Mpumulo Wachisanu ndi chitatu: Chikhomezi Cholimba pa Nkhondo Yofuna Kulingana

Chikalata cha 13 Commission ku United States, chomwe chinavomerezedwa pa December 6, 1865, chili chimodzi cha zinthu zosintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Mwa kuthetsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo waufulu / kungopereka chilango cha upandu . Imalongosolanso tanthauzo la ufulu ndi ulemu wa anthu m’dzikolo. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe, kuzindikira kukula kwa kukonza zinthu kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse ufulu wa anthu a ku America ndi kulimbana kopitirizabe ndi kusalingana kwa dongosolo la zinthu. Nkhaniyi ikufufuzanso mizu ya mbiri, mfundo zalamulo, ndi kuthandizira kwamakono kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo, kupereka lingaliro lokwanira la kulimba kwake kokhalitsa.

Mbiri Yakale ya Mpumulo wa Khumi ndi Gawo la Kusintha

Mpando wa 13 Sunatuluke m’malo opatulidwa. Unali mapeto a zaka makumi ambiri a kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe, nkhondo zandale, ndi nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni. Pofika chapakati pa zaka za zana la1919, ukapolo unali utakhazikika kwambiri m'zachuma ndi chitaganya chakummwera, pamene mawu oletsa ku North North anakula. Missouri Yololera mu 1820, Kulolerana kwa 1850, ndi Kansasbraska Act ya 1854 onse anayesa kugonjetsa kuwonjezereka kwa ukapolowo m'magawo atsopano, koma mapangano a ndale zadziko ameneŵa anangotsalira kutsalira malire.

Chisankho cha Abraham Lincoln mu 1860 pa malo ofutukuka otsutsa ukapolo chinasonkhezera maboma 11 a Kummwera kusuntha, kupanga Malo Ofera Opatukana a America . Chimene chinatsatira chinali nkhondo yoipitsitsa m'mbiri ya America . Nkhondo ya Civil (1861-1865). Pamene nkhondoyo inapita patsogolo, Lincoln inayamba kuona osati kokha monga chofunikira chankhondo komanso chofunika cha makhalidwe abwino. Emancipecturation Proclaturance ya January 1, 1863, inalengeza kuti anthu ogwidwa ukapolo m'magalubwi kukhala aufulu, koma inali njira yapale yapanthaŵi ya nkhondo yofikira mwalamulo. Lamulo linafunikira kukwaniritsa ukapolo ndi kuzungulira konse.

Gulu la oletsa kutha kwa nkhondo, lotsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Frederick Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison, ndi Harriet Tubman, anali kukulitsa mphamvu kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kudzipereka kwawo kosatopa kwa kalankhulidwe , zofalitsa, ndi machitidwe otsutsa . adalenga chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi makhalidwe ofunikira kaamba ka kusintha kwa lamulo. Pamene Kusintha kwa khumi ndi atatu kunapitirira nyumba zonse za Congress kumayambiriro kwa 1865 ndipo anavomerezedwa pambuyo pake chaka chimenecho, ilo inaimira mapeto enieni a dongosolo limene linachitira ukapolo mamiliyoni ambiri ndi kuipitsa zolinga za dziko.

  • Gulu la oletsa kutha kwa ulamuliro linakula kwambiri m’zaka makumi ambiri zotsogolera ku kusintha, ndi ziŵerengero zonga Frederick Douglas ndi Sojourner Truth.
  • Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln anachita mbali yaikulu polimbikitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe, ndipo anakhazikitsa Nyumba ya Malamulo yogawanika ndiponso anagwiritsa ntchito likulu lake la ndale kuti alembe mavoti.
  • Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inasonkhezera kusintha kowopsa, ikumakakamiza mtunduwo kuyang’anizana ndi kuwombana kwakukulu pakati pa malamulo ake a ufulu otchulidwa ndi mkhalidwe weniweni wa ukapolo wa anthu.
  • Kupanga mabotolo kunafunikira chivomerezo kuchokera ku maiko atatu mphambu zinayi, chopinga chovuta choperekedwa posachedwapa ndi kufunika kwa kumanganso maboma a Kum’mwera.

Chikalata ndi Malamulo a Mpukutu wa 13

M’buku la nambala 13 la Mpumulo, muli mawu achidule kwambiri amene analembedwa m’njira yochititsa chidwi kwambiri.

