Pangano Labwino Lachisanu ndi Funso Lokhalitsa la Kusamalira Mphamvu

Chikalata cha Good Wear Advement cha 1998 chili chimodzi cha zigamulo za mtendere zapamapeto pa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri. Chinathetsa zaka makumi atatu za chiwawa cha magulu opatuka chodziŵika monga Mavuto ndi kukhazikitsa boma loluluzika lomangidwa pa mfundo ya mphamvu zogwirizanitsa ndi dziko. Komabe, kota wa zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake, maziko amene kale anaoneka ngati chitsanzo cha kuthetsa mikangano yaikulu tsopano ali ndi mavuto aakulu. Funsolo silirinso longonena kuti mphamvu zolamulira zikhoza kukhalapobe, koma kuti iyenera kukhalabe yogwirizana ndi chigawo chosintha ndi kusintha kwa anthu, Britit, ndi kusintha kwa ndale zandale.

Nkhani ino ikulongosola maziko a mbiri yakale a Chipangano, zopinga zamakono za kulamulira kosagwedera, ndi mwaŵi umene ukubuka umene ungapange kugwirizana kolimba kwa ndale zadziko. Imalingaliranso za mbali ya oseŵera akunja ndi njira zofunikira kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu zotetezera sizikhala zotsala za mtendere wakale, koma chiŵiya chamoyo kaamba ka mtsogolo mogaŵikana.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu

Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu [1] Chodziŵikanso monga Chikalata cha Belfast [1] chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998 pambuyo pa zaka za kukambitsirana kwachinsinsi ndi mbali zambiri. Chinapanga msonkhano wopatulidwa ku Northern Ireland ndi bungwe logwirizana: mabungwe aakulu ogwirizana ndi autundu akagaŵana malo autumiki mogwirizana ndi njira yodalirika (dongosolo la D'Hondt). Mfungulo ya “m'gulu la aunion" pulogalamu yosanthula imatsimikizira kuti zosankha zazikulu zifunikira chichirikizo kwa onse aŵiri a mgwirizano ndi autundu, osati kungokhalira chabe ruzhinji.

Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsanso mabungwe a kumpoto (Mgwirizano wa Kumpoto ndi South Audentel) kugwirizanitsa malamulo pakati pa Belfast ndi Dublin, bungwe lakummaŵa madzulo (British-Irish Council) kuphatikizapo UK, Ireland, ndi maulamuliro odetsedwa, ndi Msonkhano wa Briteni wa Intervior. Nyumba zimenezi zinalinganizidwa kusokoneza lamulo lakuti onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi autundu anali ndi zolinga zalamulo zalamulo, ndi kuti sangathe kukhazikitsa chifuniro chake pa wina.

Chipanganocho chinali chogwirizana ndi “kusiyanitsa ulemu” ndi lamulo lakuti zosankha zandale ziyenera kutengedwa ndi chivomerezo cha anthu onse aŵiri. Chitsanzo cha mgwirizano chimenechi ndi kulinganiza makonzedwe ku Belgium, Switzerland, ndi Bosnia, cholinga chake chinali kuletsa ulamuliro wa audindo ndi kupatsa chitaganya chilichonse chinsinsi pa nkhani zazikulu za dzina.

Chikalata cha pangano la pangano la pangano la pangano la United States chasokonezedwa. Msonkhanowu unalekedwa kangapo, makamaka kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2007 chifukwa cha kutha kwa kudalirana kwa IRA . Komabe pambuyo pa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya mphamvu mu 2006, unabwezeretsedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopha anthu pafupifupi zaka khumi, ndi gulu la Democratic Union (DUP) ndi Sin Féin . Northern Ireland inaona nyengo ya kukwera kwa chuma, malonda, ndi kugaŵidwa kwa chikhalidwe. Magaŵano a mtendere anali enieni, ngakhale ngati anagawiridwa molakwika.

