Malamulo a United States ndi malo ovomerezeka a ufulu wa Amereka, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ufulu umene umatetezera nzika zonse . Kuphatikizapo ophunzira. M'nkhani za maphunziro, malamulo alamulo ameneŵa amakhazikitsa mmene sukulu zimagwirira ntchito, chilango, ndi kugwirizana ndi achichepere. Kumvetsetsa zoyenera za lamulo lalamulo sikuli kwalamulo koma nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, oyang’anira, ndi ophunzira enieniwo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kodalirika, kochokera pansi pa mtima kwa malamulo otetezera ufulu wa ophunzira, malamulo a bwalo lamilandu lowamasulira, ndi zovuta zamakono zimene zimapitiriza kuyesa malire awo.

Malamulo Oona za Ufulu wa Ophunzira

Kukonzanso kutatu kumapanga maziko a malamulo otetezera m'masukulu: Kusintha koyamba [Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwachifatse (mapech, chipembedzo, project), Kusintha kwa Thungwe (kufufuza ndi kulanda), ndi [kuteteza] koyambirira [kulimbana] [kulimbana] ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ndi kutetezera [kuphatikizapo] [FOLT] [FON] [FLT] [ka] (chitetezero ndi njira yoyenera). Pamene Bill of Rights [Kulamulira] poyamba inagwiritsira ntchito boma, Dementi ya 145] yokhayo yokhudza kwambiri ndi ogulitsa maphunziro, popanda mphunzitsi wotsogolera m'pemphero.

Kuli kofunika kukumbukira kuti ophunzira sataya ufulu wonse walamulo pa khomo la sukulu. Monga momwe Khoti Lalikulu linalengezera motchuka ku Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District , “Silinganenedwe kuti kaya ophunzira kapena aphunzitsi amataya ufulu wawo wa ufulu wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa khomo la sukulu. Komabe ufuluwo suli wokwanira; sukulu zili ndi chikondwerero choyenerera chosamalira, chisungiko, ndi ntchito yamaphunziro. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa maphunziro kulongosola malo a lamulo.

Kusintha Koyamba M’masukulu

Chitetezo chilichonse chimagwira ntchito m’sukulu, koma pali zinthu zina zofunika zimene makhoti akhazikitsa mosamala pa nkhani ya zaka 100 zapitazi.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula

Nkhani ya chithunzithunzi . Des Moines . Des MoLT . [[FLT :1] inatsimikizira kuti ophunzira anganene malingaliro . ngakhale otsutsana [1] malinga ngati mawuwo sasokoneza kwenikweni maphunziro kapena kusokoneza ufulu wa ena. Ku Tinker, ophunzira atatu analenjedwa chifukwa chovala mikono yakuda kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti livomereze, kuyambitsa “mayeso a Tinker . Amene amakhalabe muyezo wa maphunziro.

Nkhani zapambuyo pake zinachepetsa chitetezero chachikulu chimenecho. m'Chigawo cha Bethel Sukulu No. 403 v. Fraser (1986), Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza kuchotsedwa kwa wophunzira amene anapereka mawu onyansa, odzutsa kugonana pamsonkhano wa sukulu, kuchititsa kuti sukulu ziletse mawu onyansa kapena onyansa amene amafooketsa ntchito yawo yamaphunziro. [Fred:] Marse v. (2007), Khotilo linalola wophunzira kudzudzula wophunzira chifukwa choŵerenga chikalata cha “BONG HITS 4 JES , popanga mapulogalamu oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zifukwa zitatu zimenezi . zimateteza ndemanga zandale ndi za anthu pokhapokha zitasokoneza kwambiri. Fraser , Fraser , Fraser , ndi Morse . [FLT:] imalola ziletso pa mawu oipa kapena osayenera. Mahanss kuletsa zolankhula zimene zimachirikiza khalidwe losakhala lalamulo. Makhoti a kufupi amapitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo imeneyi ku mikhalidwe yatsopano, makamaka pa Intaneti imene imakhalapo pabwalo koma osaloŵerera m'malo asukulu. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLD] Mahan . [v5] Sukulu ya . [2]

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

M’masukulu, mawu ameneŵa amaika malire ndi chitetezo pa mfundo ziŵiri zachipembedzo: Kukhazikitsa boma lovomereza chipembedzo ndi Free Execrect Claus (kutetezera zochita zachipembedzo za anthu).

