Table of Contents

Ufulu wa nzika umaimira chitetezo chachikulu cha lamulo chimene chimatsimikizira munthu aliyense kuchitiridwa mosakondera ndiponso mofanana ndi lamulo, mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe yake kapena chiyambi. Zitetezero zimenezi zimapanga maziko a chitaganya cholungama, kuteteza anthu ku tsankho ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu angapeze mpata wofanana wopezera ntchito, nyumba, maphunziro, mautumiki a anthu onse, ndi mbali zina zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsetsa zoyenera zanu sikuli kofunika chabe kuti mudziŵe pamene ufulu umenewo ungaswedwe ndi kudziŵa mmene mungachitirepo kanthu kuti mudzitetezere nokha ndi ena.

Kaya mukuyenda pa malo antchito, kufunafuna nyumba, kupeza malo ogona a anthu onse, kapena kungochita ntchito zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku, malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amathandiza kuteteza ufulu wanu kuti musachitidwe molakwika malinga ndi mmene mulili.

Kumvetsetsa Ufulu wa Anthu: Maziko a Chithandizo Cholingana

Ufulu wa nzika ndi ufulu wa boma umene umateteza anthu ku nkhanza ndi tsankho. Ufulu umenewu umatsimikizira kuti anthu onse ali ndi mwayi wofanana wopeza mwayi ndiponso amapatsidwa ulemu, mosasamala kanthu za makhalidwe monga fuko, mwamuna, chipembedzo, mtundu, msinkhu, kupunduka, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeka. Malamulo a boma amateteza anthu a ku America kuti asamasalidwa chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga malo ochitira zinthu zogwirizana ndi mwayi kwa anthu onse a ku America.

Lingaliro la ufulu wachibadwidwe lakhala likusintha kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya Amereka, likukula kufikira magulu ndi mikhalidwe yowonjezereka pamene chitaganya chapita patsogolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitetezo cha pachiyambi cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chinasumika makamaka pa fuko ndi mtundu, lamulo lamakono la ufulu wachibadwidwe lakula kukhala lophatikizapo mikhalidwe ina yambiri imene imafunikira kuchinjirizidwa mwalamulo ku tsankhu.

Kukula kwa Mbiri ya Kutetezeredwa kwa Ufulu wa Nzika

Fuko ndi mtundu zinali magulu oyambirira otetezeredwa, ndi Civil Rights Act ya 1866 yoletsa tsankho "pa ufulu wa anthu kapena katemera... chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wapapitapo wa ukapolo," kuphatikizapo tsankho m'kupanga mapangano pamaziko a fuko ndi mtundu. Malamulo a maziko ameneŵa anaika maziko kaamba ka zitetezero za mtsogolo za ufulu wa anthu.

Makalasi otetezeredwa anakula kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 20, kuyambira pamene panatuluka lamulo la Civil Rights Act ya 1964, lokhala ndi mutu wa Chikalata cha VII choletsa tsankho pantchito chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kubadwa, kugonana, ndi chipembedzo.

Kufutukukaku kunapitirizabe ndi lamulo lowonjezera lonena za mitundu ya tsankho. Mu 1967, Congress inawonjezera zaka za magulu otetezeredwa ndi Age Discism in Observatory Act (ADEA). Pambuyo pake, antchito a m'chigawo cha anthu apadera anapeza chitetezo chofanana ndi chimenechi mu 1990 pamene anthu a ku America anadutsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Act (ADA), ndipo Congress anawonjezera mafotokozedwe a amene anafotokozedwa ndi ADA mu 2008 ndi Amereka ndi Confection Act.

Makalasi Otetezeredwa: Amene Aikidwa Pansi pa Malamulo a Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Kuzindikira kuti ndi makhalidwe ati amene amatetezedwa ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe n’kofunika kwambiri pozindikira ufulu wanu ndiponso ufulu wa anthu ena.

Tiyeni tione gulu lililonse lotetezedwali mwatsatanetsatane kuti timvetsetse zimene akuphatikizapo ndi mmene amagwirira ntchito m’mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana.

Fuko ndi Mawonekedwe

Mtundu umasonyeza mikhalidwe yachibadwa kapena ya kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndipo Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 chinakonzedwa kuti chithetse nkhani yaikulu ya tsankho la fuko, makamaka lofala m’madera monga ntchito, nyumba, ndi mautumiki a anthu onse, kupangitsa mtundu uliwonse wa kusiyana kapena tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko lochitidwa ndi abwana kukhala loletsedwa ndi lamulo.

Maonekedwe amatanthauza mtundu, listicon, mthunzi wa khungu kapena kaonekedwe. Nkofunika kuwona kuti fuko ndi maonekedwe ndi magulu otetezeredwa osiyana, kutanthauza tsankho lozikidwa pa mtundu wa khungu, ngakhale pakati pa anthu a fuko lomwelo . Ndilo loletsedwa ndi lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Kugonana, Kusonyeza Uchiŵanda, ndi Kugonana

Gender akusonya ku mikhalidwe yachikhalidwe, yamakhalidwe, ndi ya chikhalidwe yogwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhala mwamuna kapena mkazi. Zitetezero zogwirizana ndi kugonana zasintha kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa kuphatikizapo kuzindikira kokulirapo za tsankho lachimuna ndi lachikazi.

