Malamulo a United States ali ngati lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la demokrase ya America ndi kutchula ufulu wa nzika iliyonse. Chikalatachi chasintha zaka makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri, chikalatachi chasintha dziko la dzikolo ndi ndale zadziko kwa zaka mazana aŵiri. Kuti nzika zikhale ndi phande m’kudzilamulira kwaumwini, ziyenera kumvetsetsa kutha kwa ufulu wawo, kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma, ndi kutsimikizira kuti zipulumutso zofanana pansi pa lamulo. Chitsogozo chokulirachi chimafufuza za maziko a dziko la America aliyense ayenera kudziŵa, chiyambi chawo, masinthidwe awo a mbiri, ndi masinthidwe awo otchuka, ndi ntchito yawo yopitirizabe m’chitaganya chamakono.

Mpukutu Woyamba wa Malamulo Ochepetsa Ufulu wa Anthu

Bill of Rights, yopangidwa ndi masinthidwe khumi oyambirira a Malamulo, inavomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791. Kusintha kumeneku kunali chivomerezo chachindunji kwa Anti-Federasts pa kutsutsana kwa matanthwe a ratiation, kutsimikizira kuti boma lopangidwa chatsopanolo silidzapondereza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bill of Rights lonuliration inayamba kugwira ntchito ku boma la boma, Malamulo a 14th Development adapanga zambiri za chitetezo chake choyenera kuletsa boma ndi maboma a kumalo kupyolera m'dongosolo lodziŵika kukhala logwirizana ndi ufulu. Mpansipake ndipo amasintha ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kusintha Koyamba: Magwero a Ufulu Wosonyeza

Chisinthiko Choyamba chimaletsa kukhazikitsa lamulo lililonse "kulemekeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaufulu; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa nyuzi; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kaamba ka kubwezera milandu. Kukonza kumeneku kumatetezera ufulu wapamwamba: chipembedzo, kulankhula, kutsendereza, msonkhano, ndi kupempha. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira zitetezero zimenezi mokulira, komabe sali okwanira. Nkhani zopereka mlandu ngati [[FL:]. United States v.[FL:1] [19], powonjezera njira zamakono zotetezera zamakono, limavomereza kuti "kuletsa kuletsa kukana ndi kukana kwamakono, kulola zigamu za chitsutso cha chisa chapafupi. [FOct.] [2] [2]

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Ufulu Wosunga ndi Kunyamula Zida

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Amereka chilengeza kuti, "Akulamulira bwino Militia, pokhala ofunika ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, sikudzadodometsedwa. Kwa mbiri yaikulu ya Amereka, makonzedwe ameneŵa anatengedwa kukhala akutetezera kuyenera kwa gulu logwirizana ndi ntchito za apolisi. Komabe, [[FLT: 0]] mu [[FLD] Diquality of Columbia v. Hellat [FLT] [200:] [200] [200], Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti ya kudzitetezera yekha mkati mwa nyumba. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [[FLT:] [v] Manundalve. Mdodal. My wa Chikalata cha Chipangano cha Chikupwirikiti cha Chika:] (2010]) liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kuti nkhani ya kumanja. Mpatu wa kutsutsana ndi malamulo owonjezera, omwe amatsimikizira kuti, chigamu chigamu chile chakuto chakunja chaku

Kusintha Njira Yachinayi: Kutetezeredwa ku Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza Kopanda Nzeru

Chisinthiko chachinayi chimateteza "kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeka m’miyoyo yawo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, polimbana ndi kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda " ndipo chimafuna kuti zilolezo ziperekedwe kokha pa chifukwa chothekera. Kukonza kumeneku kumakhala ngati maziko a ufulu wachinsinsi ndi kuchepetsa malamulo a kuletsa kuloŵerera m'moyo wa nzika. Kumasulira kwachikulu kumaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] Magazine] v. Ohio [[FLT: 1] [1961] [1961], imene inakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuswa lamulo la [1] Leadensi yopezedwa m'kuswa malamulo a Gementine sakhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'bwalo lamilandu. Posachedwapa, [FLT:] v [FLT] (FL.61]) adasunga kuti apolisi afunefune kumangidwa ndi kutsendero, kuŵerengera kwa masamu amakono, masamu amakono, ndipo kuwonjezera kusungidwa kwa masamu otchuka.

