Kusintha kwa Kuyesa kwa Lemon Pokhazikitsa Ulemu wa Claus

Lemon Subrent Asting imaimira limodzi la malamulo otsutsana kwambiri m'lamulo la America. Choyamba linafotokozedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu 1971, linalinganizidwira kupereka njira yomveka, ya mbali zitatu yopangira boma losemphana ndi kukhazikitsa kwa Claus of the First Amendment. Chikalata cha Council chimalamula kuti "Konsol Sistenapange lamulo lililonse la kukhazikitsa chipembedzo," ndipo mwa kuphatikizapo ndi 145 Demendment, lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito ku boma ndi maboma akwawo. Kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu, Lemon Asting yaumba malire pakati pa tchalitchi ndi boma, ngakhale mafotokozedwe ake ndi kutsata kwake koyenera kuchitika mwalamulo logwirizana.

Magwero ndi Mbiri

Lemon Asten, Bwalo Lapamwamba linali litayamba kale kulimbana ndi nkhani za tchalitchi m'milandu yonga ngati Everson v. Board of Education (1947) ndi Engel v. Vitatelene (1962]). Zigamuzo zimenezi zinakhazikitsa kuti boma silingapereke malamulo othandiza chipembedzo chimodzi, kuthandiza zipembedzo zonse, kapena kukondera chipembedzo pa chipembedzo chosakhala cha chipembedzo. Komabe, Bwalolo linasoŵa chida chosasintha. Mlandulo umene unayambitsa Lemon Dest Island ndi Pennsylvania, kumene boma linapereka ndalama zowonjezera kwa aphunzitsi m'masukulu ambiri, zimene zinali zachipembedzo.

Mu Lemon v. Kurtzman , Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa milandu iŵiriyi ndi kugonjetsa pamodzi malamulo a boma. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren Burger, kulembera anthu ambiri, anapanga mayeso atatu amene akakhala muyeso kwa zaka makumi ambiri: (1) ntchito ya boma iyenera kukhala ndi cholinga cha boma; (2) chiyambukiro chake chachikulu sichiyenera kupita patsogolo kapena kuletsa chipembedzo; ndi (3) sichiyenera kulimbikitsa boma lopambanitsa lonyengedwa ndi chipembedzo. Maprongs atatu ameneŵa anatengedwa kuchokera ku milandu yoyambirira, makamaka [[FLT:]. Khoti la . rhafu [FLT:] (1970]) ndi [FLT:]

Kusweka kwa Mbali Zonse

Progoth: Cholinga Chadziko

Gawo loyamba lifunsa ngati ntchito ya boma imasonyeza chifuno chenicheni cha dziko. Makhoti amapenda cholinga chotchulidwa cha lamulo kapena lamulo, limodzinso ndi cholembedwa cha malamulo ndi nkhani zake. Ngati cholinga chachikulu nchachipembedzo, kachitidweko kalephera mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa bata kwa kanthaŵi m’masukulu a boma kungapose ngati cholinga cha bungwelo ndicho kulimbikitsa kusinkhasinkha kapena kukhazikika, koma kungalephere ngati umboni ukusonyeza cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa pemphero. Khoti Lali Lalikulu lagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, kufuna kuti cholinga cha dziko chikhale [[FL:] conde] cosayenera kupulumuka chifuno chachipembedzo. Malamulo ngati [FLC.F:]

Prong Yachiŵiri: Chiyambukiro Chachikulu

Chigawo chachiŵiri chimasonyeza chiyambukiro chenicheni cha ntchito ya boma. Ngakhale ngati chifuno chiri chakudziko, kachitidweko sikayenera kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu kapena chachikulu cha kukula kapena kuletsa chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo cha sukulu chimene chimalola magulu achipembedzo kugwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya za anthu pambuyo pa maola sichingatsutse kuthekera kumeneku ngati kupezeka kofanana kwa magulu onse a chitaganya. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, sukulu yapoyera imene imachita mwambo wa kumaliza maphunziro pa tchalitchi ingapezedwe kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu cha chipembedzo choluluza. Makhoti amapenda kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe ya anthu, kuphatikizapo mkhalidwe wachipembedzo, mawu a m’nkhani, ndi malingaliro omveka bwino.