Ngakhale kuti Word VII wa Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 samatchula mwachindunji za mkhalidwe kapena kuti mwamuna kapena mkazi, chigamulo cha 2020 cha Khoti Lalikulu la United States chinagamula kuti magulu ameneŵa amatetezedwa pansi pa malamulo a Chikalata cha Act poletsa tsankho. Chigamulo chotchuka chimenechi chinakula kuphatikiza LGBTQ+ anthu olamulidwa ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Mu 1964, Udindo wa VII wa Chilungamo cha Chiŵeniŵeni umaletsa kuchitira wina zinthu mosiyana kapena zoipa chifukwa cha kugonana kwa munthuyo, ndi kunyada munthu chifukwa cha kudziŵika kwake kwa mwamuna kapena mkazi, kuphatikizapo kusakhala wotchuka, kapena chifukwa cha kugonana kwa munthu wina.

Chipembedzo ndi Chikhulupiriro

Chipembedzo chimaphatikizapo zikhulupiriro ndi zochita zolinganizidwa bwino, ndipo pansi pa mutu wakuti The Civil Rights Act ya 1964, chimateteza anthu ku tsankho lozikidwa pa zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo ndiponso chimafuna kuti olemba ntchito agwirizane ndi zosoŵa zachipembedzo za antchito awo.

Zitetezero zachipembedzo zimawonjezera pa kungoletsa tsankho, ndipo zimafunikanso malo ogona oyenera kuti anthu azichitirako miyambo yachipembedzo, kulola anthu kuvala kapena kudzikongoletsa, kapena kupereka malo opempherera pa nthawi ya ntchito, malinga ngati malo ogona ameneŵa sachititsa kuti abwanawo azivutika kwambiri.

Magwero a Dziko ndi Ancestry

Astinry amalozera ku kusiyana kwa munthu, dziko, mtundu, fuko, kapena gulu lina lodziŵika la anthu kumene munthu amagwa, ndipo angalozerenso mikhalidwe yachibadwa yakuthupi, yachikhalidwe kapena ya chinenero ya makolo a munthu.

Kusankhana mitundu kumatanthauza kukondera munthu chifukwa chakuti amachokera kudera linalake, chifukwa cha fuko lawo kapena katchulidwe kawo, kapena chifukwa chakuti anthu amakhulupirira kuti iwo anachokera ku fuko lina, ndiponso kumaphatikizapo tsankho chifukwa cha ukwati kapena kuyanjana ndi munthu wa mtundu winawake.

Zaka

Kaamba ka zolinga za malamulo ameneŵa, msinkhu wa ntchito umatanthauza munthu wopitirira zaka 40. The Age Discrimination in Account Act (ADEA) kumangoletsa tsankho la msinkhu kwa anthu a zaka 40 kapena kuposapo ndipo samatetezera antchito a zaka zosafika 40 zakubadwa, ngakhale kuti maiko ena ali ndi malamulo amene amatetezera antchito achichepere ku tsankho la msinkhu.

Kusasankhana kwa misinkhu kungatenge mitundu yambiri, kuyambira kukana kulemba ntchito antchito okalamba kufikira pa kukakamiza antchito ochotsedwa ntchito mwamsanga kapena kutsanziridwa pa olembedwa ntchito okalamba kaamba ka kukwezedwa pa ntchito kwa achichepere okhala ndi ziyeneretso zofanana kapena zochepa.

Kulephera

Kupunduka kumatanthauza kupunduka kwa thupi kapena maganizo kumene kumachititsa munthu kukhala ndi chilema chimodzi kapena zambiri m’moyo kapena mbiri yaikulu ya kupunduka koteroko, ndipo kupundukako kungakhale kupunduka ngakhale ngati kuli kwa m’thupi kapena kukhululukidwa, ndi zitsanzo za ntchito yaikulu ya moyo imene ingakhale yochepetsedwa kwambiri kuphatikizapo koma yosalekezera pa kuyenda, kulankhula, kuona, kumva, kapena kuphunzira, kapena kugwira ntchito kwa ntchito yaikulu ya m’thupi kapena m’maganizo.

Makampani a ku America amene ali ndi Chipatala cha Ulema saletsa anthu amene ali ndi vutoli ndipo amafunika malo ogona abwino.

Chidziŵitso cha Majini

Chidziŵitso cha majini ndi chimodzi cha magulu otetezeredwa posachedwapa. Chitetezero chimenechi chimaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chonena za majini a munthu, mayeso a majini a ziŵalo za banja, kapena mbiri ya zamankhwala a banja. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti anthu sangamanidwe ntchito, nyumba, kapena mipata ina yozikidwa pa majini awo aumoyo.

Kukhala ndi Pathupi

Parents Discrimination Act, kuwongolera ku Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe, kumateteza akazi kuti asathawe kapena kuchitiridwa tsankho chifukwa cha kutenga mimba. Kusankhana mimba ndiko kusankha akazi amene ali ndi pakati kapena amene akukhudzidwa ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi mimba, ndipo ayenera kuchitiridwa mofanana ndi anthu ena ofunsira ufulu kapena antchito ena amene ali ndi luso lofananalo kapena amene ali ndi malire.

Udindo wa Malonda

Malamulo ena amatetezera anthu amene analeka ntchito kuti asasalidwa, ngakhale kuti imeneyi si kalasi yotetezedwa ndi boma mofanana ndi fuko kapena msinkhu. Majetera amatetezedwa ndi malamulo apadera monga Lavementment Reapment Act ndi From Respondement Rights Act (Chilamulo cha Kupereka Chithandizo cha Kusintha kwa Malamulo) ndi Chikalata cha Rehoused Servicesss Procement and Rehoroundment Rights Act (Chilamulo cha Kupereka Chikalata cha Vietnam Chakuthandiza Kupereka Chithandizo ndi Ntchito Zolembedwa ndi Ntchito Zoona za Ufulumirako).