Komabe, kulephera kwa makompyuta kwa zaka zitatu kunaonekera mu 2017 pamene akuluakulu a boma anagwa pa nkhani ya kubwezeranso kwa Haat Incentive ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu pa ufulu wa chinenero cha ku Ireland, ukwati wauchiŵanda, ndi cholowa cha mavuto. Zotsatira zake za zaka zitatu zolephera zinasonyeza nkhani yovuta: mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu amene amadalira pa magulu akuluakulu a anthu ogwira ntchito limodzi angalimbikitsidwe kwambiri pamene maguluwo akukana kugwirizana. Chitsanzo chimene chinabweretsa mtendere wayesetsa kubweretsa kuyendetsa bwino zinthu m’malo otukuka.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Panopa Olimbana ndi Ntchito Yomanga Pansi ya Mphamvu

Zitokoso zimene zikuyang'anizana ndi mphamvu zopitira ku masuntra a mphamvu ndi adongosolo kwambiri kuposa mizera ya apa ndi apo imene inatsata zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa Agreeti . Zimaphatikizapo chiyambukiro cha kugwedezeka kwa Breit, kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa anthu kumene kukusintha kulinganiza kwa masunt jogalamu ndi aunyinji a dziko, kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi mkhalidwe wa anthu umene ukukulirakulirakulira ponena za mphamvu ya mabungwe a Storntont yopereka pa nkhani zachikasunt ndi kuwonjezera chakudya, maphunziro, ndi nyumba.

Kutsatira kwa Msewu wa Breexit: Pangano la Kumpoto kwa Ireland ndi Katundu Woyendera Mphepo

Brexit wakhala chiwopsezo chimodzi chakunja chochititsa mantha kwambiri ku Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu kuyambira pamene chinasainidwa. Pangano la Pangano la Kumpoto kwa Ireland, linagwirizana monga mbali ya pangano la UK la kuchotsa, likupanga miyambo ya kusudzula ndi malire a kunyanja ya Irish kupeŵetsa malire ovuta pa chisumbu cha Ireland. Adani a mitundu omwe anafuna malonda osatsutsana a kumpoto, koma ogwirizana omwe anawona kuti akulekana ndi Great Britain ndi chiwopsezo ku malo a lamulo a Northern Ireland mkati mwa UK.

DUP anakana kuloŵanso m'kaundula wa oyendetsa msonkhano 2022, kulamula kuti lamulolo libwezeretsedwe kapena kuchotsedwa. Boma la UK la Windsor Framework , linagwirizana ndi EU mu February 2023, linayambitsa “mzere wa magetsi [1] ndipo linapereka njira ya ku Northern Ireland (“Statent Brake”) kutsutsa malamulo atsopano a EU. Komabe nkhaŵa za DEUP zinapitirizabe, ndipo bwanayo anakhalabe wokha kwa zaka ziŵiri kufikira pamene ntchito inalola kubwezeretsa mphamvu ya mphamvu m'ma 2024.

Ngakhale pambuyo pa kubwezeretsa, malamulo ndi choloŵa chake zikupitirizabe kuipitsa maunansi otsatizana. Maungwe alingalira kuti iwo ali owopsa; ochirikiza dziko ndi ambiri amene atsala mu EU amawona lamulolo kukhala chitetezo choyenerera kaamba ka dongosolo la mtendere. Nkhaniyo yakulitsa lingaliro lakuti mphamvu yolamulira ndiyo maseŵera a zero-sum kumene phindu la mudzi wina lili kutayikiridwa ndi wina, mmalo mwa njira ya kukhalira pamodzi.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutha kwa Kukhulupirirana

Mpikisano wamwambo pakati pa Dup ndi Sin Féin waphimba kaŵirikaŵiri zosoŵa za nzika wamba. Polyglors imasonyeza mosalekeza kuti pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri ku Northern Ireland amachirikiza mphamvu za mapulinsipulo, kukhulupirira mabungwe a ndale zadziko nkochepa. Msonkhano wa nthaŵi zambiri ndi nyengo zazitali za kusagwira ntchito (mosakayikitsa kuyambira 2020 mpaka 2022 mpaka 2024) zagwetsa chidaliro. Ochulukirawa [1] achichepere ndi awo amene amazindikira kuti alibe mgwirizano kapena dziko la anthu . [1] Amakhumudwa ndi dongosolo limene kaŵirikaŵiri limawoneka kukhala lapasadakhale maseŵera alamulo (mo kuyambira 202020 mpaka 2024) lakulamulira.

Kukwera kwa bungwe la Centrist Alliance Party, limene tsopano likugwira pafupifupi 18% ya voti, kumasonyeza chikhumbo cha mtundu wa ndale wosaŵirikiza. Alliance yochirikiza “mtsogolo logaŵidwa” ndipo nthaŵi zina yakhala yokhoza kuswa malamulo pakati pa magawo a chigawo. Komabe, siinakhalepo lamulo la nduna yoyamba ndi Sexpandhed Minister First, imene imasungidwa kaamba ka magulu aakulu a mgwirizano ndi autundu. Chitsanzo cha ma consociation, mwa kulinganiza, kupangitsa zigawo ziŵiri kukhala mabungwe aakulu a ndale, kuivuta kuti magulu a mtandawo agwirizane agwirizane kotheratu.

