Ntchito Yokhalitsa ya Ziyeso za Onse m’Malamulo Amakono

Mayeso a boma amaimira chimodzi cha zitetezero zooneka kwambiri za dongosolo lachilungamo. Mfundo yakuti kuzenga mlandu kuyenera kukhala kovomerezeka kwa anthu a m'deralo . ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri atolankhani . N’zothandiza monga kuyang'anira mphamvu za boma ndi chitsimikizo chakuti chilungamo sichingochitika koma kuti chichitike. Pamene kuli kwakuti mfundo yaikulu ndi yakale, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kukupitirizabe kuchitika mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, zosamalira, ndi kusintha zimene anthu akuyembekezera. Kumvetsa chifukwa chake ziyeso zapo, mmene zakhalira ndi zitsenderezo zimene amayang'anizana nazo lerolino nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amaona malamulo akuona kukhala amtengo wake.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Chilungamo Chosatsutsika

Malamulo akale ankazindikira kuti milandu yobisika inkayambitsa ziphuphu ndi nkhanza, pamene kuweruza kwa anthu kwa anthu kunkachititsa kuti anthu asamakayikire anthu ndiponso kuti azivomereza kuti milanduyo ndi yoona.

Mazi a Roma ndi Girisi Akale

Ku Roman Republic, milandu inali kuchitidwa mwalamulo ku , malo a anthu amene anasonkhana. Milandu ya khoti inakanganizidwa pamaso pa anzake, ndipo kupezeka kwa oonerera kunatsimikizira kuti ochirikiza akhazikitse malamulo a umboni. Mofananamo, ku Athens yapadera, milandu inachitika mu [[FLT:] heliaia , khoti lalikulu launyinji. Mtu wa amuna aliyense akapezeka ndi kuvota pa zigamu, kupanga chigamulo chakuya cha kugaŵana. Chikalatachi choyamba cha kulengeza upoluko chinali chopanda ufulu; chinali kuyankha kwa anthu audindo amphamvu.

Mangalande Apakati ndi Kukwera kwa Juliyo

Malamulo a Chichewa anatchuka ndi Roma, koma anakhazikitsa lamulo losiyana. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa Norman Conquest, makhoti achifumu anayamba kuyenda m'madera, milandu yomva m’matauni a msika. Magna Carta . Magna Carta [1] (1215) (1215) sanalamulire bwino ziyeso za anthu, koma kugogomezera kwake pa zochitika zofunikira. Pofika zaka za m'ma 500, milandu inachitidwa m’mabwalo a khoti kumene oonerera angaonere kufunsidwa kwa mboni ndi zitsutso. Komiti ya ajuli ya aukulu, yomwe inaika anthu wamba m'mbali ya zochitika, inadalira pa kuonekera kwa otchuka kuti asungidwe. Katswiri wa zamalamulo John Baker ananena kuti kupezeka kwa anthu onse kunali “mpangidwe lapamwamba la Chingelezi.

Kuunikiridwa ndi Lamulo la Amereka

Malingaliro a filosofi a Chitsenderezo anakweza chiweruzo chotseguka kuchokera ku mwambo wothandiza kupita ku ufulu wa lamulo. Jeremy Benham motchuka anatsutsa kuti “moyo wa chilungamo" chifukwa chakuti umalamulira oweruza ndi maloya ku“ malingaliro a anthu. Oweruza a U.S.. Olamulira malamulo anawonjezera kuyenera kwa mlandu wa anthu ku chikalata cha kulengeza za kuwonjezerapomenderezedwa , kutsimikizira kuti olakwa sangakhale oimbidwa mlandu wachinsinsi. Malamulo otetezera mphamvu yofanana ndi kukhoza kufalitsa nkhani za khoti lonse, kutsimikizira kuonekera kwa kuonekera kwa boma lonse.