Malamulo Aakulu Otetezera Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Zimene Amatetezera

Kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa kumakhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe kumbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa Amereka.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 chili chimodzi cha zigawo zazikulu ndi zofunika koposa za lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe m’mbiri ya America. lamulo lotchuka limeneli limaletsa tsankho m’mbali zingapo zazikulu:

  • I Umutwe VII - Ntchito: Imatsutsa tsankho la ntchito lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko
  • Title VI - Federally Fund Programs: Kusankhana pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, ndi mtundu m'maprogramu ndi ntchito zapaumoyo kulandira chithandizo cha ezachuma cha Federal
  • Tit 2 - Malo Osonkhanira a Anthu: Kusankhana m'nyumba za onse monga mahotela, malesitiranti, mabwalo a maseŵero, ndi malo ena osonkhanira

Actyo inayambitsanso bungwe loona za ntchito (Auncial Accounting Opportunity Commission (EOC), bungwe lodziimira lokha limene limayang’anira ntchito yoonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala ndi mutu wa mutu wakuti VII ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wina uliwonse, pamene likugwira ntchito.

Ntchito Yabwino Yosamalira Nyumba

Fair Howard Act, inaperekedwa mu 1968, imaletsa tsankho m'ntchito zokhudza nyumba, kuphatikizapo kubwereka nyumba, kugula, kugulitsa, ndi kupezera ndalama. Lamulolo limatetezera ku tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, malo aumaliseche, ndi kulemala. Zimenezi zikutanthauza eni nyumba sangakane kugulitsa kwa inu, ndipo obwereketsa sangakumaneni ngongole yozikidwa pa mikhalidwe yotetezeredwa imeneyi.

Anthu a ku America Odwala Matenda Olumala (ADA)

A ku Amereka a 1990 okhala ndi Chilango cha Kupunduka, monga momwe kusinthidwa (ADA) kumaletsera tsankhu pa munthu woyenerera wokhala ndi wopunduka amene ali wantchito, wofunsira, kapena wogwiritsira ntchito khoti ndi kulamulira Bwalo Lamilandu kupereka malo okhala oyenera amene samapereka mtolo wosayenerera kapena kuwongolera ntchito kapena utumiki umene ukuperekedwa.

Zotetezera za ADA zimaposa ntchito:

  • Nyumba zogona anthu onse (Title III)
  • Mautumiki a boma ndi a boma (Titule II)
  • Kulankhulana ndi anthu (Tiyani IV)
  • Zinthu zosiyanasiyana (mutu V)

Tsankho la Nyengo m’Kachitidwe ka Ntchito (ADEA)

Chikalata cha 1967 Age Discrimination in Act (ADEA) chimaletsa tsankho la msinkhu kwa anthu a zaka 40 kapena kuposapo. Lamulo limeneli limateteza anthu okalamba kuti asaikidwe ntchito, kukwezedwa pantchito, kapena kuphunzitsidwa chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo. Limaletsanso kuvutitsidwa ndi kubwezera kwa msinkhu kwa anthu amene amadandaula za tsankho la msinkhu wawo.

Kupereka Mphotho Zolingana

Act ya 1963 Yolingana Pay ikufuna kuti amuna ndi akazi a kuntchito kwawo apereke malipiro ofanana a ntchito zofanana. Ntchito siziyenera kufanana, koma ziyenera kukhala zofanana kwambiri pankhani ya luso, kuyesayesa, udindo, ndi ntchito. Lamulo limeneli limasamalira vuto losatha la kukondera kwa amuna.

Lamulo la Chidziŵitso cha Majini Lopanda Kusinthana (GINA)

M’chaka cha 2008, GINA amaletsa tsankho lochokera ku majini a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndi ntchito.

Kumene Kutetezeredwa Kwa ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Kumagwira Ntchito

Kudziwa kumene malamulo amaletsa kusankhana mitundu kumathandizanso kuti ufulu wa nzika usamale.

Ntchito

Bungwe la United States la Aumeter Opportual Opportunity Commission (EOC) limaonetsetsa kuti anthu a m’kalasi la VII, limene limateteza antchito ndi ofunsira ntchito omwe ali m’makalasi ameneŵa kuti asamachotsedwe ntchito mopanda chilungamo, kuvutitsidwa, kukana kukhala ndi malo okhala, ndi kubwezera.

Kutetezedwa ndi ntchito kumakhudza mbali zonse za ntchito, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kufufuza ndi Kulemba Anthu
  • Kupeza zosowa ndi mapindu
  • Magulu olimbikitsa ndiponso opititsa patsogolo zinthu
  • Kuphunzitsa ndi Kukulitsa Ntchito
  • Kusiya Kulanga
  • Kugwira ntchito komanso ntchito
  • Kugona bwino anthu olumala kapena chipembedzo

Komabe, malamulo ambiri a m’bungwe la EEOC amalemba antchito 15 kapena kuposapo, amene amalemba ntchito antchito osafika 15 mwachionekere amaletsedwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko oletsa tsankho la ntchito, limene kaŵirikaŵiri limazikidwa pa maphunziro ofanana kapena otetezedwa ofananawo ophatikizidwa m’thithi la Thetwe VII.

Nyumba

Chikalata choteteza anthu ku tsankho pochita malonda a nyumba.

  • Kukonza kapena kukonza malo okhalamo anthu
  • Kugula kapena kugulitsa nyumba
  • Kupeza ndalama zogulira ngongole
  • Kufunafuna thandizo la nyumba
  • Inshuwalansi ya nyumba
  • Kulima ndi nthaka zimagwiritsira ntchito zosankha

CRD i ntchito ya CRD ndi kutetezera anthu a California ku tsankho loletsedwa pantchito, nyumba, malo ogona, maprogramu ndi ntchito za boma, ndi ku chiwawa cha udani ndi kugulitsa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti izi zikuimira bungwe la boma la California, chitetezo chofananacho chilipo ku mlingo wa boma kudzera ku Dipatimenti ya Hosley ndi Urban Development (HUD).