Chiyambi cha Claus chiletsa pemphero loperekedwa ndi sukulu, kuŵerenga Baibulo kodzipereka, ndi chiphunzitso cha kulenga monga sayansi. Engel v. Vitale (1962), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa pemphero loperekedwa ndi boma m’masukulu a anthu onse, likumasunga kuti ngakhale pemphero losakhala lachipembedzo linaswa pemphero la Claus. Nkhani zowonjezera za nzeruzo ku pemphero loperekedwa ndi mphunzitsi pa kumaliza maphunziro ndi pemphero lokhala ndi ophunzira pa dongosolo la madiresiti a sukulu pamene likuphatikizidwa.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ophunzira amasunga kuyenera kwa kupemphera paokha, kupanga makalabu achipembedzo, ndi kusonyeza zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ngati amachita zimenezo pa maziko aufulu, osasokoneza. Act [Aqual Access] ya 1984 imafuna kuti sukulu za sekondale za onse zilole magulu achipembedzo ophunzitsidwa kukumana pa koleji ngati alola kuti magulu ena osagwirizana ndi zipani zoyandikana. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo limeneli mu [[FLT:] Board of Education v. d [FLT:] (1990). Aphunzitsi ndi oyang'anira ayenera kuyenda mosamala: iwo sangatsogolere koma ayenera kulola ophunzira awo kuchitapo kanthu ka chikhulupiriro chawo modzimodzi.

Kuyenera Kusonkhana

Ophunzira ali ndi ufulu wosonkhanitsana mwamtendere ndi kupanga mayanjano olankhulana. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukhoza kupanga makalabu, kuchita misonkhano, ndi kukhala ndi phande m'kutsutsa kwamtendere, malinga ngati ntchitoyo sidodometsa ntchito za sukulu. Mabungwe a Muulimi wotchulidwa pamwambawa ndi otetezera kwambiri. Hazelwood School . Kuhlmeier . [1988] [1988] [A.1], Khoti linamasuliranso kuti sukulu ndi mabukhu ndi ntchito (monga nyuzipepala yopangidwa monga mbali ya gulu la magazini) ingakhale yoyang'anira kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amanyamula maphunziro olankhula za imparimu. Koma osakhala ophunzira odziimira, monga magulu a ophunzira kapena otsutsa, amalandiranso zipatala zotsutsa.

Kuyendayenda kwa ophunzira ndi zitsutso .Nthaŵi zambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa chifukwa cha chiwawa cha mfuti, kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena chiweruzo cha kakhalidwe ka anthu : ophunzira ali ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kusonyeza kusagwirizana, koma sukulu zingapereke nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira yopeŵera kusokonezeka. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu ingafune kuti pakhale kutuluka m’nyumba panthaŵi ya chakudya chamasana kapena pambuyo pa sukulu mmalo mwa pakati pa kalasi, malinga ngati lamulolo liri lokhala lopanda malire.

Kusintha kwa Fodya ndi Lachinayi — Kufunafuna ndi Kubisa

M’masukulu, Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti mfundo yofufuzira si “chochititsa chosatsimikizika” (lamulo lachifwamba lofala) koma“ kukayikira koyenera kuti kufunafunako kudzavumbula umboni wa kuswa malamulo a sukulu.

Zimene Zimachititsa Kuti Tizivutika Kusintha

Mlandu wapadera wa New Jersey v. T.L.O (1985) unakhudza wophunzira wa pasukulu ya sekondale amene anasuta m’chipinda chosambira. Pamene mphunzitsi wamkulu anafufuza chikwama chake, anapeza ndudu, kugwetsa mapepala, ndi umboni wa kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti akuluakulu a sukulu angafufuze ophunzira popanda chilo ngati ali ndi “maziko abwino okayikitsa kuti apeze umboni wakuti wophunzirayo waswa kapena akuswa malamulo kapena kuswa malamulo a sukulu. Kufufuzako kuyeneranso kufotokozedwa mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe. Mayeso aŵiri (kukayikira koyenera) ndi kolamulira.

