Kumvetsa Kapangidwe ka Panchayati Raj

Panchayati Raj imaimira malo amodzi a ulamuliro woyenerera kumidzi ku India, kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti demokrase iyenera kufika ku midzi. Inapangidwa monga nyumba yachitatu, imaphatikizapo Gram Panchayats pa mlingo wa mudzi, Panchayat Samitis ku mlingo wa matanthwe, ndi Zilla Paris adalhads ku chigawo cha chigawo. Chingwe chimenechi chimalimbitsa anthu a m'deralo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokonza zochita zimene zimaumba moyo wawo tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku ku kuyendetsa madzi ndi umphaŵi. Dongo lapangidwa kuti litsegule malire pakati pa boma ndi olamuliridwa, kutsimikizira kuti kuyambika kwa malamulo akusonyeza malo a kumalo akumalo apamwamba m’malo a pansi.

Lamulo la lamulo la Panchayati Raj linatsimikiziridwa kupyolera mwa lamulo la 73th Constitution Act ya 1992, limene linayamba kugwira ntchito pa April 24, 1993. Lamulo losintha zinthu limeneli linapatsa mabungwe a kumidzi malo a kumidzi, kuwapanga kukhala mabungwe a boma. Malamulo anakhazikitsa dongosolo la asilikali atatu m'dziko lililonse lokhala ndi anthu oposa mamiliyoni aŵiri, anayambitsa masankhoti okhazikika pansi pa ulamuliro wa Boma la Ecompution Commissions, ndipo anasunga mipando ya magawo 600 ya akazi ndi mipando yolingana ya Septed Castes (SC) ndi Septembas (S). Lerolino, India ali ndi oposa a Lackh Gam Pans , pafupifupi 6,700 Samyatis, ndi Zhad Paris, pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu osankhidwa pamodzi ndi oimira 3 a anthu atatu.

Mbiri Yakale ya Panchayati Raj

Lingaliro la misonkhano ya m'mudzi kapena mapacayats [1] si chinthu chamakono. Umboni wa nyengo ya Vedic (c. 1500-500 BCE) umasonyeza kuti misonkhano yakumaloko yodziŵika monga shashashas ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT] siinapangidwa . [[FLT:] imasamalira nkhani zachiweruzo ndi zauyang'anira pamlingo wa chitaganya. Mkati mwa maufumu a Maurian ndi Gupta, Impty inapitirizabe, ndi nduna ndi mabungwe oyang'anira dziko, ndalama, ndi mikangano. Mukhal anaona nyengo yopitirizidwa ya miyambo imeneyi, ngakhale kuti mphamvu yawo yaikulu ya ulamuliro ya .

Ulamuliro wa mayiko a ku Britain, womwe unali wofuna kwambiri kutulutsa ndalama, unasokoneza kwambiri mabungwe odzilamulira. Mayo Council inayesa kutsitsimula mabodi akwawo, koma inali chida chothandizira kukhoma msonkho m’malo mopatsa mphamvu. Chigamulo cha 1882 Ripon, nthawi zambiri chinkatchedwa "Magna Carta wa boma lakwawo," koma chinalimbikitsa mabungwe osankhidwa a m'deralo koma chinawaika pansi pa akuluakulu a Britain. Boma la India Acts ndi 1935 linayambitsa dyarchy ndi Fixal , kupatsa madera ena ulamuliro, koma maganizo a anthu a ku Britain analetsa kuti anthu azikhala bwino.

Post-indepence , Msonkhano wa Constitute unatsutsana za ntchito ya pankayats . Pamene kuli kwakuti Mahatma Gandhi anachirikiza [[FLT: 0].Gram Swaraj [1] (kudzilamulira okha), Dr. B. Ambedkar analongosola nkhaŵa za kutchuka kwa anthu m’midzi. Malamulo poyambirira anaika pankankake maprinsipulo a Boma (Fricle 40), akulimbikitsa kuti apange malamulo a kulinganiza monga magawo aumwini. Komabe, kukonza zinthu kunakhalabe kofooka ndi kosagwirizana ndi mayiko ena.