Ntchito Yoonetsa Malo Oyera m’Malamulo

Kuona zinthu moonekera bwino kumathandiza kwambiri kuposa kukwaniritsa mfundo wamba; kumachititsa dongosolo lachilungamo kugwira ntchito bwino ndiponso mogwira mtima.

Kuŵerengera Oweruza ndi Olamulira

Woweruza akaweruza kuseri kwa nyumba, palibe kufufuza mwamsanga ponena za kukondera, kusayenerera, kapena ziphuphu. Makomiti a milandu audindo amakakamiza kufotokoza malingaliro awo pamaso pa openyerera amene angatsutse zosankha za apilo kapena kupyolera mwa nkhani yapoyera. Chimodzimodzinso ozenga milandu ndi maloya otetezera, amene ayenera kuchita ntchito yawo mwaukatswiri pamene zochita zawo ziwonekera kwa ofalitsa nkhani ndi chitaganya. Kuŵerengera kumeneku kuli kofunika kwambiri m’nkhani zophatikizapo zigamulo zazikulu, monga chilango cha imfa kapena chiphuphu cha ndale.

Kutha kwa Khalidwe Loipa ndi Upandu

Kuzengedwa mlandu ndi njira zamphamvu zoletsera ntchito ziŵiri. Choyamba, zimaletsa kusamvera komiti: woweruza amene angayesedwe kulamulira mosayenera amadziŵa kuti kulakwa kulikonse kudzavumbulidwa. Chachiŵiri, amaletsa olakwa othekera mwa kusonyeza kuti khalidwe laupandu lidzakumana ndi zotsatirapo zowoneka. Kufufuza m'zaupandu kumasonyeza kuti kutsimikizirika kwa chilango [1] Makamaka pamene chiwonedwa ndi ena / kumakhala ndi chiyambukiro champhamvu kuposa ukulu wa chilangocho chokha. Mayesero apoyera amaphunzitsanso anthu onse za zotulukapo za kuswa lamulo, kuchirikiza malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kuchirikiza Kukhulupirirana ndi Kuphwanya Malamulo

Chigamulo chachilungamo chimene chimagwira ntchito mobisa chimachititsa kukayikira. Nzika zimene sizingaone mmene zigamulo zimafikiridwira zingatsimikizire kuti dongosololo nlosatsimikizirika kapena nlopanda chifukwa. Koma, makhoti akafuna kuyang'anira anthu, amasonyeza kuti palibe chowabisa. Kuonekera kumeneku kumakulitsa chikhulupiriro chimene chimachirikiza gululo ngakhale pamene zosankha zosadziŵika bwino ziperekedwa. Chiphunzitso cha Chilungamo [ chimagogomezera kuti anthu agwirizane ndi lamulo osati kokha chifukwa cha mantha, koma chifukwa chakuti amazindikira dongosololo kukhala lolungama. Mayeso apo ndi chimodzi cha zizindikiro zowoneka bwino kwambiri za chilungamo.

Mavuto Amene Akhalapo Poyambitsa Chilungamo

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yoweruza milandu ya anthu imachitika mwapadera, m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, njira zatsopano zopangira zinthu zamakono, kuteteza anthu, ndiponso makhalidwe abwino, zachititsa kuti makhoti azilimbana kwambiri ndi milandu.

Chiwopsyezo cha Chisonkhezero cha Oulutsa Nkhani

Misa . . . . . Simpson kuzenga mlandu pakati pa 190s ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika: kuulutsa wailesi yakanema kwapasadakhale ndi kupenda kosalekeza kwa macheza kunayambitsa nkhani zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimapikisana ndi umboni wa m’bwalo. Oimba milandu yotero angasonkhezeredwe ndi malipoti, ndipo mboni zingasinthe umboni wawo wozikidwa pa zimene zaona pa maprogramu anyuzi. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti kufalitsa nkhani zapasadakhale kukhoza kuchititsa kukayikira kuyesa koyenera. Malamulo ena tsopano amapanga malamulo okhwima kapena otsutsa maupandu ameneŵa, koma ndi malamulo a mchitidwe wa kutsutsa machitidwe otsutsa.