Kuyesa Mankhwala

Kuyesa kosaiŵalika kwa ophunzira oseŵera maseŵera olimbitsa thupi kunachirikizidwa mu District 47J. Acton (1995], kumene khoti linagamula kuti ophunzira achepetsa ziyembekezo zachinsinsi ndi kuti chikondwerero cha sukulu m’kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ogodomalitsa kwa oseŵera (amene amayang'anizana ndi ngozi zowopsa kwambiri) chinali chosatheka. Khotilo linawonjezera mfundo imeneyi kwa ophunzira onse amene anali ndi phande m'ntchito zapansi pasukulu zapamwamba mu Board ya maphunziro . Earls . (2002] (b. Komabe, kukayikira kopanda pake kuyesedwa kwa ophunzira onse kapena ophunzira osaphatikizidwa m'ntchito zina sizingapititsanenso malamulo awo odzitetezera. Ambiri amakhazikitsanso malamulo awo apamwamba kuposa malamulo a za Earth Earls.

Kufufuza za M’nyumba, Desk, ndi Makompyuta

Maloko ndi madesiki ndi zinthu za sukulu, koma ophunzira kaŵirikaŵiri amayembekezera zinthu zina zachinsinsi. Makhoti ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito T.L.O. muyezo, kufunsira ngati pali kukayikira koyenera. Masukulu angachepetse ziyembekezo za ophunzira mwa kutchula momvekera bwino mabukhu a zikalata kuti otsekera ali ongofunikira, osafufuzidwa. M'malangizo apamwamba. [FLD:] Mu Flafford Discredive . [FFFP] [200]

Kusintha kwa Zakumwa ndi Zochita za M’mbuyo za M’mbuyo za Dziko la 14 – Kutetezedwa Kofanana ndi Kufunika kwa Njira Yochitira Zinthu

Mpando wa 14 wa Kusintha wa Azilamu umapereka zitetezero zamphamvu ziŵiri kwa ophunzira: ezachitetezo cha Claus ndi [[FLT :2] Classium Claus .

Chitetezo Cholingana

Komiti Yotetezera ya Act Claus imafuna kuti ophunzira onse achitidwe mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Mfundo imeneyi yakhala yofunika kwambiri kuchotsapo zoyesayesa za kugaŵana ( Brown v. Board of Education (1954) imachotsa tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu), mwamuna ndi mkazi (Kunena za Kusintha kwa Maphunziro kwa 1972 kumaletsa tsankho la kugonana m'masukulu olipidwa ndi boma), ndi kuteteza ophunzira okhala ndi vuto la kulephera kwa maphunziro ndi Chigawo 504 cha Act (Al.

Sukulu sizingatsanthe pamaziko a fuko m'zipatala, chilango, kapena kupezeka pa maprogramu. Ayenera kupereka mwaŵi wofanana mosasamala kanthu za mwamuna ndi mkazi, kuphatikizapo ndalama zofanana za maseŵera ndi chitetezo cha kugonana. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, makhoti apereka malamulo otetezera ofanana kwa ophunzira osintha , ndi makhoti angapo a boma opereka zikalata zochonderera kuti tsankho lozikidwa pa kutsendereza ku chisembwere limateteza LGBTT+S + mphamvu ya maphunziro. Khoti Lapamwamba la Bostockb v. Clayton County .[FLD:20] [20]]

Kutsatira Makonzedwe

, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti ophunzira ayang'anizane ndi chilango chachikulu choyang'anizidwira kulangizo alandire njira zolungama. Gos v. Lopez [1975], Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti ophunzira ayang'anizane ndi kutsegulidwa kwa masiku khumi kapena ocheperapo ali ndi ufulu wa kuyenerera kuchepetsa: chidziŵitso cha milandu, mafotokozedwe a umboni wotsutsana nawo, ndi mpata woyankha kuchotsedwako kusanayambe kugwira ntchito (kusiyapo m’mikhalidwe yangozi). Kwa kuchotsako kwanthaŵi yaitali, njira zambiri monga kumvetsera ndi kuimira ndi kuimira ndi kuimira.

Njira yoyenerera imagwiranso ntchito pa zosankha zamaphunziro, ngakhale kuti makhoti amapereka machenjera owonjezereka m’kuchotsa sukulu ndi kuchotsa ntchito m’maphunziro kuposa m’nkhani za chilango. Ophunzira olumala amalandira zitetezero zina zachibadwa pansi pa chipatala cha IDEIA.