Posinthira pa zinthu mu 1957 ndi Balwant Rai Mehta Komiti , yomwe inalimbikitsa dongosolo lauyang'aniro la kumaloko ndi mphamvu zenizeni ndi chuma. Izi zinayambitsa mabungwe a Panchayati Raji (Printa) m'maboma angapo, kuyambira ndi Rajastan ndi Andrahta mu 1959. Komabe, dongosololo linavutika ndi kutsutsidwa ndi kusagwirizana kotsalira, maburecracy, ndi ndalama zoperewera. Makomiti a Ashhok Mehta Committen , G.V. Rao Rao (1985), ndi L. Singhvi86 Komiti ya Salvi86 inaimba kuti adziŵikire mfundo ndi kutchuka kwa gulu la ogwirizana. Komiti ya Singvi. Komiti ya Singravi (1866)

Tanthauzo la Kapangidwe ka Panchayati Raj

Athandizeni Kutenga Nawo Mbali m’Zachidetso

Panchayati Raj abweretsa demokrase ku zitseko za nzika za kumidzi. Chisankho chanthaŵi zonse, chochitidwa ndi Boma la Ecommotion Commission, chimatheketsa anthu a m’mudzi kusankha oimira awo. Gram Sabbas (misonkhano yachilumba) imatumikira monga mabungwe a democracy kumene anthu onse achikulire angaloŵemo m’kulinganiza, kuvomereza ma bajeti, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ndi mlandu. Njira imeneyi yogamula ya kugawa imalimbikitsa chidziŵitso chandale, chigwirizano cha boma, ndi lingaliro la kukhala mwiniwake pa chitukuko. Kwa Amwe ambiri, makamaka m’madera akumidzi, a Pankayat ndi gulu lokha la boma limene amagwirizana nthaŵi zonse.

Kutsimikizira Kuti Kumene Kuli Kukula

Magulu a m’deralo ali ndi malo apadera okonzekera kusiyanitsa zinthu zofunika m’madera awo. Maluso otere angayambitse kuteteza madzi, pamene m'dera lamapiri angayang'ane pa kugwirizanitsa misewu. Dongosololi limatheketsa kulinganiza kwabwino mwa kulola Panchayats kukonzekera zinthu zapachaka zogwirizana ndi chigawo ndi malo a boma. Zopangapanga zonga Macatma Gandhinalm Nalbactal Alctal Act (MNREGA) ndi Pradhantri Yas Yahona adagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera ku Panchayats , kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zifika pa ofunikira othandizira. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti midzi yokangalika ndi Pangchayhats imakhala ndi malo abwinopo, kuchuluka kwa mlingo wa za zaumoyo.

Amapatsa Akazi Mphamvu Ndiponso Magulu Osiyanasiyana Opatulidwa

Penteger 73rd Amendment inali ndi mpando umodzi wachitatu (tsopano wowonjezereka kufika 50%) wa mipando ya akazi, limodzi ndi malo okhazikika a Sedymard Castes ndi Sedyd Tuvolture . Kuvomereza kumeneku kwasintha ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Akazi oposa miliyoni tsopano amatumikira monga oimira a pankachayat, malamulo otsutsa a makolo, ndi kupereka chisamaliro ku nkhani zonga ngati thanzi la amayi, maphunziro a ana aakazi, ndi chiwawa cha m’banja. Mofananamo, SC/ST amatsimikizira kuti malamulo aperekere za tsankho la kusankhana pakati pa anthu ndi chuma. Akazi a Reservation Bill (2023) kaamba ka kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma asonkhezera kupambana kwa ntchito zaumoyo wa m'dziko.

Kukulitsa Kusamalira Chuma Kwabwino

Mabungwe a m’dzikolo amayang'anira zinthu zachilengedwe monga madzi, nkhalango, ndi maiko wamba omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa maboma akutali. Panchayats amachita mbali yaikulu pogwiritsira ntchito National Libaln Tome Water Programme, Swach Bharat Mission, ndi maprojekiti a kuyendetsa madzi. Kulamulira kochitidwa ndi anthu kumachepetsa chiphuphu mwa kuchepetsa lamulo ndi kuchuluka kwa kuonekera. The Public Financial Management system (PFMS) tsopano njira zoperekera ndalama zoyendera ku Panchayats, ndi kuŵerengera kwa kakhalidwe kwa anthu .

