Study Castes (SCs) ndi SPreaddys (SST) imaimira magulu aŵiri a anthu opatuka kwambiri m'mbiri ku India. Kuzindikira kwawo m'Bungwe la Indiya kunasonyeza njira yosinthira ku chilungamo cha anthu, cholinga cha kuthetsa kukondera ndi kuchotsa. Lerolino, tanthauzo la ndale la SCs ndi STs limaposa kwambiri kuimira chabe; limapanga malamulo, kusonkhezera ziyambukiro zosankhidwa, ndi zitokozo zotsekereza mphamvu. Nkhaniyi imapenda nkhani za mbiri yakale, malamulo a m'dziko, ziyambukiro za ndale zadziko, zitokosokoso zopitirizabe, ndi mwaŵi wa mtsogolo kaamba ka madera ameneŵa m'zandale zadziko za ku India.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera pa Kuvomerezana Kufikira pa Kuvomerezedwa kwa Malamulo

Chikhalidwe cha atsogoleri a gulu la anthu ndi mafuko asanakhale ulamuliro wa Britain, koma kunali m'nyengo ya utsamunda umenewu pamene magaŵano anaikidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa. Maulamuliro a Briteni anayambitsa malamulo akuti madera ogwirizana kuti ayendetsedwe bwino, kuwonjezera kuikidwa mzera kwa Dalit (panopo ankadziŵika kuti "Osakhudzidwa" ndi Adivasis (magulu a mafuko). Kuŵerengera kochitidwa ndi mafuko otsatira kunalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwa m'magulu a anthu ndi mafuko, kukupanga dongosolo limene linkatsimikizira kuti ntchito zichitike.

Agulu lamphamvu la kusintha zinthu, monga aja otsogozedwa ndi Dr. B. Ambedkar ndi Mahatma Gandhi, anabweretsa tsoka la SCs ndi STS kutsogolo kwa nkhani ya dziko. Kulamulira kwa Ambedkar kwa Ambedkar kwa kuimira ndale zadziko ndi ufulu wa anthu kunathera mu Poona Pacts ya 1932, imene inakhazikitsa mipando yosungira makalasi a Opsinjika m'zigawo. Post-inpencencencencencence, Constient Assembly, ndi Ambedkar monga katswiri wamkulu wa malamulo a malamulo a SCs ndi ST. Lamulo la malamulo linapanga chiyambukiro pa January 26, 1950, ndi 15, 17, 46, ndi Parts IX ndi IXA (Panchatapedition ndi Admicracy)

Chiphunzitso cha mbiri yakale chimenechi chinayambitsa chiyambi cha SC ndi STs kuti asinthe kuchoka ku zinthu za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi kukhala ndi phande lokangalika m'kulamulira kwa demokrase. Malo a m'nyumba ya malamulo ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi malumbiro a boma sanali chabe kachitidwe kophiphiritsira koma njira yadala yotsimikizira kuti madera ameneŵa ali ndi mawu opanga malamulo ndi kupanga malamulo.

Ntchito ya Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Malamulo a ku India amathandiza kwambiri kuti SC ndi STs ayende bwino.

  • Article 15 (4) ndi 16 (4) : Lolani boma kupanga makonzedwe apadera a kupita patsogolo kwa SC ndi STS, kuphatikizapo malo a zamaphunziro ndi ntchito ya anthu onse.
  • Article 17 : Abolishes "kusakhudza" ndi kuletsa kachitidwe kake m’mtundu uliwonse.
  • Article 46 : imatsogolera boma kupititsa patsogolo ndi chisamaliro chapadera zikondwerero zamaphunziro ndi zachuma za zigawo zofooka, makamaka SC ndi STS, ndi kuwatetezera ku chisalungamo cha mayanjano ndi mitundu yonse ya kudyerera.
  • Article 330 ndi 332 : Okonzerani mipando ya SCs ndi STs ku Lok Sabha (Nyumba ya Anthu) ndi misonkhano ya boma, molingana.
  • Article 334 : poyamba anaika malire a zaka 10 kuti asungidwe, koma zimenezi zafutukulidwa kupyolera mwa masinthidwe ambiri a malamulo (m., 95 Demendment mu 2009 anafutukulidwa kufikira 2020, ndipo Demplete ya 104 mu 2020 inawonjezera mpaka 2030).
  • Partic IX ndi Mbali IXA[[FL:1]: Madate ku SC ndi STs ku Panchayats ndi Manijati, kutsimikizira mizu ya udzu kukhala mbali ya ndale zadziko.