Ufulu Wachinsinsi wa Ovutika ndi Mboni

Chifuniro cha mlandu wapoyera chingawombane ndi zikondwerero zachinsinsi zaumwini za ovutitsidwa, makamaka m'nkhani zowopsa zoloŵetsamo kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa kugonana, chiwawa m’banja, kapena mboni za ana. Kukakamiza mnkhole kupereka umboni m'khoti lodzala ndi anthu kungadzetse mavuto owonjezereka kapena ngakhale kulephera kupereka lipoti lonse. Madongosolo ambiri a zamalamulo avomereza kuti umboni wa pa TV wotsekedwa kapena kutseka kwa kanthaŵi kotsekera zigamu za milandu. [FLT: 0] Khoti la Ukranian Court of Human Rights [ yazindikira kuti kukambitsirana kwachinsinsi kungalungamitse ziletse ziletso zotseke pa kupezeka kwapo kwa anthu, malinga ngati chiletso choikidwachokeracho ndi choyenerera. Kulinganiza zimenezi kumakhala ntchito yovuta kwa oweruza.

Chiyambukiro cha Maganizo ndi Chamaganizo pa Otengamo Nawo Ntchito

Otetezera, mboni, ndipo ngakhale akatswiri a zamalamulo angavutike ndi kupsinjika ndi kusungidwa. Mayeso a anthu angakulitse malingaliro: mboni ingamve kukhala yochititsidwa manyazi ndi kuyang'ana kwa mtolankhani; woimbidwa mlandu angamve kukakamizidwa kuchita kamera mmalo mwa kusumika pa nsonga. Stockholm Syndrome kapena kachitidwe kena kamaganizo kanga kangatsutsidwe ndi kusoŵa kwa malo achinsinsi. Makhoti ayesa kuletsa kufalitsa ndi kupekanika kwa otengapo mbali zina, koma ntchito imeneyi siinde yokwanira.

Kuopsa kwa Umboni Wachinsinsi Wosonyeza Kuti Dziko Lili Pangozi

M'nkhani zophatikizapo uchigaŵenga, kugamula, kapena kugawidwa kwa maulamuliro, kaŵirikaŵiri maboma amatsutsa kuti kuulula poyera kungaike pangozi chisungiko. Chotulukapo chakhala kukwera kwa makhoti achinsinsi [[FLT: 0] kapena njira zotseka, kumene umboni wa kugamula kwa woweruza koma osati kwa anthu onse kapena ngakhale kwa maloya a woimbidwa mlandu. Maloya a United Kingdom [UFLT]] AIGUPUS AIGUS AIS AUPUPUPU [ ndi kulephera kutetezera kwapo kuti kuyenera kutsutsidwa ndi chitsutso.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zimene Zinakhudza Mfundo

Kupenda ziyeso zachindunji kumatithandiza kufotokoza mmene kaonedwe ka nkhani zapoyera kamagwirira ntchito mwachangu (ndipo pamene kalephera.)

Mlandu wa Socrates (399 BCE)

Imodzi ya milandu yakale kwambiri ya anthu onse m'mbiri ya Kumadzulo. Socrates, wolembedwa ndi wafilosofi Socrates, amene anaimbidwa mlandu ku Athens chifukwa cha kunyozedwa ndi kuipitsa wachichepere. Nkhanizo zinachitidwa mu Agora pamaso pa ajuli a anthu 501. Socrates anapereka chitetezo chapoyera, cholembedwa ndi Plato, chimene chinakhala lemba la maziko la filosofi ya Kumadzulo. Kuzenga kukusonyeza mkhalidwe womaŵirikantha: kutchuka kumene kunalola Socrates kufalitsa malingaliro ake ku malingaliro otchuka. Chotulukapo cha kuphedwa kwake. Chotsatirapo cha Plato chimasonyeza kuti chiweruzo chotsegulidwa sichitsimikizira kuti chilungamo chongochitika.