Maphunziro

Zikalata zoteteza ufulu wa anthu pamaphunziro zimatsimikizira kuti anthu onse ali ndi mwayi wophunzira. Zikalata za VI za ufulu wa anthu ziletsa tsankho m'maprogramu a maphunziro oyendetsedwa ndi boma, pamene Woti IX imatchula mwachindunji tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana. Zitetezero zimenezi:

  • Malamulo Oletsa Kusuta
  • Thandizo la ndalama ndi maphunziro a zachuma
  • Maprogramu a maphunziro ndi zopereka za maphunziro
  • Maprogramu ndi malo ochitirako maseŵera a anthlet
  • Anawalanga ndi kuwachotsa m’ndende
  • Kuvutitsidwa ndi maphunziro oipa

Malo Ogona

Nyumba zogona anthu onse ndi malo amene anthu onse amachitirako zinthu, ndipo malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amaletsa tsankho m’njira zimenezi.

  • Malesitilanti, mabawa, ndi malo ena operekera chakudya
  • Mahotela, mahotela, ndi malo ena ogona
  • Mabwalo a mabwalo, mabwalo a maseŵera, ndi malo osangalalira
  • Kugula zinthu m’masitolo ndi m’masitolo
  • Mabanki ndi mabungwe ena a zachuma
  • Zipatala
  • Malo ochezera ndi malo osangalalira
  • Ntchito za mayendedwe

Mautumiki a Boma ndi Maprogramu

Mabungwe a boma ndi maboma a m’dzikolo ayenera kuchita ntchito popanda tsankho.

  • Maprogramu opindulitsa anthu
  • Kukonza ndi kusanthula
  • Makhoti ndi mautumiki a zamalamulo
  • Zoyendera za anthu onse
  • Mapaki ndi malo ochitirako zosangalatsa
  • Mautumiki a Zamsanga
  • Kulandira m’manja ndi kulola

Kuzindikira Kuswa Ufulu wa Anthu

Kumvetsetsa pamene ufulu wanu waumunthu waswedwa nkofunika kwambiri pochitapo kanthu moyenera. tsankhu lingakhale m’njira zambiri, kuyambira pa zochita zoonekeratu ndi zosaonekera bwino mpaka pa makhalidwe obisika amene amalepheretsa munthu kuchitiridwa mofanana.

Tsankho Lachindunji

Munthu amasankha anzake mwachindunji ngati sachitiridwa bwino chifukwa cha khalidwe lake lotetezeka.

  • Ngati bwana asankha kulemba ntchito anthu a fuko lina, ndiye kuti amasankhana mitundu, ndipo lamuloli limaletsa kusankhana mitundu mu 1964
  • Munthu amene ali pa nyumba yogona ana, amakana kubwereka nyumba ya banja lake
  • Olesitilanti yokana kutumikira munthu wina chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo
  • Bwana amalipira akazi pang’ono poyerekeza ndi amuna pantchito imodzi
  • Tsankho la Nyengo Yapadera mu Accounting Act limatetezera anthu a zaka 40 ndi kuposapo kuchirikiza achichepere opita ku ntchito pa kulembedwa ntchito, kukwezedwa pantchito, kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito

Kuvutitsidwa ndi Malo Ovuta

Kuvutitsidwa ndi mtundu wa anthu, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana (kuphatikizapo kuyang’ana munthu mmodzi pa nkhani ya kugonana, kapena kukhala ndi pakati), kuweruzidwa kwa anthu amisinkhu ina (kuyambira pa zaka 40), kupunduka, kapena chidziŵitso cha majini (kuphatikizapo mbiri ya zachipatala m’banja), kumakhala koletsedwa, kumene kumakhala mkhalidwe wopitiriza wa ntchito, kapena khalidwe loipa kwambiri kupangitsa munthu wolingalira kuti ntchito ikhale yowopsa, yowopsa, kapena yonyansa.

Kuvutitsidwa kungaphatikizepo:

  • Nthabwala, mawu onyoza, kapena mawu onyoza
  • Kumenya kapena kuopseza
  • Kuopa kapena kunyoza
  • Zinthu zonyansa kapena zithunzi
  • Kusokonezeka ndi kugwira ntchito

Kukana Kupeza Nyumba Zoyenera

Mabwana ndi mabungwe ena ali ndi udindo wopereka malo ogona oyenera osamalira anthu olumala ndiponso chipembedzo, pokhapokha ngati kuchita zimenezi kungabweretse mavuto osafunika.

  • Kukana kusintha ndandanda ya ntchito ya mapwando achipembedzo popanda kufufuza njira zina
  • Kuchotsa zipangizo zothandizira anthu ovulala kuntchito kapena kusintha zinthu zina kuntchito
  • Kulephera kupezera anthu ovutika kuyenda malo osavuta kupezeka
  • Osalola nyama zotumikira m’nyumba za anthu onse

Kubwezera

Kubwezera kumachitika pamene bwana kapena bungwe lina lilanga munthu chifukwa chochita zinthu zotetezedwa mwalamulo, monga kudandaula za tsankho, kufunsa, kapena kutsutsa lamulo loletsa tsankho.