Ophunzira Olumala Akhoza Kupezeka

IDEA imafuna kuti sukulu zipereke maphunziro a Free The Programme Public Registration (FAPE) kuti ophunzira ayesedwe ndi kulumala. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo programu ya Maphunziro ya Munthu Aliyense payekha (IEP) yogwirizana ndi zosoŵa za wophunzira aliyense. Chigawo 504 chimaletsa tsankho pa ophunzira olumala m'programu iliyonse yolandira ndalama za boma. Sukulu ziyenera kupanga malo ogona oyenera kutsimikizira kuti apeza malo oyenera, ndipo kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungatsogolere ku mlandu . Ndipo nthaŵi zina kutayikiridwa kwa ndalama kwa boma. Zonse ziŵiri ziŵiri, CerCections Classia ndi malamulo a boma amateteza kuyenera kwa ophunzira ameneŵa kwa maphunziro a boma onse omwe ali ndi opindulitsa ndi oyenerera.

Chizindikiro cha Khoti Lalikulu Chotsutsa Ufulu wa Ophunzira

Kumvetsetsa nkofunikira kwa aliyense wogwira ntchito kapena wochirikiza dongosolo la maphunziro.

  • .Des Moines Independent School School Community (1969) [1] – adakhazikitsa mawu a ophunzirawo akutetezedwa pokhapo ngati akusokoneza kwambiri ntchito za kusukulu. “Mayeso a Thupi” akukhalabe muyezo wolamulira.
  • Gos v. Lopez (1975) [1] – chitsimikiziro chotsimikizirika proced procedtural (manotsi ndi kumva) asanasunge masiku khumi kapena ocheperapo.
  • [[FL:0] New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) – Apt Demendment Yachinayi yofufuza sukulu, kuvomereza “kukayikira koyenera” muyezo.
  • Bethel School District v. Fraser (86) [1] – Malo a sukulu kuletsa mawu otukwana kapena otukwana m'masukulu.
  • Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (188) [1] – sukulu zopereka mphamvu zambiri pa zofalitsidwa zasukulu zolembedwa ndi olembedwa ndi olankhulidwa pasukulu.
  • Board of Education v. dctionns (1990) [1] [1] ----Act Access Act, kufunidwa kwa masukulu kulola magulu achipembedzo pa maziko ofanana ndi makalabu ena omwe si asukulu.
  • Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995) [1] – Unified woyesa mosalingalira bwino wa ophunzira oseŵera.
  • [[FORM:0] More v. Frederick (2007) [1] – Malo a sukulu ololedwa kuletsa kulankhula mochirikiza kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ogodomalitsa kosaloledwa.
  • Safford Aunte School School . Readd (2009) [1] – Sekani malire pa kufufuza kotchedwa translate fly kwa ophunzira.
  • [[FL:0] Mahanoy Aresis School District v. B.L. (2021) [[FL:1] – Heriding kuti sukulu sizingalangire malekezero a kampasi, kulankhula kwa ophunzira kosasokoneza pa wailesi ndi TV.

Mavuto ndi Zovuta Zapanthaŵi Yake

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza kuti sukulu zizitsatira malamulo oteteza ufulu wa ana a sukulu.

Kulankhulana ndi Anthu pa Intaneti

Kukula kwa mawailesi akanema kwasokoneza muyezo wa pakati pa makoleji ndi makhoti. Komabe makhoti aang'ono akulimbana ndi mafunso onga: Kodi sukulu ingapereke chilango cha mwana wasukulu cha ufuko kapena pepala lopangidwa pa Loŵeruka? Kodi nchiyani chimene chimasokoneza mnzake wa pa Intaneti? Yankho lake kaŵirikaŵiri limadalira kaya ngati kulankhulako kumatsogolera ku kusokonezeka kwenikweni kusukulu. Sukulu zikulangizidwa bwino kuphunzitsa bwino za ana za makhalidwe abwino a pa Intaneti ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo amakono.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu

Ana a sukulu apatsidwa ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito zimbudzi zofanana ndi amuna awo, kuti azilemekezedwa ndi mayina awo osankhidwa ndi maina a m'malo, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'ntchito za amuna ndi akazi. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu silinalamulirebe pa mlandu wa ophunzira mwachindunji, madera ambiri amasulira kuti The Trit IX ndi Ex Protection Claus kuteteza ophunzira opangika. Dipatimenti za Chiweruzo ndi maphunziro pansi pa mabwanama onse aŵiri posachedwapa zapereka malangizo otsutsana, kuyambitsa chisokosokonezo cha masukulu. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kutsatira zigamulo za m'dera limene sukulu ili ndi kufunsira malangizo alamulo. Sukulu zimene zimatengera ophunzira ambiri ku pulogalamu yapamwamba zimachepetsa ngozi ndi kusungitsa malo abwino otetezedwa kwa ophunzira onse.