Machenjera Atatu: Kumwerekera

Gawo lachitatu limaletsa kutsekerezedwa kopambanitsa pakati pa boma ndi chipembedzo. Chinsinsi chimenechi nchofunika kwambiri pamene boma lipereka ndalama ku magulu achipembedzo. Ngakhale ngati maprogramu aŵiri oyambirirawo akwaniritsa, boma silingathe kuyang'anira kapena kupereka chithandizo chimene chimadzimangira ndi magulu achipembedzo. Mu [FLT] Lemon [1] , Khoti linapeza kuti Pennsylvania ndi Rhode Island zingafunikire kuyang'anirabe aphunzitsi kuti atsimikizire kuti asaphatikizemo zophatikizidwa m'zo zachipembedzo, kupanga zinthu zosayenerera. Komabe, zochitika zotsatirapo zofanana ndi Z. SMM-Hampris .

Kutsatira mfundo za M’mabwalo Aakulu a Tchalitchi

Mpata wa Lemon Surgent wagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’zochitika zosiyanasiyana zenizeni, kuyambira pa pemphero la kusukulu kufikira ku zizindikiro zachipembedzo m’malo a anthu onse.

Pemphero la Sukulu ndi Zochita Zachipembedzo M’masukulu Ophunzitsa Anthu Onse

Mu Lee v. Weisman [FLT :] (1992], Khoti linaletsa kachitidwe ka sukulu ya boma koitana atsogoleri achipembedzo kukapereka mapemphero pa mapwando a kumaliza maphunziro. Ngakhale kuti mlanduwo sunadalire modzidalira pa Lemon Test , mfundo zake zinabwereza: pemphero la boma linali ndi chifuno chachipembedzo ndi chiyambukiro, ndipo linakakamiza ophunzira kutengamo mbali. Momwemo, mu Fependent School Dission Teace v. Dot . [FLT:] [2]] [2000]), Khotilo linaka pemphero la ophunzira lisanachite maseŵera olira mpira monga kuvomereza kwa boma. Zosankha zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ayese kuyesa koyang’ono, ngakhale kuti nkhani zaposachedwapa za maphunziro zangochitika.

Boma Limapereka Ndalama ku Sukulu Zachipembedzo

Lemon Kuyesa kwachita mbali yaikulu m'mikangano ya chithandizo cha chipembedzo. [FLT: 0] Agostini v. Felton [[FLT:] (1997), Khoti linasintha lamulo lopinga, lonena kuti aphunzitsi a pasukulu a boma angapereke malangizo owongolera malo a sukulu zachipembedzo, malinga ngati palibe zofunikira zachipembedzo zimene zinaphunzitsidwa ndi kuyang'anira sizinayambitse kuponderezedwa kopambanitsa. Chigamulo choyambiriracho chinachotsedwa ndi Aulv. Felton[FLT:] (1985]), kuonetsa kulolera kwa nthaŵi. Mlandu kwaposachedwapa, Khoti lakhala ndi mfundo za makhalidwe a chipembedzo, zimene sizingachotseretu njira zake zachipembedzo chifukwa cha kupindula ndi ntchito zawo zachipembedzo. [FUFUS.]

Zizindikiro Zachipembedzo Pachionetsero cha Anthu

Nkhani zophatikizapo kusonyeza zizindikiro zachipembedzo, monga Malamulo Khumi kapena crèche, kaŵirikaŵiri zatembenukira ku Kuyesa kwa Lemon. Lynch v. Donnelly (19984]), Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza chisonyezero cha Krisimasi chomwe chinaphatikiza crèche, kulingalira kuti chionetserocho chinali ndi chifuno cha dziko (kuyang'ana tchuthithi) ndi kuti crèche inali mbali ya chionetsero cha dziko. Mosiyana, mu [FLT:] . ACULT [FL:] [FL:3] [9] (9), Bwalo linagwetsa thanga lalikulu la bwalo lamilandu, silinaipezamo lakudzi lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja, ndipo silinawonetsendetsene ndi kuwongolera kwa Chikristu chakunja.