" Ukapolo 1. Ukapolo kapena ukapolo wosadzifunira, kusiyapo chilango cha mlandu umene chipanicho chidzakhala cha mlandu, chidzakhala mu United States, kapena malo alionse amene chiyang'aniro chawo. Chigawo 2. Nyumba za malamulo zidzakhala ndi mphamvu yosungitsa nkhaniyi mwa lamulo loyenerera.

Chinenero cha kusintha n’chofala komanso cholondola. Sichimangoletsa ukapolo komanso chimaletsa "ukapolo waufulu," liwu lotanthauza mitundu ya ntchito yokakamiza kuwonjezera pa ukapolo. Kupatulapo chilango cha upandu, ngakhale kuli tero, chinapanga chikho chachikulu chimene chingakhale ndi zotulukapo zazikulu m'nyengo yapambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chilango ndipo chikupitirizabe kuumba mikangano yokhudza kutsekedwa kwa anthu ambirimbiri lerolino.

Chilango ndi Zotulukapo Zake

Chigawo chosiyana ndi [1] . Kusiyapo monga chilango cha upandu umene chipanicho chidzaimbidwa mlandu woyenerera" chinali kulolera kuikidwa kuti chichilikizo ku maRepablican ndi oimira a malire. Panthaŵiyo, ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti chinangosunga ntchito yachilango yomwe inalipo. Komabe, chinatsegula khomo kwa maboma a Kum’mwera kukhazikitsa "Malamulo Oipa" ndipo pambuyo pake "Jim Cirow" malamulo amene anaphwanya malamulo ndiyeno ku maupandu ndi kumanga mabomba achinsinsi, mabomba, ndi njanji. Dongo lino la kugamulako linapititsa patsogolo motsimikizirika ukapolo ku Aafirika m’zaka za zana la 20.

Katswiri wa zamalamulo ndi wolemba mbiri David M. Oshinsky, m'buku lake la Pulitzer Prize-winning Worse Universe Understance , analemba mmene chilango chinagwiritsidwira ntchito kusungitsa ulamuliro wa fuko ndi kudyerera kwa chuma ku South. Choloŵa cha chidule chimenechi chidakali chotsutsana ndi maphunziro amakono a zamalamulo ndi kutsata lamulo.

Mphamvu Zokakamiza ndi Ulamuliro wa Gulu

Chigawo 2 chimapereka mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera kudzera mu "lamulo loyenerera". Mawu ameneŵa anathandiza kwambiri chifukwa chakuti anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma kuloŵerera m'nkhani za boma kuti ateteze ufulu wa anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa anakhazikitsa maziko a lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Civil Rights Act ya 1866, Civil Rights Act ya 1875, ndipo, ngakhale kutali kwambiri, Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964. Mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa za ufulu wa anthu za kutha kwa zaka 13 ndi zitatu za kuwonjezera ndi yoposa ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe chifukwa chakuti siigwira ntchito ya boma lachindunji, imachitanso chida champhamvu molimbana ndi mitundu ya anthu opatulana ndi ntchito yachipani.

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga ndi Nyengo Yakukonzanso

Kusintha kotsatira Kusintha kwa Mpando wa Zaka 13 kunachitika mwamsanga ndi nyengo ya kusintha kwakukulu kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi ndale zotchedwa Reconstructionon (1865-1877). M’nyengo ino, boma linayesa kugwirizanitsa anthu akale muukapolo ndi kukhazikitsa anthu a ku America kukhala nzika zaufulu ndi ufulu wolingana. Kusinthako kunayala njira ya Kukonzanso kwa 1450 (1868), kumene kunatsimikizira kukhala nzika ndi chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa Kombo la 15 (1870), kumene kunaletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha.

Komabe, lonjezo la Reconstructus linatha posachedwapa. Kutuluka kwa asilikali a boma kuchokera ku South mu 1877, kutsatira Kulolera kwa 1877, kunalola maboma a Kum’mwera kubwezeretsa ulamuliro wa oyera mwa chiwawa, kuopseza, ndi lamulo la kukhazikitsa. Chikalata cha kukhazikitsa malamulo cha 13th Demendment chinasiyidwa kwambiri ndi Khoti Lalikulu lomwe linamasulira kutha kwa zinthu ngati [Nyumba] Cases [1873] ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo a za ufulu wa anthu osoŵa, ndi kugaŵana nawo ufulu wa ukapolo. [FLT:] United States v. Crushbank [1] [FLT] [18] 76].

