Chitetezo cha Lamulo Lachinayi

Demendment Yachinayi imakhala chitetezero chowopsa pa kuloŵerera kwa boma kodzifunira, ikumanena kuti "kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, motsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, sikudzaswedwa. Pakati pa chitetezero chimenechi ndicho chiyeneretso, njira yalamulo yolinganizidwira kugwirizanitsa woyang’anira milandu pakati pa lamulo ndi nzika. Popanda lamulo limeneli, mphamvu ya kufunafuna ndi kulanda ikhoza kutsalira m’manja mwa mkulu wa boma, ikusonkhezera kuipitsa kumene oyang’ma mamende a Lamulo afuna kuletsa.

Chiyeneretso cha lamulo sichili chabe kuyenera kwapamwamba kwa malamulo oletsa kulinganiza mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi munthu. Mwakulamula kuti apolisi asonyeze chochititsa cholakwika kwa woweruza wosasankha asanafufuze, Kusintha kwa Lachinayi kumatsimikizira kuti kuloŵerera m'malo achinsinsi nkolungamitsidwa, kopereŵera, ndi kololedwa. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbiri, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusiyapo, ndi mavuto amakono ofunikira, kupereka kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito yawo kuletsa kusanthula ndi njiru.

Chiyambi cha Mbiri cha Chiyeneretso Chosatha

Chifuniro cha lamulo la ku England chinayambanso ndi lamulo la Chingelezi ndi kudandaula kwa atsamunda motsutsana ndi malamulo a anthu onse ndi zilolezo za chithandizo. Zilolezo zokulirazi zinalola akuluakulu a boma la Britain kufufuza malo alionse popanda chifukwa chenicheni, kachitidwe kamene kanayambitsa mkwiyo ndi kuyambitsa Chipanduko cha America. James Otis motchuka anatsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo monga "chipangizo choipitsitsa cha mphamvu yopanda nzeru, kusakaza kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa Angelezi," kamvedwe kamene kanali kofanana ndi kukonzanso Remedition.

Mu nkhani yosonyeza zinthu [[FLT: 0] Entick v. Carrington (1765), Lord Camden analamulira kuti zilolezo zachisawawa zinali zoletsedwa, akukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti kufunafuna kuyenera kuikidwa ndi kulungamitsidwa ndi umboni wolunjika. Mlanduwu unasonkhezera kwambiri American jurisprudence. Pamene Bill of Rights inavomerezedwa mu 1791, Demendment yachina inafuna kuti malamulo "katchulidwe a malowo, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoti alandedwe, kukana zilozo za nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa dziko la Britain.

Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira mosalekeza kuti chilolezocho chiri lamulo lolamulira. Mu Johnson v. United States [1] (1948), Jasitisi Jackson analemba kuti: "Kuyenera kwa adindo kudziloŵetsa okha m’nyumba kuli nkhaŵa yaikulu osati yoipira. Kukonzanso kwachinayi kumaletsa kufufuza kulikonse popanda chifukwa chenicheni ndi kupeza chilolezo. Lamulo limeneli limakhalabe maziko a Kukonzanso kwa Four Republic jurisprunce.

Chochititsa Chanzeru: Maziko a Wodziŵa Kumenya Nkhondo Woyenera

Chochititsa choyenera ndicho muyezo walamulo umene uyenera kufikiridwa chilolezo chisanaperekedwe. Chimakhalapo pamene kukwanira kwa mikhalidweyo kupatsa munthu maziko oyenera kukhulupirira kuti umboni wa upandu udzapezeka pamalopo kuti ukafufuzidwe. Muyezo umenewu ngwochepa kuposa umboni woposa wokayikitsa koma woposa kukayikira kochepa. Institute ya Chidziŵitso pa Cornell Law School ikufotokoza kuti chifukwa chake chiyenera kuzikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni . osasintha mawu .

Kuti atsimikizire chochititsa chake, lamulo losungitsa lamulo limatumiza mawu olembedwa . Kutsimikizira mfundo zimene zimachirikiza chikhulupiriro chawo. Affidavit ingaphatikizepo chidziŵitso kuchokera kwa olengeza, malipoti, maumboni, kapena umboni wooneka. Pansi pa ] Illinois v. Mageti [1903], Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza "milichonse ya mikhalidwe", kulola oweruza kuwona kudalirika kwa chidziŵitsocho m’malo mofuna mfundo iliyonse kuti itsimikizidwe.