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika ndi Kudzitsutsa

Demendment yachisanu ili ndi machinjirizo ofunika ambiri: kuyenera kwa kuweruza kokulira kwa ajuli kaamba ka maupandu aakulu, chitetezo ku ngozi zoŵirikiza, kuyenera kwa kukana kudzipatula, ndi chitsimikizo chakuti palibe munthu amene adzataikiridwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Kudzitsutsa kwake kuli magwero a kuchenjeza kwa oweruza otchuka "Mirinda pa maupandu aakulu," okhazikitsidwa mu . Mardanda v. Arizona ndi (196) , zimene zimafuna apolisi kudziŵikitsa kuyenera kwawo kwa kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya amene alipo mkati mwa kufunsa mlandu koyenera. Proces Claus ayeneranso kuyang'anira m'malamulo. Anthu a kusamala kuti njira yonse ya kuweruza yosalungamitsa milandu, sayenera kutsimikizira kuti adziikire kuyenera kukana mlandu ndi kukana kukana kukana kuyenera kukana kukana kulakwa kwawo koyenera kukana.

Kusintha Zinthu Kwachisanu ndi chimodzi: Ufulu Woweruzidwa Bwino

Pa Sixte Amendment pamapereka chitsimikizo cha woimbidwa mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi wa anthu, woweruza wopanda tsankho, chidziŵitso cha milandu, kutsutsana kwa mboni, njira yokakamiza kupeza mboni, ndi chithandizo cha uphungu. Chimodzi cha mafotokozedwe amakono ochititsa chidwi chinabwera mu Gideon v. Wainright (1963]), chimene chinakhulupirira kuti Lamulo likufuna kupereka loya la oimbidwa mlandu m'milandu. Pambuyo pake, [FLT.] Argumers v. Ham'FLD . [6]] [6] [6] [6] [7] [zifutukulira kumanja kuti mlandu wa kundende kumene kuli chilango chothekera. Kusintha kwa lamulolo kutsimikizira chigamulo. Kusintha kwa dongosolo la oweruza lachisanu ndi chigamulo kutsimikizira chigamu chimene chikhometso cha m'atsutso cha m'alti.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

M'mbuyomu, makonzedwe ameneŵa agwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa chilango cha imfa ndi mikhalidwe ya ndende. [[FLT: 0] Furman v. Georgia[[FLT:][FLT]] [77], Khoti Lalikulu linaletsadi chilango cha imfa m'dziko lonse, ndipo lapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwake koyenera ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. M'zilangozo zinachotsedwa ndi [[FLT:] Georgian . [[FLT:] [3]], zimene zinalola chilango cha imfa pansi pa zitsogozo zokonzedwanso. Posachedwapa, Khoti lapeza kuti anthu odziwa nzeru aphedwe ndi kupunduka ([FLT:]] ku Virginia [FFT]], ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chiwopsezo. [2]

Malamulo Ofunika Kwambiri Oposa Malamulo a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Pamene kuli kwakuti Bill of Rights imapanga maziko a ufulu wa Amereka, kusintha kotsatirapo kwafutukula kwambiri ufulu wa kukhala nzika ndi zitetezero zovota. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza nkhondo ya dzikolo yopitirizabe kukwaniritsa zolinga zake zoyambika za kulingana ndi chilungamo.

Kusintha kwa mu 1865: Kuchotsa Ukapolo

Demetrisement ya 13 inathetsa kwamuyaya ukapolo ndi ukapolo waufulu mu United States, kusiyapo ngati chilango cha upandu. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni itatha, inasintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Komabe, kusintha kwa mawu opatulawo [1] Kulola ukapolo waufulu kukhala chilango cha upandu . Wagwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zosonkhezera ntchito yokakamiza m’ndende, nkhani ya kusintha kwa masiku ano. Ngakhale kuti nkhondoyo inachitika, Kukonzanso kwa 13 kumasonyeza kudalira kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndipo ukali chida champhamvu polimbana ndi kugulitsa anthu ndi ukapolo wamakono.