Kuwonjezera pa malamulo, mabungwe alamulo onga Commission ya Dziko kaamba ka Mademode [1] ndi Commission ya Tchemical for Shedyd For Pribution imayang'anira kupangidwa kwa chitetezo ndi kufufuza madandaulo a tsankho. The Sedgedy Castes ndi Sedmagedments (Kukwaniritsa za Ufulu wa Arocation ), Chikalata cha 1989, chimalimbitsanso chitetezo cha lamulo mwa kukhazikitsa ndi kubwezera machitidwe achiwawa ndi kuvutitsa anthu ameneŵa.

Kuvomereza Malamulo: Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Mawu

Malo a mipando ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi misonkhano ya boma amalongosola mwachindunji kuimira SCs ndi ST. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo 84 a Lok Sabha , 84 (kuchokera pa 543) amasungidwa kaamba ka SCs ndi 47 kwa STS, pafupifupi kulingana ndi kugaŵana kwawo kwa anthu (16.6% ndi 8.6%, mofanana ndi 2011 Crimies , , mlingowo umasiyana ndi boma koma umatsatira malamulo ofanana.

Komabe, osuliza amanena kuti kudalira pa kampani kokha sikumatsimikizira kukwaniritsidwa kwa. Ambiri osungidwa ndi maMP ndi MM Angakhale a zipani za ndale zadziko zolamulira ndipo mwina nthaŵi zonse sangakhale ndi nkhani zapadera zachikhalidwe. Komabe, kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti ma conctittuenic adasonyeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kuchuluka kwa anthu pa maphunziro, thanzi, ndi ma projekti kupindulitsa SC ndi ST. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwa akatswiri a zachuma onga .Pande (2003) kumalingalira kuti kusungidwa kwa ndale zadziko kumatsogolera kuwonjezereka kwa chuma ku maprogramungwe a SC ndi ST.

Tanthauzo la Zandale: Silingaimidwe

Phindu la ndale zadziko la SC ndi ST limafikira ku milingo yambiri: zisonkhezero za voti ndi STs (kuposa 25% ya chiŵerengero cha anthu a India) zimawapangitsa kukhala otchuka m'mabungwe ambiri monga BJP ndi Congress ku magulu ankhondo a m'madera osiyanasiyana . Odrash, Odisha, ndi chigawo cha kumpoto cha kummaŵa.

Chisonkhezero cha Magulu ndi Kutengeka Maganizo

M'masankho, SC ndi ST , kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga gulu losuliza. Mabungwe amagwiritsira ntchito njira zonga ngati kugwiritsa ntchito SC/ST ofunsira ku gulu la ogwirizana (kuwonjezera pa mipando yosungidwa), kulonjeza kuvomereza madongosolo a kachitidwe, ndi kugogomezera mapulatifomu a zachilungamo. Mwachitsanzo, Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) ku Utar Pradesh anakula kuchokera ku kukhala gulu la Dalit-centric ku kugwirizana kwakukulu, koma chichirikizo chake chachikulu chimachokera ku SC zigwirizano za SC. Mofananamo, madera apakati ndi kummaŵa kwa India kaŵirikaŵiri amaona magulu akuchirikiza ufulu wa nkhalango, kusintha zinthu, ndi mapindu a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma maatodia.