  • Kuchepetsa
  • Kuchepetsa malipiro kapena maola
  • Kupenda kwa kachitidwe kosayenera
  • Kungopita kumisonkhano kapena kumisonkhano
  • Kupenda mowonjezereka kapena chilango chosayenera

Tsankho la Malo Okhala

Nthawi zina tsankho limayambika ndi malamulo, zochita, kapena njira zimene zimaonekera ngati kuti sizitenga mbali pankhope yawo koma zimawononga kwambiri magulu otetezedwa.

  • Utali kapena ukulu umene umafuna kuti akazi kapena mitundu ina ya anthu azikhala m’malo mwake
  • Zofunika za maphunziro zosafunikira zimene zimawunikira opita kudziko laling’ono
  • Njira zoyesera zimene sizikukhudza ntchito koma kusoŵa ntchito magulu ena
  • Makhalidwe amene amayambukira kwambiri ogwira ntchito okalamba

Zimene Mungachite Ngati Ufulu Wanu wa Chiŵeniŵeni Uswedwa

Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu wa anthu waponderezedwa, kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga ndiponso moyenerera nkofunika.

Kulemba Zonse

Musanachitepo kanthu, sonkhanitsani ndi kusunga umboni wa tsankho. Chikalata chimenechi chidzakhala chofunika kwambiri ngati musankha kusindikiza chidandaulo kapena mlandu.

  • Masiku, nthaŵi, ndi malo a zochitika zauchigaŵenga
  • Mayina ndi mafoni a mboni
  • Makope a zikalata zogwirizana ndi luso la anthu (makalata, malamulo, kupenda njira zogwirira ntchito)
  • Zithunzi kapena mavidiyo, ngati kuli koyenera
  • Nkhani zokhudza tsankho
  • Ngati anthu ena ankakusankhani, kodi mungapeze bwanji?
  • Zolembedwa za ndalama zosonyeza malipiro otayika kapena mavuto ena a zachuma

Kambitsiranani Moyenera (Ngati ndi Moyenera)

M’mikhalidwe ya ntchito, makampani ambiri ali ndi njira za mkati zodandaulira. Ngakhale kulibe kufunika, kupereka lipoti la tsankhu kupyolera mwa njira zapamkati mwa abwana anu nthaŵi zina kungathetse nkhaniyo mofulumira. Pendani bukhu lantchito yanu kaamba ka njira ndi kuzitsatira mosamalitsa. Komabe, zindikirani kuti kusimba kwa mkati sikumaimitsa wotchiyo kumapeto a nthaŵi ndi mabungwe a boma.

Chonde Wodandaula ndi Agency Yoyenerera

Mabungwe osiyanasiyana a boma asankhana ndipo akudziwa kuti ndi bungwe liti limene limasamalira kudandaula kwanu n’kofunika kuti mupeze thandizo limene mukufuna.

Ntchito Yoyenera Ntchito (EOC)

Pofotokoza za tsankho la anthu amene amagwira ntchito chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, mtundu wawo, chipembedzo chawo, mtundu wawo, msinkhu wawo, kulumala kwawo, kapena majini awo, mungalembe nkhani zokhudza ntchito pa Intaneti, makalata, kapena pa ofesi ya EEOC. Mfundo zofunika kuzikumbukira:

  • Kaŵirikaŵiri muyenera kujambula m’masiku 180 a kupulupudza (masiku 300 m’maiko ena)
  • EEOC adzafufuza chidandaulo chanu
  • EEOC angayese kukambitsirana pakati pa inu ndi bwana
  • Ngati EEOC apeza tsankho, anganeneze mlandu wanu
  • Mudzalandira kalata "kuyenera kusuta" yokulolani kulembetsa mlandu wanu

Mukhoza kuphunzira zambiri ponena za kutsanulira kudandaula kwa EEOC pa www.eoc.gov [1].

Dipatimenti Yoona za Nyumba ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zinthu (HUD)

Kusankhana nyumba, lembani mawu odandaula ndi HUD. Mungathe kulemba pa Intaneti, pa foni 1-669-977, kapena ndi makalata. HUD:

  • Fufuzaninso dandaulo lanu
  • Kuyesa kukhazikitsa pangano
  • Muzimvetsera ngati kusokonezeka kwa zinthu sikukuyenda bwino
  • Muyenera kujambula m’chaka chimodzi chisanathe chiweruziro

Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya Ofesi ya Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Pankhani ya tsankho m'maphunziro, kuphatikizapo Woti IX Aracs, imaimba chidandaulo ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya Ofesi ya Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni. Madandaulo ayenera kuperekedwa m'masiku 180 a kupulupudza.

Department of Justice Organity

Department of Justice imachita ndi mitundu ina ya kuswa zoyenera za nzika, kuphatikizapo:

  • Tsankho lochitidwa ndi maboma ndi mabungwe aboma
  • Kuswa Mlandu wa Anthu a ku America ndi Kupunduka M’nyumba za Anthu
  • Upandu wa udani
  • Kusadziletsa kwa apolisi
  • Kunyoza ufulu wachibadwidwe

Lingalirani za Boma ndi Maboma

Olemba ntchito a antchito osafika 15 mwachionekere amaletsedwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi a m’dzikolo oletsa tsankho la ntchito, limene kaŵirikaŵiri limazikidwa pa makalasi ofanana kapena otetezeredwa ofananawo ophatikizidwa m’tikiti ya Thetwe VII, ndipo kwenikweni, malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko oletsa kusamvana angapose ngakhale malamulo a boma okha amene anthu ali nawo.

Maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe amene angapereke chitetezo chowonjezereka kapena masiku oikidwiratu. Ngati inu kapena munthu wina amene mumdziŵa wachitiridwa tsankho, CRD ingakuthandizeni pa njira yake yodandaula, ndipo dipatimentiyo imaperekanso chidziŵitso ndi mfundo za pa Intaneti zokhudza chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa anthu. Mabungwe a boma ofananawo ali m’dziko lonselo.

