, zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo zinadziŵika kuti zimaletsa njira zina za chilango, monga ngati kuwotchedwa pamtengo, kujambula ndi kugwetsa, ndi mitundu ina ya kuzunza imene inali yofala ku England wachisanu ndi chitatu. Komabe, kumasulira kwamakono kwakula kuphatikiza osati njira zokha komanso ukulu ndi chilango chokhudzana ndi upandu. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti mawuwo akugwira ntchito ponse paŵiri pa utali wa chigamulo cha ndende ndi mikhalidwe imene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo ofunika pa nkhani zochokera ku ndende yochuluka kwambiri kuchipatala kwa akaidi.
Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yoposa Milandu ya Khoti ndi Chiyambukiro Chake
Lipi la Imfa: [[FLT: 0] Furman [[FULT:1] ndi [[MLT:2]
Mwinamwake palibe mbali ya Seth Amendment jurisprudency yomwe yakhala yotsutsana kwambiri kuposa chilango cha imfa. Furman v. Georgia [772], Khoti Lapamwamba logawikana kwambiri linagonjetsa malamulo onse a imfa mu United States, mwamphamvu kukhazikitsa chilango cha dziko lonse cha chilango cha imfa. Chigamulo cha lamulo chinatsagana ndi malingaliro asanu ndi anayi osiyana, kusonyeza malingaliro opotonza a kulakwa kwa lamulo la chilango cha imfa. Malamulo olamulira, makamaka aja a Zoweruza Brennan ndi Marshall, anatsutsa kuti chilango cha imfa chinali chosachitidwa mwankhanza ndi chilango chankhanza. Chiweruzo chinanso, ngakhale kuti sichinapereke chilango cha imfa, china sichinaonedwe ndi kuphwanya lamulo lachigamuchimo, ndipo china china china chinamwana.
Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, [[FLT: 0] Gregb v. Georgia[FLT : 1] [77], Khoti linachirikiza malamulo obwezera imfa omwe anapereka chilango cha imfa chotsogolera ndi kulinganiza. Khotilo linanena kuti chilango cha imfa chingakhale chalamulo ngati chigwiritsidwa bwino ndi mosasintha. Chigamulochi chinayala njira ya chilango cha imfa ku United States ndi kukhazikitsa maziko oŵerengera malamulo ovomerezeka kuti chilango cha imfa chikhaleko. Nkhani zasintha maziko ameneŵa, ndi khotilo: Chilango cha imfa sichingaperekedwe kwa anthu osadziŵa kanthu ([FLT:]]. Virginia v [FLT3], 2002], pa anainjini [FFFOR:] [4].FFFF], kapena kuti chigalamuliro cha moyo: [5], kapena kuti chiphatikize za moyo:[3]
Mlandu ndi Chiweruzo cha Anthu Opanda Chilungamo
Chikalata cha Opaleshoni Yachisanu ndi chitatu chakhalanso ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kuweruza ana opalamula. Graham v. Florida (2010), Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti moyo wopanda chilango cha milandu yopanda kudziletsa yochitidwa ndi achichepere uli wosagwirizana. Khoti linalingalira kuti achichepere ngosayenerera kwambiri kuposa achikulire chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kutha kwa ntchito ndi kukhoza kwawo kusintha. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, m'malangizo a [FLT:] Miller. Alabama v [20]], Khoti linawonjezera kuphana, kuchititsa moyo wopanda zigamu za ana. Malamulowo sanaletsepo mlanduwo.
Zigamulo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri opalamula milandu akuona kuti malamulo a Eighth Amendment ndi ogwirizana, makamaka achinyamata ophwanya malamulo. Khotili lagogomezera kuti ana ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi akuluakulu ndipo boma liyenera kuchititsa kusiyana kumeneku popereka chilango. Zigamulo zimenezi zakhala zofunika kwambiri: Ana zikwizikwi ophwanya malamulo aipidwa, ndipo ambiri amasulidwa pa zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pomangidwa. Kukula kwa ubongo kwachititsa kuti pakhale maziko ochititsa chidwi a zochitika za malamulo ameneŵa, kutsimikizira kuti masinthidwe a malingana ndi sayansi a Achisanu ndi chitatu.