Kulimbitsa Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Oimira osonyezedwawo ali oyenera kuyankha mwachindunji kwa anthu awo. Malo a tauni anganenepo mafunso a sarpanch panthaŵi ya misonkhano ya Gram Sabba, kufuna mafotokozedwe a kuchedwa, ndi kuvota osayendetsa. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumatsimikizira mlingo wa kuŵerengera kwa maulamuliro apamwamba. Mayereto ku Information Act (2005) amapatsa nzika mphamvu zolemba ndi kukweza zidandaulo. Ndiponso, State Declation Commissions zivomereza kuchotsa ndalama, ntchito, ndi ntchito ku Panchaats, kuwonjezera zikalata zawo zoimira.

Kugwirizana kwa Mayanjano

Panchayats kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga mapulatifomu a chigamulo cha nkhondo pa mlingo wa mudzi. Mwambo [[FLT: 0] Nyaya pankaya payayats [1] (makhoti a zigaŵenga) amasamalira mikangano yaing'ono, kuchepetsa mtolo pa makhoti. M'midzi yambiri, kuwonjezerapo kumathandiza kugaŵikana ndi kuchirikiza mgwirizano. Dongosololi limagwirizanitsanso anthu m'mapwando, kuyankha tsoka, ndi kufunsira mautumiki abwino.

Mavuto Amene Anachitika ndi Kapangidwe ka Panchayati Raj

Ngakhale kuti lamulo la malamulo ndi zimene limachita, bungwe la Panchayati Raj limalimbana ndi mavuto amene amalepheretsa kuti lizigwira ntchito bwino, osati chabe zopinga za boma, koma zopinga za ndale ndi zomangidwa kwambiri m’dziko la India.

Kupereŵera pa Ndalama ndi Malonda

Ngakhale kuti bungwe la 73rd Amendment linalamula kuti boma lichotse ndalama ku Panchayats, nthaŵi zambiri ndalama zimene amapatsa zikhoza kuchepa. Mapachayat ambiri amadalira kwambiri ndalama zapakati ndi boma, ndipo satha kukweza ndalama zawo mwa misonkho, ndalama, kapena ntchito. Malinga ndi ntchito ya Unduna wa Panchayati Raj, ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ndalama za Panchayat , zokwana 5% ya ndalama za Panchayat . Boma, likufuna kulimbikitsa kuchotsa ndalama zawo, kaŵirikaŵiri kunyalanyaza kapena kupeputsa. Makampaniwa a za boma amathandiza kuti agwire ntchito monga bungwe la boma m’malo mwa kukonza mabungwe a boma.

Kusoŵeka kwa Ogwira Ntchito Ophunzitsidwa Bwino

Gram Panchayats kaŵirikaŵiri alibe antchito aluso . monga ngati oŵerengera ndalama, mainjiniya, ndi maofesala olinganiza zinthu . Kusamalira ntchito zovuta monga kukonza bajeti, mapulani, ndi kutsatira malamulo a kuŵerengera. Mlembi wa Panchayat, ntchito yaikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri amanyansidwa ndi kulephera. Oimira ambiri, makamaka akazi ndi ziŵalo za nthaŵi yoyamba, saphunzira mokwanira ndipo amaphunzitsidwa bwino. Maprogramu omanga a ntchito yomanga alipo, monga aja pansi pa Rashtriya Gram Swaj Awahian, koma amafikira kokha chigawo cha oimira 3 miliyoni.

Kulimbana ndi Otsutsa Zandale ndi Olamulira a U.S.

Maboma ndi madipatimenti a mzera kaŵirikaŵiri amaluluza Panchayats mwa kuchotsa ntchito kapena kupanga nyumba zogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, Azalungo a District angasiya Zilla Paris agwiritsa ntchito ziwiya za kampani. Kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko kwa atsogoleri a gulu la boma kapena andale za boma kungasokoneze zinthu zofunika ndi kuthandizira. Ndiponso, kusamveka bwino kwa bungwe la 11 Shetel (lomwe limandandandandalika nkhani 29 za Panchayats) kuchititsa kuti maulamuliro ndi mikangano ya madipatimenti a mzera.