Kusuliza ndi Zitokoso Poyesedwa ndi Mlandu

Ngakhale kuti anali ndi moyo wautali, bungwe la Lemon Testition linatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi oweruza, akatswiri, ndi ofufuza. Chidandaulo chobwerezabwereza nchakuti mapulongths atatuwo ndi osamveka kwambiri ndipo amalola oweruza kukhazikitsa zofuna zawo. Woweruza Antonin Scalia anafotokoza motchuka mayesowo monga "amene ali pa filimu yoopsa yapamapeto pa usiku womwe mobwerezabwereza yomwe imakhala m’manda ake ndi m’mayiko ena, pamene Woweruza Clarence Thomas wachita kutayatu ntchito yake. Otsutsa akuti kuyesako n’kotsutsa chipembedzo chifukwa nthaŵi zina kumatsutsa machitachita ogwirizana ndi mawu a chipembedzo, monga mapemphero oletsa malamulo kapena zolemba zachipembedzo m'malemba za anthu onse.

Mlandu wina wopinga umakhala wosiyana kwambiri ndi wa khotili, ndipo nthaŵi zina khotilo linaona kuti silingathe kulowa m’dzikolo ngakhale pamene boma linachitapo kanthu, pamene m’mayiko ena linalola kuti anthu azilankhulana kwambiri.

Makampani Owonjezera: Kuyesa Coercion ndi Kusatenga Mbali m’Malamulo a M’zandale

M’kuyankha ku zophophonya zolingaliridwa, oweruza ena achirikiza njira zina. [[FLT: 0] Kuyesa kwa kholo , kogwirizanitsidwa ndi Jasitisi Anthony Kennedy, kumafuna kuti boma lisakakamize aliyense kutengamo mbali m’zochitika zachipembedzo kapena kuchirikiza chikhulupiriro china. Kuyesa kumeneku kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mapemphero a kusukulu monga v. Inism ndipo kwakukulukulukulu mu [[FLT:]] Kreton.V. Bremeton School [FL:5] [2] [2])], pamene Khoti linalamula kuti pemphero lapamwamba la mpira la mpira wa mpira pambuyo pa maseŵera linatetezedwa ndipo silinatsutse chigamulo cha Claston. Mu Chigamu chachikulu cha Chigamu chachikulu cha Chigamulo, Chigamu cha Golmo chotchedwa Gor Golmoti Gon chinenero chogwirizana chotsutsa chozikidwa choyera cha m’mbiri.

Njira ina ndi yakuti [[FLT: 0] saloŵerera m'ndale, yomwe imagogomezera kuti boma liyenera kukhala losaloŵerera m’zipembedzo ndiponso pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chipembedzo. Njira imeneyi imachititsa kuti khoti ligamule Mcreary County v. ACLU[FL:3] (2005], kumene linagwiritsa ntchito njira yofufuzira cholinga kuti liphetse Malamulo Khumi m’makhoti, komanso linadziŵitsa zotsatira zake mu [[FLT:]] Van Orn. v (2005], kumene linasonyezanso matanthauzo ofanana ndi dziko la Capitol anazindikiridwa chifukwa cha malamulo ake a dziko ndi mfundo za dziko. Malamulowo kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala osasintha.