Mikhalidwe ya M’ndende ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chitatu
Mpando wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo wa 88 umakhazikitsanso mathayo kwa akuluakulu a ndende kupereka mikhalidwe yaumunthu. Estelle v. Gamble [1976], Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti "kunyalanyaza zosoŵa za odwala zowopsa za akaidi" kumakhala chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Muyezo umenewu umafuna kusonyeza kuti akuluakulu a ndende amadziŵa ndi kunyalanyaza ngozi yopambanitsa ku thanzi la munthu kapena kutetezeka. Khoti lagwiritsira ntchito muyezo ku mikhalidwe yonga ngati kuchulukitsa, chakudya chosakwanira, kutetezera kuzizira kopambanitsa, ndi kulephera kutetezera akaidi kumenyedwa ndi kumenyedwa ndi akaidi ena.
Posachedwapa, Khoti lakhala likulimbana ndi nkhani yakuti kaya mikhalidwe ya ndende imene imalephera kunyalanyaza mwadala ingaswebe Lamulo Laikulu. Brown v. Plata (2011], Khoti linachirikiza lamulo lapansi la khoti lofuna kuti California achepetse chiŵerengero chake cha ndende kuti achepetse ndi kuwongolera chisamaliro cha mankhwala ndi maganizo. Khotilo linapeza kuti kulephera kwa boma kupereka chisamaliro chokwanira kunachititsa "kuvutika ndi imfa" ndi kuti mankhwalawo, pamene kuli kwakuti anali oyenerera kuchirikiza ufulu wa malamulo. Nkhani imeneyi ikugogomezera kukula kwa kuchepetsa ndi kulephera kwa dongosolo la za malamulo aupandu.
Kutsutsana kwa Patsogolo ndi Mafunso Osathetsedwa
Kutsekeredwa M’ndende Kokha ndi Chilango cha Maganizo
Imodzi ya nkhani zazikulu kwambiri za Kusintha kwa Amisinkhu Yamakono ndiyo kutsekeredwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala atsimikizira kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa maganizo kochititsidwa ndi kusungulumwa kokulira, kuphatikizapo kupsinjika maganizo, nkhaŵa, ziwonekedwe, ndi kudzipha. United Nations Special Rapporteur pa Kuzunza kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa masiku oposa 15 monga mtundu wa kuzunza. Ngakhale zili choncho, akaidi zikwizikwi mu United States amatsekedwa m’ndende kwa miyezi kapena ngakhale zaka.
Khoti Lalikulu silinafotokoze mwachindunji za kutsekeredwa kwa munthu payekha kwa nthaŵi yaitali pansi pa Demetrition yachisanu ndi chitatu. Makhoti ang’onoang’ono apeza mfundo zosiyana, ndipo anapeza kuti kudzipatula kokulirako kungawonongetse chigawo cha Eighth Amendment pamene chikuchititsa kupweteka kwakukulu kwa maganizo ndi ena oimira oyang’anira ndende. Nkhani yakuti kaya kutsekeredwa kokha kuli kwankhanza ndi chilango chachilendo imadalira pa zifukwa zingapo, kuphatikizapo utali wa kukhala pawekha, mikhalidwe ya kutsendekera, ndi mkhalidwe wa maganizo a wochita kusungidwa. Pamene sayansi ya kakhalidwe kachitidwe ka zinthu kakupitirizabe kutsimikizira kuvulaza kwa kutsendekera kwa munthu payekha, chitsenderezo cha khoti chiwonje chikhoza kuwonjezereka.
Mafire, Anyani, ndi Okongola Ngongole Amakono
Kudutsana kwa Eight Empline ndi kuchititsa umphaŵi kukhala chinthu chachikulu chopatulidwa ndi kusinthika kwa lamulo. Maboma ambiri ndi makampani amakakamiza kulipiritsa, kulipirira, ndi kuweruza milandu kwa oimbidwa mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kukhoza kwawo kulipira. Pamene anthu sangathe kulipira ndalama zimenezi, angaikidwe m’ndende, malensinsinsinsi a oyendetsa galimoto awo ataletsedwa, kapena kuyang'anizana ndi zotsatira zina. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zikufanana ndi matembenuzidwe amakono a ndende za aupandu, zimene Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likuwona kuti siziri zoyenerera.
Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka chitsogozo pa nkhani imeneyi. Bearden v. Georgia [193], khoti linatsutsa kuti khoti silingathe kuchotsapo mwadala kugamula ndi kuchititsa woimbidwa mlandu amene wapanga zoyesayesa za kulipira ndalama koma wosakhoza kulipira. Komabe, Khoti silinathetse mokwanira nkhani ya pamene kulinganiza ndi ndalama zake zokhazo zikuswa malamulo a Leveni. Tims [FLT], ngakhale kuti n’kofunika, silinayambitse mayeso otsimikizirika odziŵira pamene chokoma ndi "Skitsatsa." Khoti lakhala lovuta kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotsogolera, kutulukapo, monga kuyendetsa njira yopitira. Monga momwe kuyendetsa zinthu zamalonda, kuwonjezera, kuyendetsa ntchito ndalama zaunjinga m'za zaumboni zauchiganiza.
Kulinganiza kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chitatu m’Malingaliro Oyerekezera
Chitetezero cha Edzi, ngakhale kuti ndi cha ku America, chimagwirizana ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu apadziko lonse. Mfundo 5 ya Chilengezo cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights imaletsa "kuzunza kapena nkhanza, kuchitiridwa nkhanza kapena chilango kapena chilango. Mofananamo, pangano la International Pangano pa Zoyenera za Chiŵeniŵeni ndi zandale, limene United States ndi chipani, lili lankhanza, lankhanza, lauchiwere, kapena lakululu. Maiko ena ambiri atsatira malamulo alamulo otsatiridwa pa Eighth Amereka, ndi makhoti achilendo kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula American Externet Reformation justruption m'zigamu yawo.
Mokondweretsa, United States yapatulidwa m'chilango chake cha imfa chopitirizabe pakati pa mademokrase a Kumadzulo. European Union yachotsa chilango cha imfa ndipo ikufuna kuti mamembala aichite motero monga mkhalidwe wa kukhala mamembala. United Nations mobwerezabwereza yaitana kaamba ka kutsendereza kwa padziko lonse pa kupha. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo Lapamwamba silinakhale ndi chilango cha imfa kuti likhale lopanda lamulo la lamulo, chikhoterero cha American jurisprudency chakhala cha kuchepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake. Chiŵerengero chochepa cha kupha ndi kupha anthu mu United States chisonyeza kusudzutsa kokulira, chimene chimagwirizana ndi " miyezo yosasinthasintha ya ufulu" imene khoti lazindikiritsidwa kukhala ndandanda ya mamendulo a Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Kulenjezedwa kwa Mayere.
Kuyerekezera mayiko kukhoza kukhala kothandizanso m’madera ena. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ali ndi zigamulo zazifupi kwambiri kuposa United States, ngakhalenso milandu yaikulu. Khoti la Germany Federal Constitution laona kuti mfundo ya kulinganiza zikufuna kuti zigamulo zisakhale zosakulirapo, ndi kuti boma likhale ndi udindo wolimbikitsa kubwezeretsa olakwa. Malamulo ameneŵa amayendera limodzi ndi mfundo za Eighth Amendment pa kulinganiza ndi kuchiritsa kwa anthu, ngakhale ngati zotsatira zake n’zosiyana. Makhoti a ku America akupitiriza kuyambitsa chiphunzitso cha Seveni, angapeze phindu poganizira mmene mitundu ina yayankhirira mafunso ofanana.
Mafunsidwe Ogwira Ntchito a Opereka Chikalata cha Malamulo
Kwa maloya, oweruza, ndi opanga malamulo, Serth Amendment imapereka chida champhamvu chopezera chilango chochuluka kapena chosayerekezereka. Maloya oteteza boma nthaŵi zonse amakweza milandu ya mayeso a 8h Amendment pokhudzana ndi ndalama zoyendetsera boma, kulipira malipo, kugamula, ndi kutsekedwa. Mavuto opambana angapangitse kuchepetsa zigamulo, kuwongolera, kapena ngakhale kuphwanya malamulo aupandu. Opha anthu ndi opanga malamulo, ayenera kutsimikizira kuti chilango chimene afuna kapena atsatira malamulowo atsatitsatitsate. Kulephera kuchita zimenezi kungabweretse zigamu, kusintha zikhulupiriro, ndi kuvulaza mbiri.