  • Bungwe la Freedmen’s Bureau linakonzanso nkhaniyi ndipo linathandiza anthu amene kale anali akapolo kuti aphunzire, azigwira ntchito komanso kuti atetezedwe.
  • Inatheketsa kutuluka kwa Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1866, chimene chinalengeza kuti anthu onse obadwa ku United States anali nzika mosasamala kanthu za fuko lawo.
  • Chikalata cha lamulo losungitsa chikho chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutokosa Malamulo Olabura − malamulo amene analetsa ufulu ndi kuyenda kwa Aafirika ku South.
  • Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo kumeneku, kulephera kwa kusinthako kunawonekera monga maiko a Kum’mwera anapeza njira zatsopano zolamulirira ntchito ya Black ndi kutsendereza mphamvu zandale zadziko za Black.

Mpumulo Wachisanu ndi Chitatu ndi Mabungwe Ochirikiza Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Amakono

Anthu omenyera ufulu wa anthu, maloya, ndi oweruza ayesa kutsutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tsankho ndi kukakamiza anthu kuti atsatire mfundo zake.

Gulu la Chigwirizano cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe la m’ma 1950 ndi 1960

Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo 14 ndi 15 anali kaŵirikaŵiri pa malo apakati a malamulo a nkhondo za Chivomezi, Chisinthiko cha 13th Amendment chinatumikira monga chikalata cha maziko chimene chinagogomezera kusayenerera kwa makhalidwe abwino a kukhala pansi pa fuko. Atsogoleri onga Martin Luther King Jr. ndi mabungwe onga ngati NAACP adalemba pa lonjezo la kukonzanso ufulu wapadziko lonse la kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu, kutsutsa ufulu wa anthu, kuchotsapo kugwiritsa ntchito chuma. M'nkhani yake yotchuka "I I Halore Decrony", Mfumu inadzutsa mawu a promission of Constitution ndi Declation , koma chimaketso choyamba cha kukwaniritsa lonjezo la anthu a ku America.

Magulu Amakono: Miyoyo Yakuda Ili Yofunika ndi Yoposapo

M’zaka za zana la 21, Azankhulo a 13 adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya kukhazikitsa malamulo monga Black Lives Conficiency, yomwe ikugogomezera kuchuluka kwa tsankho la mafuko m'dongosolo la milandu. Chilango cha kubwezera chakhala maziko kwa osuliza kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, amene amatsutsa kuti kuchotsapo ntchito yachilango kwakhala kochititsa kulowa ukapolo wamakono. Malinga ndi malamulo a ndende, anthu oposa 1.9 miliyoni amamangidwa ku United States, ndi Black America omangidwa pafupifupi nthaŵi zisanu. Kusintha kwa malamulo 13 kwa malamulo a boma kupitirizabe kukhala mfundo ya kutsutsana kwa lamulo ndi malamulo, monga momwe madongosolo a ndende a ntchito m'mayiko ambiri opereka antchito olembedwa ntchito pa olembedwa 1.

Filimu yakanema ya 13th[FLT :1] (2016) yolembedwa ndi Ava DuVernay inabweretsa chisamaliro cha anthu ku nkhani imeneyi, ikupeza njira yachindunji kuchokera ku chilango cha chilango cha kumbuyo kwa kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri. Filimuyo inatsutsa kuti dongosolo la chiweruzo laupandu lagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chiŵiya cholamulira fuko, mokhutiritsa kusonkhezera kugonjetsedwa kumene [Aththmendmed] adafuna kutha.

Mavuto a Malamulo ndi Malo Atsopano

Milandu yamakono ikupitirizabe kuyesa malire a Kusintha kwa Zaka 13. Makhoti agwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera milandu yokhudza kuzembetsa anthu, kukakamiza anthu kugwira ntchito, ndi ngongole. Khoti Lalikulu la Tchalitchi la Magazi Oteteza M'mabwinja mu 2000 ndi kulembedwanso kwake kumbuyoku kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za Congress pansi pa Gawo 2 kuti athetse ukapolo wamakono. [FLT: 0] United States v. Kozminski [1] (1988), Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti malamulo a kukhazikitsanso malamulo a Boma amaletsa mitundu yonse ya ukapolo waufulu, kaya ya anthu kapena ya anthu ena, ndi kuti boma lingapereke mlandu anthu amene amakakamizidwa kugwira ntchito mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena mwalamulo.