Kuchepa kwa Mphamvu pa Ukulu wa Malowo

Kusintha kwa ntchito ya Panchayats kunasonyeza , koma maboma ambiri akhala ochedwa kuchotsapo zigawo zonse 29. Malo ovuta monga maphunziro, thanzi, ndi ulimi kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Ngakhale pamene ntchito zasinthidwa, chuma chotsagana ndi ulamuliro wa boma sizili . "Kusinthasintha popanda kusinthika kwa ndalama" kumasintha Panchayats monga mabungwe ongoyerekezera. Chifukwa chake, anthu a m’mudzi amaona kuti ndi opanda mphamvu, kuchepetsa chikhulupiriro chawo m’dongosolo la zinthu.

Zopinga za Mayanjano ndi Kugwidwa

Mosasamala kanthu za kukayikira, magulu amphamvu a chigawo chapamwamba kapena a mabwinja a dziko kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira zosankha za pankayati. Oimira akazi, ngakhale kuti amalamulidwa ndi lamulo, nthaŵi zina amagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga masinthidwe ndi achibale achimuna . Chochitika chodziŵika monga "sarpanch pati". Mabungwe amphamvu amasonkhezeranso kugaŵiridwa kwa chuma, ndi magulu opatulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kulandira mapindu ochepa. Gram Sabbas, otanthauzira kukhala opezeka, amachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zigawo zazikulu, kusiya osauka ndi osadziŵika.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Chifukwa cha Ziphuphu

Kusiyana pakati pa malamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito n’kwachikale. Ndalama zoyendetsera kupita patsogolo kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kapena kuchedwetsedwa. Bungwe la Comptroller ndi General (CAG) likusimba nthaŵi zonse kutchula kusagwirizana m'nkhani za Panchayat. Mafuno a chikhalidwe, ngakhale kuti amafunika kulamulidwa ndi MGNREGA, amachitidwa molakwika ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Popanda kuyang'anira kwambiri, ziphuphu zikuchuluka.

Zoyesayesa Zolimbikitsa Panchayati Raj

Kusintha Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Pentement ya 73rd inali sitepe yaikulu, koma njira zotsatirapo zakhala zoperekera mphamvu. Panchayats (Kusintha kwa Magawo Oikidwa) Alamulo (PISA), 1996 anafutukula dongosolo la m'madera, kuzindikira madongosolo a mwambo a ulamuliro. [[FLT:] 14th Commission (205-20) kuwonjezera gawo la kupereka pa Panchaats modabwitsa [1] kuyambira 2014-15 , kufika pa 2020. [FL:] Komiti ya za zachuma [12]

Mayiko angapo asintha ntchito zawo za Panchayati Raj kuti achotse ntchito zina ndi kulimbikitsa Gram Sabhas . Mwachitsanzo, Kampani ya Kulinganiza Anthu ya Kerala (1996) yolinganiza bwino malowo, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha ulamuliro wa kugawana. Odisha ndi Rajasthan ayambitsa kupatsa kwa ntchito zofunikira kuyambitsa mwambo ndi kupenda chikhalidwe.

Ntchito Yomanga ndi Kuphunzitsa Anthu Ogwira Ntchito Zaulimi

Unduna wa Panchayati Raj, kudzera mwa [FLT: 0] Rashtaria Gram Swarati j Abhiyan (RGGSA , , imapereka maphunziro osankha oimira ndi antchito. [[FLT:]] National Institute of Moral Development ndi Panchay Raj [NUTRAGR] [NUR: 3] imapanga maphunziro a zikwangwani, e-liging plati, ndi masulo. [FLT:] Phanchat Malati Hakti Hankki . [FLT:]] AN. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]

Kuchepa kwa Ndalama ndi Luso Lamakono

Kugwirizana kwa . [PLT] Plugical Financial Management System (PFMS) ndi Direct Direct trand trand (DBT) yachepetsa kuchuka kwa mathira. Programme Social Convicial Convition (NFMS) [NULT:] tsopano imaperekedwa kudzera ku Panchaats, ndi ndalama zongoperekedwa mwachindunji ku maakauzira a makampani. Geotagte of projective opangidwa pansi pa MGNRE imatsimikizira kuyankha mlandu. [FLT:] Geramsal j . [FFFFFLT]]