Kukwera kwa utsogoleri wa Dalit pa mlingo wa boma . Mofanana ndi Mayawati ku Uttar Pradesh, Jignesh Mevani ku Gujarat , ndi Ramdas Athawale ku Maharashtra . Kuwonetsa kuwonjezereka kwa kutchuka kwa ndale zadziko ya SC. Mofananamo, atsogoleri a ST ku Odisha, Jaharkand, ndi Northern pway anachita mbali zazikulu m'magulu a fuko ndi mikangano ya chuma yolamulira.

Kusintha kwa Mfundo za M’kati

Oimira SC ndi mastyre a ST akhala othandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo a chilungamo cha anthu, ufulu wa dziko, ndi maphunziro.

  • Ufulu wa Kuphunzitsa (2009)[FL:1]: uli ndi makonzedwe a malipiro ndi chichirikizo chapadera cha SC ndi ophunzira m'masukulu a achinsinsi.
  • Act ya Forest Rights (2006 [FLT ]]: Zikuzindikira zoyenera za STS ndi anthu ena amwambo okhala m’nkhalango chifukwa cha nthaka ndi nkhalango, kuchotsapo zaka mazana ambiri za kusamuka.
  • Kuchinjiriza Atroctis Act Act (2015 ndi 2018) [1]: Kulimbitsa chilango ndi kufutukula ukulu wa milandu yotsutsana ndi SC ndi ST.
  • Kusintha ndi malamulo osungitsa zinthu [[FL:1]: Kupereka ndalama zothandizira anthu, maphunziro a pambuyo pa ntchito, ndi kuikizidwa kwa maphunziro apamwamba kwawongolera kulembetsa, ngakhale kuti mipata yatsala.

M'mikangano ya palamente, SC/ST MP kaŵirikaŵiri imadzutsa nkhani za kusakasaka kwamanja, kukakamiza antchito, chiwawa cha mafuko, ndi kusamuka kwa mafuko chifukwa cha kukumba kapena madamu. Kukonda kwawo kunachititsa kupangidwa kwa makhoti apadera kaamba ka milandu yachiwawa ndi ndalama zoperekedwa kaamba ka mapulaneti a SC /ST.

Magawo ndi Magawo Otchuka

M'zigawo zokhala ndi anthu ambiri a SC/ST, zipani zachigawo kaŵirikaŵiri zimawonekera kukhala ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu ameneŵa. Mwachitsanzo, Janta Dal (United) ku Bihar yasumikidwa pa Madalit subcading, pamene kuli kwakuti zipani zonga BijuJata Dal ku Odisha ndi Jarkand Morkcha mu Jakhand kuchirikiza ufulu wa fuko. Magulu ameneŵa amamanga a boma kuti asunthe malamulo a boma, monga ngati magawo apamwamba (m. g., Tamil Nadu's 69% gawo la dziko) ndi maprogramuzi a redis.

Kuphatikiza magulu a mayiko ndi magulu ankhondo a m’madera osiyanasiyana kumachititsa kuti ma SC ndi ST ayendetsedwe bwino m'mayiko ambiri. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale maadireji ambiri a ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ya SC /ST m’mayiko ambiri.

Mavuto a Kuloŵerera m’Zandale

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amateteza ndiponso amalimbikitsa ndale, pali zopinga zazikulu zimene zikupitirirabe.

Tsankho Ndiponso Kuchitirana Tsankho

Chiwawa chozikidwa pa kuponderezedwa ndi machitachita oposerapo adakali ozika mizu m’mbali zambiri za India. Malinga ndi National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), milandu yoposa 40,000 ya upandu wolimbana ndi SCS ndi 8,000 yolimbana ndi STS inasimbidwa mu 2020 mokha, ngakhale kuti ziŵerengero zenizeni ziri zokulira chifukwa cha kusasimba. Chiwawa choterechi sichimangochititsa anthu kukhala owopsa komanso chimaletsa kutenga nawo mbali m’ndale. SC/STRB kaŵirikaŵiri amawopsezedwa, kupondedwa, ndi anyamata odziimira m’madera akumidzi.