  • Kusintha kumeneku kwakhala kukuthandiza kuti anthu asiye kugwiritsa ntchito ngongole komanso kuti azikhala ndi ndalama zambiri, makamaka anthu ogwira ntchito m’mayiko ena komanso alimi.
  • Magulu aukapolo onga National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation apempha kukonzanso m’mikhalidwe yoloŵetsamo kuungika, akumanena kuti zofunika zoterozo zimapanga ukapolo waufulu.
  • Kukonzanso kumeneku kumapereka maziko a lamulo loletsa kulanda, kulola boma kuweruza awo amene amapeza phindu m’kukakamiza ndi kugulitsa chisembwere.
  • Akatswiri a zamalamulo afufuza kaya ngati kusinthako kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa nkhani zonga za ntchito yausilikali yokakamiza kapena kugwirira ntchito pamodzi popanda malipiro, ngakhale kuti mikangano imeneyi idakali yotsutsana.

Kuvomereza Kwapanthaŵi Ino: Kusalingana Kwathu m’Zaka za Zana la 21

Chikalata cha Okonzanso cha 13 chikukhalabe chofunika kwambiri pamene United States ikulimbana ndi kusalingana kwaufuko ndi kwachuma. Choloŵa chake chimaonekera m'mikangano yokhudza kukonzanso chilungamo, ufulu wa antchito, ndi kugulitsa anthu. Kumvetsa tanthauzo la kusintha kopitirizabe kumafuna kupenda mmene makonzedwe ake akupitirizira kuumba malamulo ndi chitaganya cha America.

Kupereka Chilango kwa Anthu Ambiri ndi Chilango cha Claus

Nkhani yamakono yotsutsana kwambiri yokhudza Kusintha kwa zinthu kwa 13 ndi yokhudza kutsekeredwa kwa anthu ambirimbiri. Chilango chimene chimalola ukapolo waufulu monga chilango kwa munthu wolakwa, chakhazikitsa lamulo limene anthu omangidwa angakakamizidwe kugwira ntchito pa malipiro ochepa kapena osalipidwa. M’mayiko ambiri, ntchito ya ndende imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira katundu ndi mautumiki amene amapikisana ndi makampani a anthu wamba, kupangitsa ndalama zambiri kuti zikhale malo owongolera zinthu. Otsutsa atsutsa akuti njira imeneyi ikupanga mtundu wa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa boma kopanda malipiro.

Maboma angapo akhazikitsa lamulo loletsa malamulo awo kuletsa mwachindunji ukapolo m’mikhalidwe yonse, kuphatikizapo chilango cha upandu. Colorado, Nebraska, Utah, Alabama, Oregon, Tennessee, ndi Vermont onse apanga njira zochotsera mawu otsalira ku malamulo a boma lawo. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kumasonyeza kuzindikira kowonjezereka kuti njira ya Kusintha ya 135 ya kusinthika ikutsutsana ndi miyezo yamakono ya ulemu wa munthu ndi kulingana.

Ufulu wa Ntchito ndi Chiweruzo cha Zachuma

Kuletsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ukapolo kwaufulu kuli ndi tanthauzo la ufulu wa antchito kupyola pa dongosolo la ndende. Mapangano onena za mikhalidwe ya ntchito, kuba, ndi kukakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula malamulo a Hadth Amendment. Lingaliro la "ukapolo" lagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi ochirikiza ntchito yokakamiza kuti afanane pakati pa ntchito yodyerera ndi kuletsa kwaufulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti atsutsa kaŵirikaŵiri mikangano yakuti malipiro otsika kapena mikhalidwe ya antchito yosathandiza imakhala ukapolo, kusintha kwa ntchito kwakhala ndi maziko a makhalidwe abwino ndi lamulo la kuchirikiza chilungamo chachuma.

Kuzembetsa anthu kudakali vuto losatha ku United States ndi padziko lonse. Bungwe la International Labor Organization likuyerekezera kuti anthu oposa 40 miliyoni padziko lonse amavutika ndi ukapolo wamakono, kuphatikizapo kukakamizidwa kugwira ntchito ndi kukakamiza ukwati. Mpando wa 133 unakhazikitsa maziko a malamulo a U.S. olimbana ndi kuzembetsa malonda, ndipo Nyumba za Malamulo zagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zosungitsa lamulo limene limalepheretsa kugulitsa ndi kuchirikiza opulumuka. Mabungwe onga ngati Polarisis ndi Coalition to Abolish Slacy and Traffking (CAST) amagwira ntchito yodziŵira ndi kuthandiza anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi kulembedwa ndi kuthamangitsa.