Funani Thandizo Lalamulo

Aloya ambiri amapereka mayeso kwa anthu ongoyamba kumene ndipo angatenge milandu pamaziko oyenera, kutanthauza kuti amangolandira ndalama ngati mutapambana. Thandizo lalamulo lingakhale lofunika kwambiri kwa:

  • Kumvetsa zoyenera ndi zimene mungachite
  • Kupanga njira zofufuzira zocholoŵana
  • Midzi yoyenda
  • Kuimira inu m’kukambitsirana
  • Mukafuna kumaliza ntchito zonse zimene mwatsala nazo

Mabungwe Oona za Udindo

Mabungwe ambiri osapanga phindu amathandiza pa nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kumasuka kwa Anthu a ku America (ACLU)
  • NAACP Dipatimenti ya za Ubwino wa Kutetezera
  • Mexican Defense of the American Legal and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
  • Lambda Mwalamulo (LGBTQ+ zoyenera)
  • Malo a Lamulo a Akazi a Dzikolo
  • Kulephera Kuphunzitsa ndi Kupereka Ndalama za Zachitetezo
  • Anthu a ku Asia Apititsa Patsogolo Chilungamo

Mabungwe amenewa angapereke malangizo kwa maloya a m’dera lanu.

Kumvetsa Ufulu Wanu pa Nkhani Yomwe Mungafunike Kuidziwa

Tiyeni tione mmene kuteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe kungathandizire m’zochitika zina zimene mungakumane nazo.

Kucheza ndi Yobu ndi Kubisa

Pa nthawi imene anthu akulemba ntchito, mabwana safunsa mafunso ofuna kudziwa zinthu zimene zingawateteze pokhapokha ngati akugwirizana mwachindunji ndi ntchito.

  • Kodi chipembedzo chanu n’chiyani?
  • Kodi mukukonzekera kukhala ndi ana?
  • Kodi muli ndi zaka zingati?
  • Kodi ndinu wa dziko liti?
  • Kodi muli ndi vuto lililonse?
  • Kodi ndinu wokwatira?

Olemba ntchito angakufunseni za mmene mungachitire ntchito inayake ndipo angakufunseni za chilolezo chanu chalamulo chogwira ntchito ku United States, koma sangapatule chifukwa cha mtundu kapena unzika (kusiyapo malo ena audindo a boma).

Kuntchito Kumakhala Nyumba

Ngati mufuna malo okhala kaamba ka kulemala kapena mchitidwe wachipembedzo, muyenera:

  • Pemphani mwakulemba ngati n’kotheka
  • Fotokozani bwino lomwe malo okhala amene mukufuna
  • Fotokozani mmene kukugwirizana ndi kulemala kwanu kapena chipembedzo chanu
  • Khalani wokonzeka kukambirana ndi abwana anu
  • Perekani zikalata zamankhwala ngati mupemphedwa malo okhala opunduka

Olemba ntchito ayenera kupereka malo ogona abwinopo kusiyapo ngati kuchita zimenezo kungabweretse mavuto osafunikira", kutanthauza vuto lalikulu kapena ndalama zokhudzedwa ndi ukulu ndi chuma cha wowalemba ntchitoyo.

Mapulogalamu a Nyumba ndi Malo Ochezera

Pofunafuna nyumba, eni malo sangatero:

  • Pewani kuchita lendi kapena kugulitsa nyumba chifukwa cha matenda amene mumakhala nawo
  • Ikani malamulo kapena mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana okhala m’nyumbayo potengera mikhalidwe yotetezeka
  • Kutsatsa malonda m’nyumba mwankhanza
  • Nyumba zonamizidwa monama sizipezeka
  • Pewani kukhala m’nyumba zokwana bwino chifukwa cha matenda
  • Kanani kulola kusintha koyenera kwa zinthu kaamba ka kupezeka (ngakhale kuti mungafunikire kulipirira kaamba ka kusintha)

Kupezeka m’Malo Oonetseramo Anthu

Mabizinesi ndi malo ogona anthu onse ayenera kukhala ndi anthu ofanana, ndipo zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti:

  • Ogulitsa zakudya sangakane utumiki wozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa
  • Masitolo ayenera kupatsa anthu olumala malo oloŵera ndi malo ogona
  • Mabwalo a maseŵero ndi malo a zosangulutsa sangapereke malo okhala anthu a fuko kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa
  • Nyama zotumikira ziyenera kuloledwa m’nyumba zonse zogona za onse
  • Mabizinesi ayenera kupatsa anthu amene ali ndi vuto la kusamva kapena la kusaona ngati n’kofunika

Kusamalira Thanzi

Anthu osamalira thanzi ndiponso zipatala sangasankhe zinthu zimene zili bwino chifukwa cha zinthu zimene zili bwino:

  • Yang’anirani chisamaliro chamankhwala mosasamala kanthu za fuko, mtundu, kupunduka, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa
  • Kupeza mautumiki omasulira chinenero ngati kuli kofunika
  • Muzilandira chidziŵitso m’makompyuta ngati muli ndi vuto
  • Muziwalemekeza
  • Alemekezeni zikhulupiriro zanu zachipembedzo popanga zosankha zamankhwala

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa m’Chilamulo cha Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Kudziŵa zimenezi kungakuthandizeni kumvetsa chitetezo chimene muli nacho panopa.