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika sichimasintha; chiyenera kukhalapo panthaŵi imene chilolezo chaperekedwa. Chikalata sichingachirikize chilolezo. Mwachitsanzo, thamo losadziŵika kuti malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo anachitika chaka chapita chingakhale chosakwanira. National Institute of Justice yakambirana mmene kulembedwa koyenera kwa chochititsa chothekera kuliri kofunika kaamba ka kulephera kwa umboni.

Njira Yopezera Mlendo

Kupeza chikalata chofufuza kumaphatikizapo njira yokhayikitsira kutsimikizira kuti uyang'aniro walamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri, wapolisi amakonza woweruza kapena woweruza ndi kuchipereka kwa woweruza, kaya pamaso kapena, pansi pa Lamulo 41 la Federal Magend of Criminal Procedure, kupyolera mwa njira zamagetsi. Woweruza amapenda affidavit kutsimikizira ngati ilo lingakhale lotsimikizirika. Ngati ali wokhutira, woweruzayo akusonyeza chilo, kuvomereza kufunafuna malo ofotokozedwawo ndi kulanda zinthu zotchulidwa.

Malo operekera chilango ayenera kuphedwa mkati mwa ndandanda ya nthaŵi yakutiyakuti . nthaŵi zambiri 10 mpaka 14 masiku . Kutsimikizira kuti chochititsa chidakali chatsopano. Kuphako kuyenera kukhala kwanzeru; apolisi sangagwere zitseko popanda kugogoda ndi kulengeza kukhalapo kwawo pokhapo ngati mikhalidwe itakhalapo. Pambuyo pa kufunafunako, apolisi ayenera kusiya kope la chilolezo ndi ndandanda ya katundu wolandidwa.

Chiyeneretso chapadera nchofunika kwambiri. Chilolezo chimene chimalongosola malo oyenera kufufuzidwa monga "nyumba ya John Doe" popanda keyala chingakhale chopanda pake. Groh v. Ramirez . (2004]), Khoti Lalikulu linatsutsa kuti chilolezo chimene chinalephera kufotokoza zinthu zotengedwa chinali chosagwira ntchito, ndipo kufunafunako kunali kosagwirizana ndi boma mosasamala kanthu za chikhulupiriro chabwino cha apolisiwo.

Kudziŵa za Ukulu wa Zandale Monga Kufufuza Mphamvu

Chifuno chachikulu cha chilolezocho ndicho kukhazikitsa woweruza wosaloŵerera ndi wosasankha pakati pa apolisi ndi nzika. Coolidge v. New Hampshire [1] , Khoti linagogomezera kuti chitetezo cha Kukonzanso Koyamba sikumaperekedwa ndi chilolezo cha la lala la la laimu. Woweruza amene amangovomereza chilichonse chimene apolisi abweretsa sichichita mwausilikali. Woweruza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chigamulo chaumwini.

Kufufuza kumeneku kuli kofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti akuluakulu a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti aperekedwa, angasonkhezeredwe ndi ukulu wa kufufuza kapena chitsenderezo cha kuthetsa upandu. Woweruza, popanda zitsenderezo zimenezo, amapereka kupenda kwa cholinga. Monga momwe Zeruzi Kennedy ananenera mu United States v. Leon (19984), lamulo lopatula limalinganizidwira kuletsa polisi kuchita chisembwere, koma njira yoikizirayo ndiyo chitetezo chachikulu.

M'madera ena, pali nkhaŵa za "kugula zinthu zolembedwa" kumene maofesala amafunafuna oweruza amene ali othekera kwambiri kuvomereza zilolezo. Kulimbana ndi zimenezi, maboma ambiri amafuna zilolezo zoikidwa ndi dongosolo lamilandu lapakati. Chivomezi chachiniŵeni cha American Liberetion Union chatsutsa kuti uyang'aniro wachiweruzo wotsekemera uli wofunikira kuletsa kuyang’anira kosavomerezedwa ndi kuchenjera, makamaka m'mawu a makompyuta a ndandanda a wailesi.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Ngakhale kuti lamulo lokhudza lamulolo ndilo lamulo lachisawawa, Khoti Lalikulu lazindikira kuti pali zifukwa zingapo zimene kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri kungakhale koyenera popanda chilolezo.