Kusankhana Malo ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Pamene kuli kwakuti Kusintha kwa 13th Amendment kunathetsa mwalamulo ukapolo, sikunathetse mapangidwe a atsogoleri aukapolo a fuko amene adapanga. Malonjezo a ufulu anawonongeka ndi kugaŵana, tsankho, ndi kudyerera chuma zimene zinapitirizabe zaka zoposa zana limodzi pambuyo pa kupekedwa kwake. Choloŵa cha kusintha kumeneku kosatha chikuonekabe m'mipata ya anthu aufuko, maphunziro, thanzi, ndi chilungamo cha apandu. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Economic Policy Institute, chuma cha mabanja a azungu chili pafupifupi nthaŵi zisanu ndi zitatu zimene mabanja a anthu akuda a kukuda. Mabanja ameneŵa sachita ngozi ndi machitidwe akuti malamulo ndi kuti malamulo a kukonza malamulowo anali olinganizidwa kuletsa koma osatha, sakanatha kutha, kutha, kutha kwa iwo eni.

  • Kusinthako kumapereka chikumbutso chakuti kusintha kwa lamulo kokhako nkosakwanira kukwaniritsa kulingana kwa anthu ndi anthu ndi chuma nkofunikanso.
  • Mabungwe a Grasroot monga la Aumelt Justice Initive amatsatira mfundo za mu 113 za m’bukuli pofuna kutsutsa chisalungamo cha mtundu wina ndiponso kutsekera anthu ambiri m’ndende.
  • Chikalata cha lamulo la lamulo la kusungitsa chimapereka maziko a lamulo kaamba ka kachitidwe ka boma ka kuthetsa tsankho la dongosolo, ngakhale kuti kuthekera kwake konseko kukukhalabe kosatsimikizirika.
  • Mfundo za ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Chikalata Cholengeza za Universal of Human Rights, zikugwirizana ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimene zili mu Lamulo la 13 la Ulamuliro wa pa Dziko Lonse.

Njira Zophunzitsira za Kuphunzitsa Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Pansi pa Khumi ndi Matatu

Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa za Lamulo la 13 kumapereka mpata wofunsa ophunzira mafunso ovuta okhudza ufulu, chilungamo, ndi ntchito yosamalizidwa ya demokrase. Njira yothandiza si kungoloweza masiku ndi malemba, kulimbikitsa ophunzira kuti alimbikire kutsutsana ndi nkhani za mbiri yakale, kulephera kwake, ndi kufunika kwake.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Maziko Aakulu

Mabuku oyambirira amathandiza ophunzira kupeza mawu ndi mikangano yakale. [Frederick:0] National Archives imapereka makope ogwirizana a Demendment yoyambirira ya 13th Amendment , limodzi ndi zolembedwa za msonkhano, makalata, ndi nkhani za pa mkangano wa ratiation. Nkhani za Douglas, monga ngati mawu ake a "Zimene Mnyama Amafuna," zimapereka chidziŵitso champhamvu m’ziyembekezo ndi zoyembekezeredwa ndi anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo.

Kuyerekezera mawu a mu Demetrip ya 13 ndi Emancipation Proclation kumathandiza ophunzira kuona kusiyana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa nkhondo ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a boma kwachikhalire. Kusanthula Malamulo Akuda operekedwa ndi maboma a Kum’mwera mu 1865-18666 kumasonyeza mmene lonjezo la kukonzanso zinthu linatsutsidwira mwamsanga. Mabukuwa amathandiza ophunzira kuzindikira kuti mbiri si nkhani wamba ya kupita patsogolo koma malo opikisana ndi masomphenya.

Kutsutsana Kolimbikitsa ndi Maganizo Osuliza

Kodi lamulo loletsa chilango liyenera kuchotsedwa pa malamulo a boma ngati munthu ali kapolo wamakono? Kodi boma liyenera kuonetsetsa kuti lonjezo la ufulu likhale loona kuti ndi lolondola? Mafunso ameneŵa alibe mayankho osavuta, koma kulephera nawo kuwathandiza ophunzira kukhala ndi luso lofufuza ndi kumvetsa bwino mfundo za malamulo.

Ntchito zothandizira zikhoza kukhala zothandiza kwambiri. Ophunzira angagwire ntchito monga akatswiri okambirana za kukonzanso zinthu mu 1865, kapena ochirikiza ntchito zapandende zimene zakhala zikusintha.