Kusintha kwa Nthaŵi Yatsopano ndi Mtsogolo mwa Kuyesa kwa Lemoni

Lemon Ayesabe dziko la malamulo, koma ulamuliro wake wafooka kwambiri. Legion . American Humanist Association (20: 9), Khoti Lapamwamba linalingalira kuti ndi chikumbutso chachikulu cha nkhondo ya mtanda wooneka bwino chimene chinalipo kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Khotilo linakana kugwiritsira ntchito Lemon Desting m’njira yovuta, m’malo mogogomezera tanthauzo la mbiri yakale ndi chibadwa. Jasitisi Samuel Alito, kulemba za kuchuluka kwa anthu, linapereka lingaliro lakuti kaamba ka kuima kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa zipilala, makhoti ayenera kuyang'ana pa mawu ozungulira ndi oyenerera m’malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo atatu. Mpatuko, Brevauni Kavagh adatsutsa kuti Chitsutso cha Lemon.

Pambuyo pa Kennedy v. Bremento [1] Mu 2022, Khoti linavumbula kuti kukhazikitsa Claus kuyenera kutsogozedwa ndi machitachita ndi mapulinsipulo a mbiri yakale, osati Lemon Suption . Makhoti ambiri aang'ono aleka kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso m’mapangidwe ake a mwambo, ngakhale kuti ena akupitirizabe kutchula kapena zotsatira zake. Monga chotulukapo, Kuyesako kulipo tsopano monga maziko a mbiri yakale mmalo mwa chiphunzitso cholamulira, koma kusamala kwake kwenikweni ponena za chifuno, chiyambukiro, ndi kudziŵitsabe kuweruza m'nkhani m'nkhani zambiri.

Kufuna Aphunzitsi ndi Akatswiri a Malamulo

Kumvetsa Lemon Surgence kudakali kofunika kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m’nkhani za tchalitchi, monga momwe kuliri kugwirira ntchito kwake kosinthika. Sukulu, maboma, ndi magulu achipembedzo ayenerabe kugwiritsa ntchito zoletsa Zoyamba Kusintha, ndi malamulo otsogolera Lemon Suption akupitirizabe kuonekera m’malingaliro olakwika, malamulo a sukulu, ndi kupanga malamulo. Aphunzitsi amene amachirikiza magulu a ophunzira, amalola mawu achipembedzo, kapena kukambirana za m’kalasi ponena za chikhulupiriro ayenera kuzindikira kuti mawu a boma ndi mawu aumwini akutsutsidwa mosiyana ndi kuletsa tsankho la Claus.

Kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito cha Lemon Testition chimapereka maziko a kumvetsetsa mmene khotilo linafikira nkhani zimenezi kwa zaka makumi atatu. Limathandizanso kuneneratu mmene makhoti angalamulire pansi pa zigamulo zatsopano mwa kufunsa ngati kachitidweko kali ndi chifuno cha dziko, kaya ngati kachitidwe kake kake kakuchititsa chipembedzo kukhala chotsekerezeka mopambanitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti mayesowo sali okhwima, magulu ake a mafanizo a zaumulungu amaperekabe njira yothandiza kusanthula malamulo a boma.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosinthasintha

Lemon Supreme Ast yatamandidwa ponse paŵiri chifukwa cha kupereka dongosolo ndi kusulizidwa kukhala kwaukatswiri. Kulephera kwake m'kalankhulidwe ka Khoti Lapamwamba sikumatanthauza kuti kukhazikitsa kwa Claus kwatha. Mmalomwake, Bwalo lakhala ndi njira yoperekera kumbuyo ndi yokakamiza, koma miyezo yaikulu ya uchete wa chipembedzo, chikumbumtima cha munthu payekha, ndi kupeŵa chipembedzo choikidwa ndi boma kupitirizabe kukhala yofunika. Nkhani ya Lemon Testition imasonyeza chitokoso kupitirizabe cha kulinganiza ufulu wachipembedzo ndi chiletso chotsutsana ndi boma.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka ponena za kuyambika kwa Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Claus, onani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute ya kugamula kwa Claus [1]. Kupenda koperekedwa kwa milandu yakutiyakuti kungapezeke mu [[FLT:] Khoti Lalikulu mu [[FLT: 3] Kannedy v. , ndipo kupenda kwa mbiri kwatsatanetsatane kwapezeka mu [FLT:] Center of a Research of Church’s . [FLT] [FLT] [FFFLT] [F]