Kusintha kwa Zakumwa za m’Chimake (1868): Kubadwa Koyenera kwa Nzika ndi Chitetezo Cholingana

Chisinthiko cha 14 ndi chimodzi cha zigamulo zofunika kwambiri ndi zoperekedwa. Chigamulo chake cha kuturage Claus chimapatsa unzika wodzifunira kwa anthu onse obadwa kapena ozoloŵereka ku United States ndi kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake, kugwetsa Supreme Court ([FLT: 0]] Dered Scott v. Sandford [1857]]. Kutetezera kwa Claus kumapatsa anthu onse ufulu wa ku maboma (inpolation) ndi kutetezera zoyenera zonga zachinsinsi ndi za ukwati ([FLT.[5]] OFLD] Yafell. v [FLT], ", ", "[4], ", "[4] kutsimikizira kwa chigawero chachigawero chachi, ".[FF], "[4]

Kusintha kwa Zakunja kwa 15 (1870): Kuchirikiza Ufulu wa Utundu

Demendment ya 15 imaletsa maboma a boma ndi boma kukana kuvota nzika za ufulu wokhudza "fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo wakale. Ngakhale kuti boma la kummwera linaletsa kukonza, kukhazikitsa misonkho yofufuza, kuyesa kulemba ndi kulemba, ndi kuopseza kwachiwawa kuti achotse ovota a African America kwa zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi. Zopanga za ufulu wa nzika za mu 1965(malamulo a Congress) zinapanga dec a department kukhala zenizeni. Malamulo a kuwonjezera kuŵerengera kwa . Malamulo amakono a votirty, felon adachotsako mfundo ya ufulu wa ufulu wa munthu, ndi kufiira.

Mpumulo wa 19 (1920): Kuletsa Akazi

Demendment ya 19 imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuvotera akazi onse a ku America, ikumanena kuti kuyenera "kusakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha kugonana. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa akazi pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri kwa kubereka ndi gulu la akazi, kukonza kumeneku sikunachirikize mwamsanga akazi onse . Kuletsabe machitachita a Eni America, Asia America, ndi Aafrika mpaka pambuyo pake lamulo lotchuka. Komabe, Demendment ya khumi ndi chinayiti ya khumi ndi chinayi imakhala chipangano cha mphamvu ya kulinganiza kwa udzu ndi kusintha kwa malamulo.

M’pake kuti ana 20 pa ana 1000 anasintha zinthu (1964): Kuchotsa Misonkho Yosafunika

Demendulo la 20 - Fourth Amendment inaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito misonkho ya kuvota kwa boma. Misonkho ya kukolo inali chida chachikulu chotsendereza ovota otsika, makamaka Aafirika ku South. Ngakhale kuti Aamakumi aŵiri ndi Fourth Amendment inagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masankho a boma, Bwalo Lapamwamba linasungidwa m' Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions [1] (19666) misonkhoma ya kufunsira m'masankhoma i'kanirana ndi polisi yoteteza Claus wa ku 1448. Motero, zimenezi zinachotsa choletsa chachikulu cha zachuma kuti atengemo mbali m'zandale.

Kusintha kwa Mabuku Abwino Koposa (1997): Kuchepetsa Nyengo Yopanga Zopangapanga

Kuyankha ku chigomeko chakuti awo a msinkhu wokwanira kulembetsedwa kaamba ka utumiki wankhondo ayenera kukhala ndi kuyenera kwa kuvota, Appendix a 20 - 18 anachepetsa nyengo ya kuvota kuchokera pa 21 kufika pa 18 m'boma lonse, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko. Kukula kwamwaŵi kofulumira koposa m'mbiri . "kukulitsa kusanthula kwa Aamereka mamiliyoni ambiri. Lerolino, kukonza izi kukupitirizabe kusonkhezera makambitsirano onena za kugaŵidwa kwa achichepere ndi maphunziro a boma m’masukulu.

Ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu Pomasulira Ufulu wa Malamulo

Kuzindikira kukonzanso kwa malamulo kumafunanso kuzindikira kuti tanthauzo lawo limasintha mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Khoti Lapamwamba limatumikira monga wothandizira womalizira wa Malamulo, ndipo zosankha zake zimaumba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kukonza kulikonse. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu Woyamba wa kukonza mawu tsopano umaphatikiza mawu a pa Intaneti ndi ndalama monga mawu andale, pamene kutetezera kwa Fourth Conflinement ku kufunafuna zinthu zosayenera kumafikira ku chidziŵitso cha manambala ndi mitu ya anthu. Nzika ziyenera kutsatira malamulo ofunika chifukwa zimakhudza mwachindunji ufulu wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku kuvotera kuti zivotere. Kuvomereza ntchito ya ja kuthandizira kuchepetsa ufulu wa boma nthaŵi zina kupangitsa kusintha pa nthaŵi.

Mmene Mungadziŵire ndi Kufotokozera Ufulu Wanu

Kudziŵa kuti zinthu zasintha ndi njira yoyamba yokha; kutomerana kwakhama kumatsimikizira kuti ufulu umenewu udakali wotetezeredwa.

  • Kuŵerenga Konsichushoniyo mwachindunji. Nyumba za Malo Osungiramo zinthu za m'dziko zimapereka mawu onse, limodzi ndi nkhani za m'mbiri, pa archives. gov. Kuŵerenga nthaŵi zonse kumathandizira nzika kuzindikira pamene ufulu wawo uli pangozi.
  • Kutsatira milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu. Mawebusaiti onga Oyez ndi [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute akupereka nkhani zaulere ndi mfundo za pakamwa. Kumvetsetsa zosankha zaposachedwapa pa zoyenera zosankha, kulankhula kwaufulu, ndi kachitidwe ka upandu nkofunika kaamba ka unzika wodziŵa.
  • Partipate mu maprogramu a maphunziro a boma. Mabungwe onga Chikhululukiro cha Chiŵeniŵeni cha Americane [ chimapereka ndalama pa ufulu wa malamulo ndi mavuto amakono a lamulo. Makoleji ndi malaibulale a m'deralo kaŵirikaŵiri amaikamo ma shopu.
  • Misonkhano yapoyera ndi mayeso. misonkhano ya bungwe la mzinda, magawo a sukulu, ndi milandu ya malamulo ndi malo kumene nzika zingagwiritsire ntchito ufulu Woyamba wa Kukonzanso Malamulo kuti ziperekedwe ndi kulankhula. Kulemba ndi kusimba zochitika zoterozo kumasonkhezeranso kumasuka.
  • Kugwirizana ndi nkhani za lamulo la makompyuta. Tsatirani akatswiri a zamalamulo, timagulu taudindo, ndi nkhani zimene zimakhudza ufulu wa anthu. Nkhani ya pa Intaneti, pamene mfundo za m'Baibulo zizikidwa, ingakhale chipangizo champhamvu kwambiri chophunzitsira ena ndi kulinganiza zinthu zokhudza malamulo.

Kumaliza

Ufulu wa malamulo sindizo zolinga za masiku onse zimene zimatetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kutsimikizira kuti boma liyenera kuŵerengeredwa. Kuyambira ufulu wa kulankhula maganizo a munthu ndi kuchita chipembedzo chake ku kuyenera kwa kuyesedwa kolungama ndi kutetezeredwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo, kuwongolera kulikonse kuli ndi zotsatira zenizeni za dziko. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likupitirizabe kumasulira makonzedwe ameneŵa ndi pamene anthu akusintha, nzika ziyenera kukhalabe maso. Mwa kuphunzira Bill of Rights, Constantinmentives, ndi kufutukuka kwa franka, Aamereka angachirikize bwino mapulinsipulo a democracy amene amamasulira mtunduwo. Chidziŵitso ndichodi maziko a ntchito, oikizidwa, oikizidwa, ndi opatsidwa mphamvu ya nzika.