Upandu kaŵirikaŵiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi mikangano ya m’dziko, kupezeka kwa madzi, kapena mpikisano wa magetsi. Information Watch (2021) lipoti la Human Rights Watch imagogomezera tsankho la dongosolo m'nyumba, maphunziro, ndi ntchito, zimene zimapititsa patsogolo umphaŵi ndi kuchepetsa ziungwe za ndale zadziko.

Kusalingana kwa Chuma

Kubwerera mmbuyo kwa zachuma kudakali chopinga chachikulu. SC ndi ST zili ndi malo ochepa, ndalama, ndi maphunziro poyerekezera ndi magulu onse. Monga pa National Captuart (1-1-12), 29% ya mabanja a SC ndi 43% a ST mabanja anali otsika pa umphaŵi, poyerekezera ndi 12% kwa magulu ena. Umphaŵi umachepetsa mphamvu zopezera ndalama, malire ofikira ku wailesi, ndipo umapanga kuti anthu a SC /ST adalire pa gulu lochirikiza, limene lingawononge mphamvu zawo za kuyenera kwa anthu.

Ndiponso, kulola chuma kaŵirikaŵiri kwapinga anthu ameneŵa. Kukula kwa kayendetsedwe ka madera a mafuko kwachititsa kusamuka popanda kuwongolera kokwanira, kusonkhezera mkwiyo ndi kutha kwa ndale zadziko.

Kugawanika kwa Ndale M’mabwalo

M’magulu andale, SC ndi atsogoleri a ST kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi kuyerekezera. Amagaŵiridwa kaŵirikaŵiri ku malo apamwamba otchuka monga "softi" (m’chitsanzo, ubwino wa anthu, kuyambika kwa magawo a pambuyo pa zachuma) mmalo mwa ndalama, chitetezo, kapena ziwiya zapamwamba. Kwa osankhidwa, makampani osungidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala "mipando yotetezeka" kaamba ka mitu ya atsogoleri a gulu yaikulu, mmalo mwa njira zopezera mphamvu yeniyeni ya . Democracy of mathithir . [1] Kusoŵa kwa ma SC /ST pa kukonza chigamu chachikulu.

Ndiponso, vuto la "ndale zadziko kulephera" likupitirizabe pamene oimira SC/ST sapatsidwa ulemu wolingana m'malamulo kapena m'zipani. Kusankhana pakati pa antchito anzawo ndi akuluakulu a boma kungalepheretse kugwira ntchito kwawo.

Mipata ndi Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Ngakhale kuti pali zopinga zimenezi, pali mipata yokwanira yothandizira kuwonjezera tanthauzo la ndale zadziko la ma SC ndi ST.

Maziko a Mphamvu Zochokera kwa Olamulira Akomweko

Malamulo a Ecculture a 73rd ndi 74 a Bream (1992) akhala ofunika kwambiri pobweretsa SC ndi STs popanga zigamulo pa milingo ya mudzi ndi m'masipala. Malo otsala ku Panchayats ndi Maboma achititsa kuti akazi ndi amuna ambiri a SC ndi amuna ayambe kutsogolera. Kuyambira 2022, mamembala oposa 7% a Panchayat ndi SC ndi ST (kuchokera ku madera ena), ndipo ambiri asintha madera awo mwa ntchito zaumoyo, chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro.

Maprogramu onga Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Brial Brial Act Act (MGNREGA) athandizanso pa zachuma, kutheketsa mabanja a SC /ST kukhala ndi phande lokangalika m’ndale zadziko. Kulimbikitsa mabungwe a kumaloko ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu za zachuma kukhoza kusonkhezera anthu ameneŵa kulamulira.

Maphunziro ndi Kungogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Kupeza maphunziro ndi dalaivala wamkulu wa ndale. Komiti ya Gross E REPGS Rational ya SCs ndi ST mu maphunziro apamwamba yasintha kuchokera pa 11.6% ndi 8.9% (2010-11) kufika pa 21.8% ndi 17.6% (209-20), mogwirizana ndi All India Survey on Expression . Kupitiriza kuyang'ana pa maphunziro, malo osungirako zinthu, ndi kulangiza ogwirizana kungawonjezere mkhalidwe umenewu.