Mavuto a M’malamulo Amene Amachitika

M’mlungu wapita, makhoti, opanga malamulo, ndi akuluakulu a boma achitapo kanthu kuti afooketse chitetezo chimene chimathetsa kusiyana kwa mafuko posankha, posankha, pophunzitsa, ndi posungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga mbali ya kuyesayesa kogwirizana kwa kuchotsa zida zalamulo zogwiritsira ntchito potsutsa tsankho.

Department of Justice inalengeza mu March 2026 kuti ndi mlandu wa Harvard University ndi Yunivesite ya California, Los Angeles, ndi milandu yonena kuti mayunivesite onse aŵiri analephera kutsutsa mokwanira kutsutsa ufulu wa ana asukulu, kuswa ufulu wa ana asukulu. Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe kumakhalira kosintha ndi kusinthira ku mavuto amakono.

Zitetezero ndi Ziletso za Boma

Maboma amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kutetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe, nthaŵi zina kupereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa lamulo la boma. Mu 2026, mpambo wa malamulo atsopano a ufulu wachibadwidwe otsatiridwa kapena ogwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito ya CRD tsopano ikugwira ntchito kapena, monga momwe kwatchulidwira, idzayamba kugwira ntchito mtsogolo. Komabe, maboma ena asamukira kuletsa chitetezo china, kupanga ndandanda ya chitetezo chamitundumitundu m'dziko lonselo.

Mwachitsanzo, monga July 1, 2025, kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi sikulinso maziko otetezereka pansi pa mutu 216 wa Iowa.

Zinthu Zofunika Patsogolo pa Magulu Ogwirizana

Bungwe la United States loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe lavomereza kuti Plan ya shopu ya Fiscal Years 2026-2030, kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za bungwelo popititsa patsogolo ntchito yake yodziŵitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ndi kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a boma. Kumvetsa mfundo zofunika kungakuthandizeni kudziwa mmene malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe angagwiritsidwire ntchito ndi kutsatiridwa m’zaka zikubwerazi.

Kupewa Tsankho: Zimene Magulu Ayenera Kuchita

Ngakhale kuti nkhani ino ikunena za ufulu wa munthu, ndi bwino kudziwa zimene mabungwe ayenera kuchita kuti apewe tsankho.

Ntchito Zolembedwa ndi Mwini Ntchito

Njira zopeŵera tsankho ndi makalasi otetezeredwa kuntchito zimaphatikizapo kuyambitsa njira yoletsa kusagwirizana ndi anthu pantchito ndi kupereka chitetezero choletsa kutsutsidwa, kukhazikitsa mwambo wa ulemu kuntchito, kupereka njira yodandaulira ndi kuvutitsa antchito kuti apereke madandaulo a kuvutitsa pantchito, ndi kuphunzitsa oletsa kusungitsa anthu ndi kulimbikitsa kusiyana kwa magulu otetezedwa.

Olemba ntchito odalirika ayenera:

  • Kukulitsa ndi kufalitsa malamulo omveka bwino oletsa kusagwirizana
  • Aphunzitseni nthaŵi zonse ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kuteteza tsankho
  • Muzionetsetsa kuti mwapeza njira zosavuta zodandaulira
  • Fufuzani madandaulo mofulumira ndi mosamalitsa
  • Chitanipo kanthu moyenerera pamene tsankho libuka
  • Sungani chinsinsi m’nyengo yonse ya kudandaula
  • Kubwezera anthu amene anena kuti akusalidwa

Machitidwe Abwino Koposa Othandiza

Olemba ntchito ndi mabwana a HR ayenera kutenga masitepe okangalika kutsata malamulo oletsa kudana ndi ntchito, makampani ambiri akumapereka maphunziro oletsa kudana kwa antchito awo, mabwana a HR ali akhama m’kulemba nkhani zosimbidwa za tsankho kapena kuvutitsana ndi kutsatira kufunikira kwake, ndipo kuli kuyesayesa kwabwino koposa kulembedwa bwino lomwe zifukwa za chosankha chirichonse cha kulembedwa ntchito chopangidwa.

Zolakwika Zofala pa Ufulu wa Anthu

Kuzindikira zimene malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amachita ndi zimene satetezera nkofunika kwambiri poyembekezera zinthu zotheka ndi kudziŵa pamene muli ndi mwaŵi wa kupempha thandizo la lamulo.

Sikuti Kuchiritsa Kopanda Chilungamo Kuli Kopanda Mlandu

Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amaletsa machitidwe amene amakhalapo chifukwa cha kukhala m’kalasi lotetezeredwa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kuti tsankho lopanda lamulo nlopanda chilungamo, si nkhanza zonse zopanda chilungamo zimene zimayambitsa tsankho. Wolemba ntchito angakuthamangitseni chifukwa cha kuchedwa, chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ntchito, kapena ngakhale pa zifukwa zomveka, malinga ngati si inu amene muli m’kalasi lotetezedwa.

Zochita Zake Sizikutetezedwa

Magulu osandandalikidwa mwachindunji m'malamulo a boma oletsa kudana ndi dziko samakhala ndi magulu otetezeredwa, ndipo mwachitsanzo, tsankho lozikidwa pa kugwirizana kwa ndale zadziko, maonekedwe, kapena mlingo wa ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri silimatetezeredwa pansi pa lamulo la boma. Komabe, maboma ena ndi madera ena angapereke chitetezo chowonjezereka kuposa lamulo la boma.

Si Nthaŵi Zonse Pamene Zinthu Zimakhala Zofunika kwa A m’kalasi

Lamulo siliri chiletso chopinga pa olemba ntchito olingalira kukhala aumembala a munthu mu umodzi wa magulu ameneŵa m’mikhalidwe yonse, ndipo mwachitsanzo, olemba ntchito angalingalire kukhala a m'kalasi lotetezeredwa pamene akusankha ntchito ngati pali kufunika kwa ntchito kuchita tero, kapena ngati kukhala m’kalasi lotetezeredwa kuli kuyenerera kwa ntchito kwamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, gulu lachipembedzo lingafune antchito kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro chimodzi, kapena bwalo la maseŵero lingafotokozere za kugonana pamene lichita ntchito zina.