Kusintha kwa Chiŵerengero cha Anthu: Kusintha kwa Malo Okongola

Chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri anthaŵi yaitali ndicho kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. 2021 imbala ya Akatolika ku Northern Ireland inasonyeza kuti Akatolika awonjezeka kufika pa 45.7%, pamene anthu a Chiprotesitanti anali pa 43.5% (panthaŵi yoyamba Akatolika analipo Aprotesitanti oposedwa kuposa Aprotesitanti kuyambira pamene boma linalengedwa mu 1921. Chikhoterero chimenechi chikusonyezedwa m'kachitidwe kosankha: waunyinji wa dziko (ko makamaka Sin Féin) ndi zipani za dziko la lipabuliki tsopano zikupeza mavoti ambiri kuposa a magulu ogwirizana m'masankhoti ambiri. Sinn Féin anakhala chipani chachikulu koposa m'ma 20222 mu mbiri.

Ngakhale kuti demography siiri choikidwiratu, ndipo si Akatolika onse amene amachirikiza umodzi wa ku Ireland, kusinthako kuli ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu zamaganizo pa ogwirizana, amene amalingalira za malo awo mkati mwa UK kukhala onyonyotsoka. Kukhozanso kulimbikitsa ochirikiza utundu kukakamiza kaamba ka kufufuza kwa malire, njira ya chivoti pa umodzi wa ku Ireland yoperekedwa mu Good Wear Agreement. Boma la UK lanena kuti mikhalidwe ya kuvomereza kwa mamendulo sinafikiridwebe, koma nkhani ya nthaŵi ndi kuyenera ya kuganiziridwa kwa maphunziro yasonkhezera nkhani ya ndale zadziko kukhala yofala.

Malingaliro a kufufuza kwa malire [1] Ngakhale ngati zaka zapita . Amapanga kulimbana kwamphamvu m'mabungwe a mphamvu. Ogwirizana akuopa kuti kugwira ntchito ndi autundu a kumpoto adzakhazikitsa njira yopita ku Ireland wogwirizana; ochirikiza dzikolo amaona chiletso cha kugwirizana kwa anthu kukhala kukana kusintha kwa demokalase. Chitsanzo cha consociation, cholinganizidwa kuyang'anira nkhondo youma, tsopano ayenera kuyendetsa malamulo a m'tsogolo.

Mwayi Wokonzanso Zinthu ndi Kusintha

Mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zazikulu, dongosolo lamphamvu silingathe kukonzedwa. Pali njira zopitira ku dongosolo lokhalitsa ndi lophatikizapo, koma zimafuna kuona mtima ponena za zofooka za chitsanzo chimene chilipo ndi kufunitsitsa kwa anthu onse kuvomereza.

Kusintha kwa Zipani: Kupangitsa Ntchito Yochirikiza Mphamvu Kukhala Yabwinopo

Mbali imodzi yowonekera ya kusintha ndiyo kugwira ntchito kwa bungwe la Msonkhano ndi Kulamulira. Dongosolo la malamulo la malamulo limatsimikizira kuti magulu aakulu koposa apeza malo m’boma, koma kumatanthauzanso kuti magawo angakhoze kuvomereza mokhutiritsa njirayo mwa kukana kulembedwa kukhala atumiki aulemu. Malingaliro angapo apita patsogolo, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito Chifuno cha Concer chimene chimalola ochepa a MML za kutsekereza malamulo pankhani zamphamvu. Njira imeneyi poyamba inalinganizidwira kutetezera ufulu wa anthu koma yagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kutsekereza malamulo opita patsogolo onena za kufanana kwa ukwati ndi kuchotsa mimba.
  • Kuyambitsa chitsutso chalamulo kotero kuti magawo asakhale m'boma angaimbe mlandu mkuluyo popanda kugwa. 2020 New Department , New Approach inaphatikizapo makonzedwe a chitsutso cha mthunzi, koma sanagwiritsiridwe ntchito mokwanira.
  • Kukhazikitsa njira yoikizira Atumiki Oyamba ndi Oimira Oyambirira , kotero kuti kugwa kwa zaka ziŵiri sikutsata kaimidwe kalikonse ka ndale zadziko. Lingaliro limodzi ndilo kukhala ndi “woyang'anira ” wa chipani china ngati wosankhidwa Woyamba ndi Seader Woyamba sagwirizana.