Miyezo ya Nuremberg (1945-1946)

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, Maboma Ogwirizana anakhazikitsa International Military Tribunal ku Nuremberg kuyesa atsogoleri a Nazi kaamba ka upandu wa nkhondo ndi upandu kwa anthu. Milanduyo inali yochitidwa dala, ndi kutembenuzidwa kwa nthaŵi imodzi ndi malo osindikizira. Kuwonekera kumeneku kunatumikira zonulirapo ziŵiri: kutsimikizira nkhanza za m'mbiri, ndipo kunasonyeza kuti opambanawo anali kumamatira ku malamulo a lamulo mmalo mwa kulipsira. Mabwalo a Nuremberg anakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha chiweruzo cha upandu wa mitundu yonse ndi kuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti ngakhale maupandu oipitsitsa ayenera kuikidwa m’njira yotsegulidwa ku dziko. Lerolino, Bwalo la Apandu la Apandulo [[FLT:] [FLD] [F:1] akupitirizabe kuti mwambo wa kulengeza wailesi yake ya pa Intaneti.

Mayeso a Afiti a ku Salem (1692)

Chitsanzo cha chenjezo la milandu ya anthu chinalakwika, milandu ya afisi ya Salem ku Massachusetts imasonyeza kuopsa kwa kusokonezeka kwa anthu. Nkhanizo zinachitidwa poyera, koma zinachitidwa mwamantha kumene milandu yokha inali yokwanira kuimbidwa mlandu. Umboni wa Spectral . Umboni . "Umboni wonena za maloto ndi masomphenya .] Unavomerezedwa, ndipo oimbidwa mlandu amene anakana kuulula anaphedwa. Malam anaonetsa kuti kufalitsa popanda chitetezo cha puloteshoni, monga kuyenera kwa kudutsa anthu oimba mlanduwo. Massachused Court General ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amakono a umboni kunali kuyankha mwachindunji ku tsoka limeneli.

Ziyeso Zokhudza Anthu Onse M’nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi

Njira yamakono yopezera mayeso yasintha njira imene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito pozenga milandu.

Kujambula Zinthu Zamoyo ndi Mavidiyo

Makhoti ambiri tsopano amalola kujambula ndi kutsata mavidiyo, pafupifupi pa mitundu ina ya milandu. Khoti Lalikulu la United States Likutsutsabe kupezeka kwa makamera, koma makhoti a boma ailandira. Mwachitsanzo, Mainnesota Digigita Breau Breau [1] Migdation . Otsutsa atsutsa kuti kuchirikiza kupezeka kwa makamera, makamaka kwa anthu amene sangathe kupita ku khoti. Komabe, osuliza kuti kubwera kwa makamera kungasinthe khalidwe la otenga mbali; maloya angachitire omvera osati oweruza. Kufufuza ndi [FLT:] Centeral [FFFFF:5]

Manyuzipepala Ofalitsa Nkhani ndi Nthaŵi Yake

Oyendetsa malo tsopano akulangizidwa kusaika milandu pa wailesi ndi TV, koma chiyesocho n’chomwe chimakhalapo nthaŵi zonse. Woweruza amene amatsutsa za kupenda angapangitse kulakwa. Pakali pano, mapempho ndi zisonkhezero amatsutsa umboni wampatuko panthaŵi yeniyeni, kaŵirikaŵiri kupotoza umboni. [[FLT: 0] Kuzenga mlandu kwa Anthony kugamula [kapena kuti] [2011] kudzakhala chinthu chachikhalidwe chachikhalidwe pa anyuzi, ndi mamiliyoni ambiri kupanga malingaliro amphamvu asanagamule mlandu. Malo ameneŵa angakuchititse kukhala kovuta kwa oweruza kukhalabe opanda tsankho. Mabwalo ayankha ndi malamulo a za za manyuzipepala ndi mafunso a za makampani ofufuza a zamakhalidwe a anthu olakwika olakwika kwambiri.