Zofunika Kuphunzira Zambiri Zokhudza Ufulu Wanu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Pali zinthu zambiri zimene zingakuthandizeni kumvetsa ndi kuteteza ufulu wanu wa anthu.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri M’boma

  • [[FLT: 0] SEPTY: [[FLT :1] Chidziŵitso chogwirizana ponena za tsankho la ntchito pa www.eoc.gov
  • [[MLT: 0] Faud House : Chidziŵitso chonena za ufulu wakukhala pa www.hud.gov/fairhouing
  • Kugawa Gawo la Chilungamo cha Chigawo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Chidziŵitso chonena za chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chosiyanasiyana pa www. .ct.gov /crt
  • Department of Education Office for Civil Rights: Ziŵiya za kukondera maphunziro pa www2.edi.gov/ocr
  • ADA.gov : [[FLT :1] Chidziŵitso chonena za Aamereka okhala ndi Chilema Chigamulo pa www.ada.gov

Boma ndi Chuma Chakumene Amakhala

Maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe awoawo omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amene amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudana ndi tsankho. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka:

  • Chidziŵitso chonena za chitetezo cha boma
  • Kupempha thandizo
  • Zomangira za Maphunziro ndi maphunziro
  • Ntchito yothandiza anthu ovutika
  • Kufufuza madandaulo a tsankho

◯ Muzifufuza pa Intaneti kuti mupeze "[boma lanu] ntchito yokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe" kapena "[Mbali yanu] ntchito yolozera ufulu wa anthu" kuti mupeze bungwe la boma lanu.

Kuthandiza Mwalamulo ndi Mautumiki a Pro Bono

Ngati simungathe kugula loya, mabungwe othandizira alamulo angathandize. Bungwe la Malamulo loona za chithandizo limapereka ndalama ku mabungwe othandizira anthu ovutika m’dziko lonselo. Wederani www.LT.lsc.gov kuti mupeze chithandizo chalamulo m’dera lanu.

Zinthu Zophunzitsa ndi Maphunziro

CRD imagwirira ntchito kuchirikiza cholinga chimenechi kupyolera m'zoyesayesa zosiyanasiyana zopitira, kuphatikizapo kuchititsa maphunziro onse aŵiri pa Intaneti ndi pa maluso, kufalitsa ndi kufalitsa ndi pepala la mfundo, ndi kugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi anthu a m'mudzi kutsimikizira ndi kuyankha ku mavuto a ufulu wachibadwidwe amene anthu akukumana nawo m'dziko lonselo. Chuma chofananacho chimapezeka ku mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe m'dziko lonselo.

Kufunika Kodziwa Ufulu Wanu

Komabe, chitetezo chimenechi chimakhala chogwira mtima ngati anthu adziŵa za iwo ndipo azindikira kuti muli ndi ufulu wosankhana ndi anthu ena, ndipo ngati muwamvetsa, mumadzipatsa mphamvu kuti muone kuti mukuchita nawo bwino.

Kumbukirani kuti lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe nlovuta ndipo limasinthasintha nthaŵi zonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitsogozo chimenechi chimapereka mfundo yokwanira, sichingathetse vuto lililonse kapena kuyankha funso lililonse. Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu wa anthu wapondeledwa, musazengereze kupempha thandizo ku bungwe loyenerera la boma, loimira boma, kapena gulu loyenerera ufulu wa anthu.

Mwa kuzindikira ndi kupanga malamulo ozungulira magulu ameneŵa, malamulo otsutsa kusagwirizana a boma amalinganiza kuchirikiza chitaganya chimene chimaŵerengera kulinganiza zinthu ndi kufanana kwa onse, mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi kapena malo, ndi kupanga magulu ena otetezeredwa monga magulu otsimikizira kuchitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo ndi kuletsa tsankho m’magulu osiyanasiyana a kakhalidwe ndi akatswiri, kuphatikizapo ntchito, nyumba, ndi maphunziro.

Ufulu wanu wa anthu uli wofunika kwambiri pa ulemu wanu ndi kukhoza kwanu kukhala ndi phande mokwanira m'chitaganya. Mwa kukhala odziŵa, kulemba tsankhu pamene lichitika, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pamene kuli kofunika, mumathandiza kutetezera osati kokha ufulu wanu komanso kuthandizira chitaganya chachilungamo ndi chopanda chilungamo kwa aliyense. Kaya muyang'anizana ndi tsankhu kuntchito, m'nyumba, m'maphunziro, kapena poloŵa m’mautumiki a anthu, dziŵani kuti lamulo lili kumbali yanu ndi chuma chanu kuti zikukuthandizani kuchirikiza zoyenera zanu.

Kuyenera kwa nzika sikuli chabe malingaliro alamulo ongopeka. Ndizo chitetezo chimene chimakhudza moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuyambira pamene mufunsidwa ntchito mpaka pamene mufunsira ntchito, kuyambira m’kalasi mpaka ku ofesi ya dokotala, malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amagwira ntchito kutsimikizira kuti mukuweruzidwa pa maluso anu, osati pa mikhalidwe yosafunika. Kumvetsa chitetezo chimenechi ndi njira yoyamba yopezera ntchito, kupanga chitaganya kumene aliyense ali ndi mwaŵi wabwino wa chipambano ndi kupambana.