Kusintha kuyenera kukhala kosamala kusafooketsa lamulo lamaziko la kugwirizana kopitizana, kumene kudakali kofunika kwambiri koperekedwa kukuya kwa magaŵano.

Kudziloŵetsa m’Zachinyamata ndi Chidziŵitso Chogwirizana

Mbali yolongosola Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu Northern Ireland iri kubuka kwa mbadwo umene sunakumane ndi Mavutowo mwachindunji. Anthu ambiri osakwana zaka 30 amafanana ndi “Arish Yakumpoto” kapena“ Azungu” kudziŵika kuposa ndi malembo a mgwirizano kapena autundu. Gulu limeneli silili lomasuka ndi mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko wamwambo ndi nkhani zokondweretsa kwambiri monga kusintha kwa nyengo, thanzi la maganizo, ndi kukwera kwa moyo.

Zipani za ndale zadziko zakhala zochedwetsa kusinthira ku chikhalidwe ichi. Kuvota kwa achichepere kumafuna kuyendetsa zinthu kupyola pa mafunso a lamulo ndi kupereka mautumiki a boma. Kumatanthauzanso kupanga malo ophunzirirapo, maprojekiti a chitaganya, ndi njira zoyendera zopitira kutsogolo ndi kutsata anthu osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikizapo anthu a m'malo osiyanasiyana. Gulu la maphunziro a Integrated Education, limene limagwirizanitsa ana achikatolika ndi a Chiprotesitanti pasukulu imodzimodziyo, lakhala limodzi la zoyesayesa zachipambano koposa za kumanga mtendere, koma limaphunzitsabe pafupifupi 7% ya ophunzira. Kufutukula ndi maphunziro amodzi kuyenera kukhala chinthu chofunika.

Kugwirizana M’zachuma Monga Maziko a Kukhazikika kwa Ndale

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement nthaŵi zonse chinalingalira kugwirizana kwa zachuma kukhala magwero aakulu a mtendere. Mtendere wogaŵanitsidwa unakopa malonda apadera achilendo kuchokera ku makampani onga Allstate ndi Citi, ndipo mbali ya odzaona malo inakula. Komabe, chigawochi chikuvutikabe ndi mbali yaikulu ya anthu, kuchuluka kwa zotulukapo, ndi kugaŵana kwa magulu ampatuko kopitirizabe pamsika wa ntchito.

Post-Brexit , Northern Ireland iri ndi malo apadera: ndi mbali ya gawo la madera a madera a UK koma idakali yogwirizana ndi malamulo a msika umodzi wa EU kaamba ka katundu. Makampani aŵiriwa amapereka mwaŵi wa zachuma ngati makampani angakhoze kuyendetsa njira yocholoŵana. Chipangizo cha Windsor Frame ntchito ya “mzera wa green" chimaletsa malonda ndi Great Britain, koma kusatsimikizirika kwa ndale zadziko kukufooketsa opanga makampani ena.

Bidacal Northern- South auchigwirizano monga ngati m'masamaliro a zaumoyo ku malire, mapulogalamu a mphamvu, ndi kukonza msewu wa A5 kuchokera ku Derry ku Dublin . Can akupereka mapindu ooneka amene amachirikiza kudalirana. Msonkhano wa North/South Audenteal Council, mosasamala kanthu za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kamodzi, umapereka njira yopititsa patsogolo ntchito. Chigogomezero chachikulu pa zachuma chimene chimaposa ndale zadziko zampatuko chikhoza kupatsa anthu onse chidwi m'mabungwe okhazikika.

Ntchito ya Anthu a Padziko Lonse

Chikalata cha Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chinachotsedwa ndi maboma a UK, Ireland, ndi United States, ndipo European Union inapereka chichirikizo cha chuma ndi kutsimikizira kuti pali zungu mmodzi.