Tsankho la Ufuko ndi Chilango cha Kusukulu

Umboni umasonyeza kusiyana kosalekeza kwa mafuko m'maphunziro (kuchotsa, kuchotsa, kusungitsa lamulo). Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti kusiyana kumeneku kumaswa Sucture Protection Claus , makamaka pamene malamulo apanga chiyambukiro chosiyana popanda kulungamitsa kwa maphunziro. Masukulu ena asintha malamulo a chilango kuti agogomezere chilungamo ndi kuchepetsa malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo amene amatulutsa zotulukapo zankhanza kwa ana opatuka. Dipatimenti ya maphunziro ya Ofesi ya ufulu wa anthu ifufuza kudandaula kwa tsankho la fuko. Sukulu ziyenera kutsimikizira kuti machitidwe awo opereka chilango agwiritsiridwa mofanana ndi kuti palibe tsankho lakusankhana.

Chitsogozo Chogwira Ntchito kwa Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira

Kuteteza ufulu walamulo pa maphunziro kumafuna zambiri kuposa kungotsatira malamulo chabe, kumafunikira ulemu ndi kuzindikira.

Kuyambitsa Kulemekeza Zikhalidwe za Kusukulu

Sukulu ziyenera kugwirizanitsa maphunziro onena za Konsichushoni ndi maphunziro, osati kokha m’makalasi a boma kapena a mbiri komanso m’nkhani zina. Ophunzira amene amamvetsetsa ufulu wawo ali othekera kwambiri kuwagwiritsira ntchito mwanzeru. Maphunziro anthaŵi zonse kwa aphunzitsi ndi oyang’anira malo alamulo ngofunikanso. Sukulu zambiri zimagwiritsira ntchito mabukhu amene amalongosola bwino zoyenera za ophunzira ndi njira za chilango, kufunafuna, ndi mawu.

Malamulo amene amalepheretsa ophunzira kulankhula zinthu zonse chifukwa choopa kusokonezeka maganizo angakhale osemphana ndi malamulo.

Kugula Zinthu ndi Chuma

Ophunzira ndi makolo amene amakhulupirira kuti ufulu wawo waswedwa angafune thandizo ku mabungwe onga ngati Chilamulo cha American Libersion Union (ACLU , [1], chimene chimafalitsa zitsogozo zomveka pa ufulu wa ophunzira. Choloŵa china ndicho Cornell Legal Information Institute [Malamulo a Chigawo cha Zambia: 3], chimene chimapereka mafotokozedwe omveka bwino a nkhani zazikulu. [[FLT: 4.] Oyez projekiti yolengeza ndi kufotokoza mawu a m'khoti za Supt Court, kulola ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi kumva mwachindunji kuchokera ku chilungamo. Sukulu ingaitanenso ufulu wa anthu kapena oimira ufulu wa m’boma wa ACU kapena oimira malamulo a ACUU.

Kaamba ka nkhani za chilango, njira yabwino koposa ndiyo kudziŵa malamulo olembedwa a sukuluyo ndi kupempha njira yoyenerera yoŵerengera ngati kuchotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa kuwonekera kukhala kosalungama. uphungu walamulo ngwoyenera kaamba ka nkhani zazikulu, koma mikangano yambiri ingathetsedwe mwa njira zamwaŵi ngati wophunzira ndi kholo amvetsetsa dongosolo la malamulo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a ufulu wa maphunziro saali malingaliro enieni a tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuyambira wophunzira amene amavala chiŵiya cha ndale zadziko kufikira kwa amene amapempha kwa kanthaŵi ka pemphero la mumtima, kuyambira wothamangayo kuyesa mankhwala ogodomalitsa kwa wachichepere kuyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa manyuzi a zachikhalidwe, nthano yalamulo ya maphunziro a ku America imayesedwa ndi kutsimikiziridwanso. Aphunzitsi amene amalemekeza ufulu wa ophunzira amachirikiza mkhalidwe wa kukhulupirirana ndi kuvomerezana ndi ufulu wa boma. Ophunzira amene amadziŵa zoyenera zawo amakhala ochirikiza chilungamo. Mwa kuzindikira malamulo oyambirira, Chachinayi, ndi Aneti Amerekamende, ndi zigamu za khoti zimene zimamasulira zimenezi [1] Chigawo chilichonse cha sukulu chimathandizira ku dongosolo la ufulu ndi dongosolo la za pa za pabanja, ndi kumene sukulu amakhala malo amene onse ali pansi pa malamulo alamulo.