Maluso a zamaphunziro a pa manambala alinso ofunika kwambiri. Zida za mayanjano ndi zamagetsi zathandiza anthu kunyalanyaza zopinga zazikulu za wailesi, kulimbikitsa, ndi kuonetsa nkhanza. Maplatform onga Twitter ndi YouTube achititsa kuti pakhale ochirikiza Chidali ndi Aivasi amene amasonkhezera mikangano ya za malamulo. Boma likhoza kuwonjezera pulogalamu ya gov [[FLT:] ndi zitsutso za magetsi za magetsi.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu ndi Nyumba Zomangamanga Zokhalamo Malo Okha

Mphamvu yandale za SCs ndi SST zingakulitsidwe mwa kugwirizana ndi magulu ena ochepera: Ena a Maladis (OBC), akazi, zipembedzo za anthu ochepa, ndi osauka a m’tauni. Ziphunzitso zimene zimakhudza maulalo ndi makalasi , monga momwe zimawonedwa m'chikalata cha Aam Aadmi Party ku Delhi, Mahagathbanhan ku Bihar, kapena chigawo cha INDIA zimakweza SC /ST ku chigawo cha malamulo.

Ndiponso, kutchuka kwa akazi a SC/ST m’ndale (m., Meenakshi Lekhi, Kumari Selja, ndi Auna Sahu) kumawonjezera kuimira kwa amuna kumene kumawonjezera kuimira. Akazi a Reservation Bill (2023), imene imasunga 33% ya mipando m'Palamente ndi misonkhano ya boma ya akazi, imaphatikizapo SC /ST, kuwonjezera kuimira kwawo m'magawo oikizidwa.

Kusintha Mabungwe

Kugwira ntchito kwa National Commissions for SCs and STs kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Pakali pano, iwo ali ndi mphamvu zosungitsa zochepera kupyola kufufuzidwa ndi kuvomerezedwa. Amawapatsa ulamuliro wa boma, kutsimikizira kusankha kwa panthaŵi yake, ndi kugwirizanitsa malipoti awo ndi kachitidwe ka nyumba ya malamulo kulimbikitsa kuŵerengera. Kuwonjezera apo, dongosolo la chigawoli lifunikira kupendedwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti likhale ndi masuntchalasi a SC (kupindulitsa osoŵa kwambiri m'mudzi) ndi kuyang'anira nkhani za m'mabungwe a ma ST .

Kumaliza

Ma Study Castes ndi Shedynad Tribun Ali ndi malo apadera ndi ofunika kwambiri m'ndale za India. Kuvomerezedwa kwawo kwa malamulo, kuikidwa m'malamulo, ndi magulu opitirizabe a anthu awasintha kuchoka pa olandira ongodzipereka a kampani zandale kukhala otsatsa malonda amphamvu. Malamulo a mbiri yakale kuyambira pa Poona Pact mpaka pa kulimba kwamakono kwa Dalit ndi atsogoleri a Adivasi kumasonyeza kulimba kwa madera ameneŵa poyang'anizana ndi mavuto a dongosolo la zinthu.

Komabe, ulendowu suli wotheratu. Kusankhana kwa anthu sikukutha, kusiyana kwa zachuma kumachepetsa mphamvu zenizeni, ndipo anthu andale sapeza mphamvu. Kuti adziwe kuti SC ndi ST atha kuchita nawo ndale, India ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito demokrase ya udzu, kuonetsetsa kuti anthu asinthe, kulimbikitsa maphunziro, ndi ndale zandale. Kupambana kwa demokrase ya India kumayendera limodzi ndi mmene imathandizira anthu ake kukhala ndi mphamvu. Monga mmene Dr. Amedkar ananenera motchuka, mphamvu zandale ndizothandiza kuti asinthe n’kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kusintha kumeneku sikuli cholinga chabe koma kulimbana kopitirira.