Chikalata cha Edzi chija cha bungwe la Supremet chija chathandizanso pa zigamulo za pambuyo pa kugamulidwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa mayeso. Anzake amene akutumikira zigamulo zimene zikuswa Sevenih Amendment angaone ngati chigamulocho n’choyenera kuipidwa kapena kumasulidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti Sevenih Amendment imakhazikitsa malire ochepetsera utali wa zigamu za ndende, makamaka kwa achinyamata ophwanya malamulo ndi osakhala achiwawa. Oimira onyamula zigamulo zoyang'anizira zigamu zautali ayenera kutsimikizira mosamalitsa kuti chigamulocho chimaswa malamulo ogwirizana ndi kuunika kwa sayansi ya kugaŵana ndi kukonza kwa zinthu.
Mapeto: Kulandiridwa Kokhalitsa kwa Lamulo la Kusintha kwa Kusanu ndi Kutatu
Chisinthiko cha 88 si chinthu cha m'mbiri. Ndi makonzedwe a moyo amene amapitirizabe kuumba dongosolo lachiweruzo la apandu a ku America m’njira zakuya. Kuyambira pa belo mpaka ku malo operekera chilango, malamulo ake a kulinganiza, ulemu, ndi mtundu wa anthu amatumikira monga kupenda kosalekeza mphamvu ya boma. Kusinthika kwa chisinthiko kwa nthaŵi yaitali kumasonyeza kudzipereka kwachikhalidwe ku chilungamo ndi kuzindikira kuti muyezo wa kutsungula ndiko mmene umachitira ndi awo amene atsatira lamulolo.
Pamene United States ikulimbana ndi choloŵa cha kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kusiyana kwa mafuko popereka chilango, ndi mkangano wopitirizabe wa chilango cha imfa, Malamulo a Eighth Amendment adzakhalabe pakati pa kukambitsirana. Chinenero chake chosinthika, chozikidwa koma chosasiidwa ndi mbiri yakale, chimalola kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yatsopano ndi chidziŵitso chatsopano. Kaya funsolo ndilo kuikidwa kwa lamulo kwa kuikidwa kwa munthu payekha kwanthaŵi yaitali, kuphwanya ndalama zobedwa, kapena kuphedwa kwa anthu odwala matenda aakulu a maganizo, Sengleh Amendment imapereka njira yopendera mfundo zoyenerera zoyenerera za chilango ndi zoyenera za oimbidwa mlanduwo.
Pomalizira pake, Demendment yachisanu ndi chitatu imapereka lingaliro losavuta koma lakuya: kuti ngakhale polondola chilungamo, boma liyenera kuchitira munthu aliyense ulemu ndi ulemu. Lingaliro limeneli, lobadwa m'zochitika za malamulo a Chingelezi ndi loyengedwa kwa zaka mazana aŵiri a ku America, lidakali maziko a kudzipereka kwa mtunduwo ku lamulo. Monga momwe chitaganya chikupitirizirabe kusintha, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Eighth Amendment, kutsimikizira kuti chitetezo chake chikhalabe chofunika kwa mibadwo yambiri ikudza.
Kwa awo ofuna kufufuza za Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Eleah juning, LGELT Information Institute ku Cornell Law School imasunga kupenda kwabwino kwa malemba ndi kumasulira. Project pa Chicago-Kentule ya Chilamulo imapereka mafotokozedwe aakulu a milandu yaikulu ya Khoti lalikulu, kuphatikizapo yokhudza Kusintha kwa Mipatu ya Achisanu ndi Chicheŵa. Kuwonjezerapo, [[FLT:] Chigawo chachibalbe chachi [1] Chikalata cha Chigwirizano chimapereka chuma pa kuweruza chisankhiritso ndi kumenyana ndi chilango chankhanza yosachitidwabedwa mu United States.