Kufufuza Zinthu Zotchuka za M’madzi

Zofalitsa za media zingabweretsere ophunzira moyo. Kaseti [[FLT: 0] ya 13th ilipo pa Netflix ndipo imapereka kufufuza kochititsa chidwi kwa choloŵa cha kukonza. Mavidiyo achidule kuchokera ku magwero onga PBS, History Channel, kapena Constitution Center akupereka mayambiriro osavuta a mbiri ndi tanthauzo la mbiri. Nthaŵi ndi mapu a mapulogalamu angathandize ophunzira kuona kufalikira kwa ukapolo, njira ya Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, ndi njira ya nkhondo ya m'chaka.

Mapepala onga [[FLT :0] Scene pa Radio [FLT :1] "Kuona White" mpambo ndi ] ku NPLT [3] kumapereka m'kufufuza kochokera ku kutsata kwa mbiri ya kusiyana kwa mafuko mu United States. Zopereka zimenezi zingawonjezere makambitsirano a m'kalasi ndi kupereka mfundo zambiri kwa ophunzira okhala ndi maluso osiyanasiyana a kuphunzira.

Kugwirizanitsa Zakale ndi Zamakono

Njira imodzi yamphamvu kwambiri yophunzitsira Owonjezera a 13 ndi kugwirizanitsa mfundo za m'makope a masiku ano. Kufufuza nkhani zokhudza kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kukambirana zimene zikuchitika panopa kuti athetse ntchito ya ukaidi, kapena kupenda milandu ya anthu amakono asintha, kumathandiza ophunzira kuona kuti kukonza zinthu sikuli chabe mbiri komanso ndi chikalata chamoyo chokhala ndi mfundo zogwira ntchito. Kuphunzira ntchito zimene zikugwirizana ndi mabungwe a m’dzikolo amene akukonza zachilungamo kapena kuletsa kugulitsa anthu kukhoza kupatsa ophunzira mwayi wochita nawo zinthu zimenezi.

Chiweruzo chotsimikizirika Initive chimapereka chuma chamaphunziro ndi chokumana nacho champhamvu cha m'myuziyamu ku Montgomery , Alabama, chimene chikusonyeza mbiri ya kusalingana kwa mafuko kuyambira ku ukapolo mpaka kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri. Lipoti lawo la choloŵa cha ukapolo ndi kufunika kwa choonadi ndi kuyanjanitsidwa limapereka maziko odziŵira Kusintha kwa zaka khumi m'ma 13 monga mbali yaikulu ya nkhondo ndi kulimba mtima.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosaletsedwa ya Ufulu

Demendment ya 13 imakhala imodzi ya zipambano zazikulu koposa m'mbiri ya malamulo a America . Imathetsa mwalamulo kukhazikitsa ukapolo ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti ukapolo waufulu ulibe malo ake m'chitaganya chaufulu. Komabe lonjezo la chiwongolerolo likukhalabe losakwanira. Chilangocho chapanga chopimira chimene chagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 150 kupititsa patsogolo mitundu ya ntchito zokakamiza ndi kugonjera kwa fuko. Chiyeneretso cha kusungitsa, pamene kuli kwakuti nthanthi yaikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri chakhala chochepetsedwa ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo ndi chifuniro chandale zadziko.

Kuzindikira za Kusintha kwa Dziko la 13 kumafuna kuzindikira kufunika kwake kwakukulu ndi malire ake aakulu. Chinali chinthu chofunika koma chosakwanira kuti anthu agwirizane paufuko ndi chuma. Ntchito yomanga chitaganya chimene chimatsatira lonjezo la ufulu wapadziko lonse ikupitirizabe lerolino. Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa Kukonzanso Kochita zinthu za Mpambo kwa khumi ndi zitatu sikuli kungogwiritsira ntchito kupenda mbiri. Chili chilengezo kwa ophunzira kuti adziŵe ndi kukhala nzika zoikizidwa zimene zingapitirire ntchito yosamalizidwa ya chilungamo.

Choloŵa cha Mpambo wa 13 Demendment chikutikumbutsa kuti ufulu sumakhazikika kamodzi konse. Uyenera kutetezeredwa, kumasuliridwa, ndi kufutukulidwa mu mbadwo uliwonse. Mwa kuphunzira mbiri ya kusintha kwa zinthu, zotsatira zake, ndi kufunika kwake kopitirizabe, ife ndi ophunzira athu tidzikonzekeretsa ife eni ndi ophunzira athu kukhala ndi phande m’ntchito yofunika ya demokrase imeneyo.