United States, kudzera mwa nthumwi zapadera za ku Northern Ireland, apitirizabe kulimbikitsa kukambirana ndi kukonza ndalama. Pulezidenti Biden, amene nthaŵi zambiri amanena za cholowa chake cha ku Ireland, wagwirizana. EU idakali magwero aakulu kwambiri a ndalama zothandizira pa maprogramu a mtendere, kuphatikizapo PLUS. Maboma a UK ndi Ireland akuyang'anira pamodzi kukhazikitsidwa kwa pangano la Active ndipo ayamba kulowa m'makolo adakufa / /ake ndi New Early Apy Ad mu 202020 ndi nkhani zimene zinatsogolera kubwezeretsedwa kwa bungwe la Adipatimenti ya za U.

Komabe, chitaganya cha padziko lonse chakhalanso ndi zitsutso kaamba ka kukhazikika kwapatsogolo pa kuyanjana kwenikweni. Chigogomezero cha kusunga mabungwe a moyo nthaŵi zina chalola magulu ambiri osintha kusintha. Ntchito yowopsa kwambiri kuchokera ku bungwe la Britain-Irish Intergovernmental Conference ingafuluze kupangitsa masinthidwe a nyumba amene amachepetsa mphamvu.

Chitsanzo chothandiza kwambiri poyerekezera ndi njira yamtendere ku Basque Country, kumene kuphatikizana kwa malonda, kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano, ndi kusintha kwa magulu kwachepetsa chiwawa cha ndale zadziko ndi kuwongolera ulamuliro. Akanema a mitundu yonse angagawanamo machitidwe abwino ndi kuchititsa kukambirana za kusintha, koma woyendetsa wamkulu ayenera kukhala wandale zadziko.

Kumaliza: Kuchirikiza Mphamvu pa Mtanda

Chikalata cha Good Frive Agreement chinapambana kuthetsa chiwawa chachikulu ndi kupanga maziko a ulamuliro wodziimira. Nkoyenera kulemekeza chipambano chimenecho. Koma tsopano gawo la ndale zadziko lagwidwa pakati pa mphamvu ziŵiri: kulingalira kwampatuko kobadwa nawo kwa Mavuto ndi kubuka, ndale zamadzi ambiri za chitaganya cha pambuyo pa chigwirizano. Mphamvu zolamulira sizingagwire ntchito ngati magulu aakulu aŵiriwo achitirana ziwopsezo zapadera mmalo mwa kukhala otsutsa andale zadziko.

Kuti mtsogolo mukhale bwino, onse ayenera kuvomereza mfundo zambiri zosakondweretsa. Kwa ogwirizanitsa: kusintha kwa anthu kumatanthauza kuti chisonkhezero cha dziko chidzangokula, ndipo kuyesa kuletsa ntchito za demokrase kudzachotsa ovota ndi kuwononga Union . Kwa a National: kusanthula malire sikuli kosapeŵeka kapena koyandikira, ndipo kukakamiza munthu mmodzi pasadakhale kukhoza kuchotsa mtendere wonse; kugwira ntchito m’mabungwewo kudzakhala njira yothandiza kwambiri yopangira mgwirizano. Kwa mamembala a gulu la anthu monga Alliance: iwo ayenera kupatsidwa mbali yaikulu m'malamulo amwambo, ngakhale ngati malamulo a za mtendere atha kukhalabe m'malo apamwamba a maofesi.

Zaka khumi zotsatira zidzakhala zowopsya. Chitsanzo cha mphamvu yolamulira chimasonyeza kuti chikhoza kutambasuka koma osasweka. Mwa kusintha kosamalitsa "kusintha kwa makampani, chuma, ndi chikhalidwe [1] kungagwirizane ndi zinthu zatsopano. Popanda kusintha koteroko, ngozi siiyambiranso pa nkhondo ya zida, koma kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono kumakhala kusadalirika, kumene mabungwe alipo papepala koma amalephera kudalira anthu. Anthu a ku Northern Ireland ayenera kuyenerera kuposa zimenezo. Iwo amayenerera ndale zadziko zimene zimadutsa m'zotsatira mgwirizano wa dziko ndi wolimbana ndi dziko la anthu ndi mavuto enieni a zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba.

Anzake a kunja . . UK, Ireland, EU, ndi US . Ayenera kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma ndi chuma, koma udindo waukulu uli ndi atsogoleri a dziko. Kulimba mtima kwa ndale, kulolera, ndi kufunitsitsa kuika zabwino za anthu onse pamwamba pa gulu la anthu si zinthu zinanso zofunikira; ndizo zofunikira kwambiri pa injini ya mphamvu. Good Wear Account inapereka injini. Tsopano ndiyo nthaŵi yowongolera mbali zimene zatha.