Kufufuza Kovomerezeka

Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezo chiyenera kukhala chaulere ndi chosakakamizidwa; kungovomereza ulamuliro (m’mg., "Pitani, ndiganiza kuti" sichothandiza. Boma lingakhale ndi mtolo wa kutsimikizira kuti chivomerezo chinalidi chodzifunira. Chivomerezo chachitatu chingakhale chololeka ngati munthuyo ali ndi ulamuliro wofanana pa malowo, monga mu [FLT: 0] United States v. Matlock [1] [7]]. Komabe, ngati munthu wofuna zinthu zina, angavomerezedwe pansi pa [FL:2] . . RUNDOLD .

Lingaliro Lomveka

Asilikali angapeze umboni wooneka bwino pamene akuloŵerera mwalamulo, ngati mkhalidwe wa kuweruza uwonekera mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wapolisi aimitsa galimoto mwalamulo ndi kuona mfuti pampandopo, wapolisiyo angaigwire popanda chilolezo. Komabe, chiphunzitso chowonekeratu sichimalungamitsa kuloŵa m’nyumba kuyang’ana mozungulira . Chimagwira ntchito kokha ku zinthu zosonyezedwa kuchokera ku malo oyenera.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi ingalungamitse kufunafuna kosalungamitsidwa. Izi zimaphatikizapo kulondola kowopsa kwa mbuye wothaŵayo, upandu wa kuyandikira kwa anthu, kapena chiwonongeko cha mwamsanga cha umboni. Mu [FLT: 0] Kencony v. King (201), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti akapita ku nyumba popanda chilolezo ngati iwo anakhulupirira kuti umboni unali kuwonongedwa mkati. Mfungulo njakuti kusinthika kuyenera kukhala kowona ndi kosapangidwa ndi apolisi.

Kufufuza Zochititsa Kugwidwa

Pamene munthu agwidwa mwalamulo, maofesala angafufuze munthu wa m’ndendeyo ndi malo apafupi popanda chilolezo. Chosiyana chimenechi, chokhazikitsidwa mu Chimel . California . ((69), amalungamitsidwa ndi kufunika kwa kutetezera ndi kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Komabe, malowo ali opereŵera ku dera la m’kati mwa polisiyo . Si nyumba yonse. [[FLT:]] Arizoya v. [FLT:] (209]), Khoti loperewera kumanga: kufufuza koteroko kuli kololedwa ngati womangidwayo angakhoze kulowa m’galimotoyo panthaŵi yofunafuna kapena ngati ali ndi umboni wa mlandu wa kumangidwa.

Kuchoka pagalimoto

Vehicles ali ndi chiyembekezo chochepa cha kukhala yekha chifukwa cha magalimoto awo. Pambali pa galimoto, apolisi angafufuze galimoto popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi chopinga kapena umboni. Chosiyanachi, chochokera mu Carroll v. United States[FLT:] (1925), chimalola kufufuza galimoto yonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zotseka zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Stop ndi Frisk

Pansi pa Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968), maofesala angaimitse ndi kutsekera ngati ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kwakuti ntchito ya upandu njoyenda pansi ndi kuti munthuyo angakhale ndi zida. Uku ndiko kupatulidwa kochepa kumene kumalola kutsika kwa zovala za kunja kaamba ka zida, osati kufunafuna kokwanira kaamba ka umboni.

Kufufuza Kopanda Malire m’Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero

Luso lamakono limapanga zitokoso zatsopano kaamba ka chiyeneretso. Mafoni a m'manja, malayphopy, ndi thambo zimasunga chidziŵitso cha munthu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa kufunafuna mwakuthupi kwa nyumba kungatulukire. Riley v. California [2014] (2014, Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo asanafufuze za zochitika za m'mafoni a m'manja kuti agwire. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts anadziŵitsa kuti mafoni amakono ndi "milimetape" amene amavumbula chithunzi chapafupi cha moyo wa munthu.