Kuona Malo Moyenera ndi Kukula kwa Zida Zosatseguka

Kupatulapo kuchuluka kwa moyo, maulamuliro ambiri tsopano amafalitsa zikalata za khoti, madoko, ndi zosankha pa Intaneti. Kusintha kumeneku kukafika ku mfundo zotseguka kupangitsa dongosolo la chiweruzo kukhala lofikirika kwambiri kwa ofufuza, atolankhani, ndi anthu onse. Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACTER) [FAL:1] njira yogamula ndi vidiyo ya pulogalamu ya , ngakhale kuti kuyesa kutsutsa njira yake ya kulipira, imasonyeza kupita patsogolo koonekera bwino. Mofananamo, [[FLT:] Supme Court of the United Kingdom [FLT:]]

Malingaliro Oyerekezera: Lamulo Lofala Litsutsana ndi Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni

Mfundo ya mayeso a anthu onse ili ponseponse, koma kukhudza kwake n’kosiyana m’miyambo yonse ya zamalamulo.

Mayiko Odziŵika a Malamulo

Mu United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi Australia , ziyeso za anthu zimatsimikiziridwa mwalamulo kapena mwalamulo. Mayeso a m'maseŵero (monga ngati kuchonderera ndi kutsendereza) kaŵirikaŵiri amatseguka, ngakhale kuti siichitika. . Komiti ya adversarial, ndi umboni wa pakamwa, imadalira kwambiri pa kukhoza kwa anthu kuchitira umboni mikangano yamoyo. Oweruza ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zotsekera kutsekera khoti; gulu lofuna kutsekereza liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi mankhwala osokerera. Manyuzipepala a Virginia v [FLD:] (1980) anakhazikitsa njira yoyambirira yopezerapo milandu yaupandu.

Maiko a Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni

M'malamulo a boma monga France, Germany, ndi Japan , milandu imamvekanso kwa anthu ambiri, koma ntchito ya oweruza (kapena khoti lophatikizana) kaŵirikaŵiri imachepetsedwa. Ku France, madass [FLT] [ass , 3] kumva milandu yowopsa ndi ajuli, ndipo milandu imatseguka. Komabe, kufufuza oweruza m'dongosolo la malamulo a anthu achita zinthu zambiri zimene zili zachinsinsi. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlandu weniweniwo uli wapo, malingana ndi umboni wapo wa anthu onse. Akatswiri anena kuti njira imeneyi yachinsinsi, kufufuza kwapoyera — kuzenga — kuchititsa kulephera kwa lamulolo, kuchititsa kulephera. Chilungamo, Chilungamo chachi, Chilungamo ndi Chilango , Chimakhalabebe pepala chachi. [Umboni chovomerezeka , Chikalata chovomerezeka , Chikalata: "Unyinyi]

Kumaliza: Kusunga Mphuthu ya Chiweruzo Chotseguka

Mayesero a boma si kuyang'anira chabe. Ndi oteteza achilungamo amene amaletsa dongosolo la chilungamo kukhala chida chopondereza. Kuyambira ku Roma wakale mpaka kumvetsera kwachikhalire kwa International Criminal Court, ntchito yotsegulira malamulo a anthu kuti aone za anthu, kukonzanso mphamvu, kukulitsa chikhulupiriro, ndi kuphunzitsa nzika za ufulu wawo ndi ntchito zawo. Komabe mavuto a kukopana, chitetezo, ndi kusokonezeka kwa masamu amafunikira kudikira nthaŵi zonse. Makhoti ayenera kusintha popanda kupereka lamulo lamakhalidwe: kuti chilungamo chionekere. Monga mmene maluso atsopano ndi zoyembekezeredwa ndi kugawirako kuyenera kukhaliranso ndi kugawana. Chifuno cha kuwona mtima chiyenera kukhala cholimba.