Kulimbikitsa Kuzindikira ndi Kupangana Ukwati

Mabungwe a boma ndi makampani oulutsira nkhani zathandiza kwambiri kuphunzitsa anthu a m’mudzi za ufulu wawo pansi pa njira ya Panchayati Raj. Programu zonga UNICEF'AF'S kulimbitsa ndi [[FLT:] Attacks zoyambitsa udzu [[FLT]] za akazi [[FLT:]] zawonjezera kuloŵereramo. [FLT] Gam Savs pa Republic (January 26)] [FLT:] ndi [FLT:] Tsiku la akazi (3:]

Kulimbitsa Mbawa wa Sabhas

Kuzindikira Gram Sabbas monga mbali yapakati ya demokrase, maboma ambiri alamula kuchepera kwa misonkhano inayi pachaka. Modell Panchayat Goverliance (MPG) zitsogozo zikugogomezera ntchito ya Gram Sabbas pokonzekera, mapikications , ndi kudandaula za Redressal . National Expert Committee on Panchayati Raj (20) [FLD:3] zinalimbikitsa kuti chivomerezo cha Gram Sab chivomerezo cha ntchito zonse zazikulu zachitukuko, kusonkhanitsa dziko, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe.

Kusintha kwa Nthaŵi Yatsopano ndi Chitsogozo cha M’tsogolo

Panchayati Raj system n’njofunika kwambiri lerolino kuposa ndi kale lonse. Pamene India akukhala m’tauni mofulumira, ulamuliro wa kumidzi udakalipo wa kuchepetsa umphaŵi, kutetezeka kwa chakudya, ndi kulimba kwa nyengo. Mliri wa CHOVAID-19 unagogomezera kufunika kwa matupi akomwe posamalira mavuto . Panchayats unakhala malo apakati a kutsendereza, kugaŵira chithandizo, ndi kudziŵitsa za thanzi. Mofananamo, National Liveliturals Mis Mission (NLM) [1] ndi [FLT:] India Mission [1]

Komabe, kuti adziŵe masomphenya a Gram Swaraj [1], kusintha kochuluka nkofunika:

  • Kusinthika kwa chisinthiko: Madziko ayenera kutumiza nkhani zonse 29 limodzi ndi ndalama zokwanira, ntchito, ndi kusinthasintha.
  • Fascal Maginedict: Panchayats ziyenera kupatsidwa mphamvu ya kupereka msonkho wa katundu wa levy, msonkho wa ntchito, ndi ndalama zoperekera kwa olemba ntchito, ndi maboma a boma ogwirizana ndi kutaikiridwa kwa ndalama.
  • Kusintha ntchito: Kulandira alembi, mainjiniya, ndi oŵerengera ndalama pa mlingo wa ndandanda ya makompyuta kungathandize kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.
  • [[ML:0] Mapilo a Office ndi Transparency: Kufufuza kwa kakhalidwe kwa pachaka kochitidwa ndi mabungwe a kudziimira paokha kuyenera kukakamizidwa.
  • Kudziwitsa kwa Mabiko a Urban Mibonia: Maphunziro kuchokera ku Panchayati Raj ayenera kudziŵitsa kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa m'boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuwonjezeka kwa mlingo: Kukulitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa [[FLT:] eGramSwaraj [[FLT: 3] ndi Panchayat Enterprise Axede (PES) [1] Kupanga maluso ndi madata-direct.

Panchayati Raj si kakonzedwe ka malamulo chabe koma kuyesa kwa moyo m’demokrase. Kupambana kwake kumadalira pa chifuniro chandale cha maboma a boma, kuzindikira nzika, ndi kukhulupirika kwa oimira osankhidwa. Panchayats atapatsidwa mphamvu, angasinthe India kuchoka ku bungwe la boma lachitetezo kukhala demokrase yamphamvu kwambiri kumene mudzi uliwonse uli ndi mawu ake.

Ziŵiya ndi Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

Pomaliza, njira ya Panchayati Raj idakali yofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa makhalidwe a demokrase ndi kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kodzipangitsa ku India. Kulimbikitsa dongosolo lino kumatsimikizira kuti anthu akumeneko ali ndi mawu omveka oyendetsera, kuchititsa kuwonjezeka kogwirizana ndi kokhazikika kudutsa m'madera akumidzi a India. Ulendo wochokera ku dziko la atsamunda mpaka ku kuloŵerera kwa malamulo a boma wakhala wovuta, koma lonjezo la Gram Swaraj [1] likupitirizabe kusonkhezera kukonza ndi kutsutsa chimodzimodzinso.