Mofananamo, kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo za GPS kumafunikira chilolezo. United States v. Jones . (20:2), Khoti linagamula kuti kugwirizanitsa GPS mlonda ku galimoto kukhale kufunafuna pansi pa Demetrisement Yachinayi chifukwa chakuti inalakwa mwakuthupi pa zinthu zachinsinsi. Foundation Yakhala ikufufuza motsatira kuyang'anira ndandanda ya zinthu za magetsi [1] monga kulowa m'malo a mbiri yakale kapena kugwiritsa ntchito selo la polisi (Sraysitis) [1] Imafunikiranso chilolezo chozikidwa pa chochititsa.

Nyumba ya malamulo yagwirizananso ndi malamulo otetezera. Chikalata cha Holyd Communications Act (SCA) chimafunikira chilolezo cha kutumiza mauthenga a pa foni masiku osakwanira 180, ngakhale kuti ma email akale ndi mafaelo olembetsa angapezedwe ndi pepala laling'ono. Mayiko ena, monga California, apereka malamulo awoake a ndandanda yofuna chilolezo cha malo a foni. Chikhotereko ndicho kukulitsa malamulo otetezera kuti atetezere umboni wokhudza makompyuta, kusonyeza kuti kusamala zinthu zachinsinsi m'makompyuta nkofunika mofanana ndi malamulo a magetsi.

Lamulo Loletsa Nkhondo: Kuswa Lamulo Loletsa Nkhondo

Lamulo lopatula ndilo mankhwala aakulu a kuswa Lamulo Lachinayi. Limapereka umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza kapena kulanda kosakhala kwa lamulo. Lamulo limeneli linagwiritsidwa ntchito choyamba ku makhoti a boma mu . United States (1914) ndi kufutukulidwira ku makhoti a boma mu ] Mp v. Ohio (1961]). Cholinga chake n’choletsa polisi kuchita zinthu zosayenera ndi kusunga umphumphu wa khoti mwa kusalola kuti khoti likhale lophwanya malamulo.

Komabe, lamulo lopatula siliri lopanda umboni. "chikhulupiriro chabwino" chopatulidwa, chodziŵika mu United States v. Leon (19984]), imalola kuvomerezedwa ngati maofesala adali odalira pa chikhulupiriro chabwino pa chikalata chimene pambuyo pake chinapezedwa kukhala chosathandiza chifukwa cha kuphophonya kwa luso la zopangapangapanga, pamene apolisiwo anachita zinthu moyenerera. Mofananamo, umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza kosaloleka ungakhalebe wotheka ngati mosapeŵeka ukapezedwa (kupezedwa kosapeŵeka chiphunzitso) kapena ngati unapezedwa kupyolera ku magwero odziimira pawekha ([FLT:].[FFFF:2]]

Otsutsa amanena kuti lamulo la kupatula limalola oimbidwa mlanduwo kumasuka chifukwa cha "unyinji". Koma ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti popanda kuchotsa, chilolezo chingakhale chopanda tanthauzo. Monga momwe Woweruza Clark analembera mu Mapp , "Popanda lamulo la umboni kuchotsa umboni wopezeka mosemphana ndi lamulo, ufulu wa kukhala wachinsinsi ukhoza kuchepetsedwa kukhala mtundu wa mawu chabe. Ngakhale kuti pali mkangano wopitirizabe, lamulo lopatula limakhalabe njira yosungitsa.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Ogwira Ntchito

Chiyeneretso chokhudza lamulo si chopinga cha lamulo chabe, koma lamulo la lamulo limene limateteza ulemu wa munthu, chinsinsi, ndi ufulu wa kuloŵerera m’boma. Mwa kufuna kuti kufufuzako kukhale kozikidwa pa zifukwa zomveka ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi woweruza, Lamulo Lachinayi limatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya boma ikuperekedwa mwa kuletsa ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

M'dziko la luso la zofufuzafufuza ndi kufufuza kwauchigaŵenga kocholoŵana, kufunika kwa ziyeneretso zolimba n’kokulira kuposa ndi kale lonse. Makhoti akupitiriza kusintha malamulo a Opaleshoni Yachinayi ndi zinthu zatsopano, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo afunikirabe kutsatiridwa ndi malamulo ofufuza mwalamulo. Nzika ziyenera kudziŵa zoyenera zawo, ndipo lamulo liyenera kuzilemekeza. Monga momwe khoti Lapamwamba lafotokozera bwino, lamulo siliri chopinga ku chilungamo [1]