Kumvetsetsa Ufulu wa Malamulo ndi Kumasulidwa kwa Nzika

United States Constitution imaimira chikalata chamoyo chimene chimalongosola dongosolo la boma ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Zoyenera za Malamulo ndizo zija zotchulidwa mwachindunji m'malemba, makamaka m'buku la Malo Oyenera ndi kukonzanso pambuyo pake, pamene ufulu wa anthu uli chitetezo chachikulu kwa boma chimene makhoti alephera kuletsa. Kusamvetsetsana za chitetezo chimenechi n’kofala, kosonkhezeredwa ndi zolankhula zandale, zolankhula za atolankhani, ndi maphunziro osakwanira. Nkhaniyi imasiyanitsa nthano zomangitsa ndi mfundo zalamulo, kupereka chithunzi chomveka bwino, chomveka bwino cha zimene malamulo amanenadi. Ndikuti makhoti alamulo anena za ufulu wanu.

Ufulu wa Malamulo si wopanda malire. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likulingalira mobwerezabwereza kuti ufulu uyenera kulinganizidwa pa zikondwerero za boma, monga ngati chitetezo chapoyera, chisungiko cha dziko, ndi ufulu wa ena. Mpando Woyamba Sumateteza kunyozedwa, ziwopsezo zenizeni, kapena kusonkhezera kuchita zinthu zosayeruzika. Kusintha kwachiŵiri, monga momwe kunalembedwera mu Diquality of Columbia v. Heller [2001], imateteza munthu aliyense kuyenera ya kunyamula zida koma imalola malamulo oyenera ngati machekesi ndi ziletso zoyendera kumbuyo kwa mafelo. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kuti akhale ndi udindo wa nzika.

Magwero a Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Maufulu a nzika amachokera ku Malamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma. Bill of Rights, yovomerezedwa mu 1791, inagwiritsidwa ntchito pokha ku boma la boma. Mwa 14neth Amendmenṯ Access Procession Claus, Court Yapamwamba pang'onopang' inaphatikiza Bill of Rights zitetezero zambiri zotetezera maboma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza ufulu wanu wakulankhula kumalamulo ndi boma, ndipo zimagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi ku kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, kutetezera ku ku ku kufunafuna kopanda nzeru, ndi ufulu wina.

  • Ufulu wa Kulankhula [[FLT:] – Otetezeredwa ku boma kululuza, koma kunyansa, zithunzithunzi zaumaliseche za ana, ndi chinyengo cha malonda sizikubisidwa.
  • Kulunjika ku Mlandu Wabwino [ – Chiphatikizo cha ku juli yopanda tsankho, zochitika zapoyera, ndi chithandizo cha uphungu (Mpambo wa Chigawo).
  • Kuyenera ku Umbeta - Osati molunjika koma wotchulidwa kuchokera ku Woyamba, Wachinayi, Wachisanu, Ninth, ndi 14th Amendments, kuletsa kubala, ukwati, ndi ufulu wa zamankhwala (] . Connecticut , 1965; bergefell v. Hodges , 2015]
  • Kuchinjiriza Kulimbana ndi Kudzitsutsa / [[FL:1] + Demetriement Yachisanu imaletsa boma kukukakamizani kudzinenera nokha mlandu wa upandu.

Nthanthi Zofala Ponena za Kumasulidwa kwa Anthu ndi Zowonadi Zimene Zimawavumbula

M’munsimu muli nkhani zinayi zonena za ufulu wa anthu zimene anthu ambiri amayendera.

Nthanthi 1: Lamulo Limatsimikizira Ufulu Wonse wa Kulankhula

Fract : Commission ikunena kuti Congress siidzapanga lamulo lakuti pakhale ufulu wa kulankhula, pa Ü koma Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira nthaŵi zonse magulu a kulankhula amene salandira chitetezo chalamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kusonkhezera chiwawa ([FLT:] Brandenburg v. Ohio[FL:3], 1969), ziwopsezo zowona, mawu onyoza, kuipitsa, ndi zithunzithunzi za ana. Boma lingalamulirenso m’malo apoyera ngati zipinda zankhondo, masukulu, ndi makhoti a khoti. Mapulati onga Facean kapena Twite sagwirizanitsidwa ndi boma Loyamba &12; iwo saali olankhula zaufulu.

Nthanthi Yachiwiri: Kumasula Anthu M’chiweniweni Kumangokhudza Nzika Zokha

Fract: Buku la Malo Oyenera limagwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti ̴ anthu ” kapena ” ̵ osati ndi ̴ Chitetezo. Khoti Lalikulu lakhala kuti anthu osafika ku United States ali ndi ufulu wotetezera kwambiri. Mpatuko Wachinayi ’ kutetezera ku kufunsira kosalinga kwa aliyense mu U. S. Desition. Desclement imakhudza anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za kusamutsirana ndi lamulo. Chigawo cha Sikisi cha Malamulo cha Malamulo chimakhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu onse.

Nthanthi 3: Boma Lingalimbanitse Ufulu Wanu pa Chifuniro cha Maboma

FOCT: Ngakhale panthaŵi ya ngozi zolengezedwa , mavuto achilengedwe, kapena ziwopsezo zaumoyo wa anthu, boma liyenera kulemekeza malamulo alamulo. Khoti Lalikulu lachitapo kanthu pa ngozi, monga Pulezidenti Truman ̱ kugwidwa kwa zitsulo zachitsulo pankhondo ya Korea ( Achichepere stap & Lamp; Tube. v. Saveyer, 1952). Boma la boma lingakhoze kuchotsapo kuukirako kusiyapo pamene chipanduko kapena kuukira kukufuna, pambali iliyonse, mliripo ya CHOVID19, mlikiti ya makhoma, ndi malamulo ozemba, ndi malamulo oletsa malamulo oikidwa ndi oikidwa ndi lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lalamulo la bomalowera kuletsa kuyendetsa ufulu wa boma. Ngati boma lingaperekedwe ndi kuwonjezera chivonya chivonya chivonya.

Bodza Lachinayi: Ufulu Wonse Unatetezedwa Molingana M’chilamulo

FUUGANK: Zoyenera za Malamulo sizili zonse zolingana pamlingo wa chitetezo chachiweruzo. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito mitu yosiyanasiyana yofufuza mogwirizana ndi kuyenera ndi kulinganiza kogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi boma. Ufulu, ufulu wa chipembedzo, ndi kuyenera kwa kuvota, kulandira & #820; kufufuza koyenera,̵ kuyang'anitsitsa kwa boma kuyenera ndi kuchepetsa. Kudziŵa malamulo a zachuma ndi ufulu wa katundu wochuluka walandira pa maziko a ̶ kupenda koyenera kwapadera ku boma. Malamulo a mafuko ndi mafuko amapendedwa mopendedwa mopambanitsa; kupenda kwa kugonana kwa pakati. Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kuona mmene malamulo a boma a za ufulu amakhudza ufulu wosiyanawo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Buku la Ufulu ndi Cholinga Chake Chokhalitsa

Wovomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791, Bill of Rights inali yankho lachindunji kwa Anti-Federalist lofuna kuti Malamulo atsopanowo analibe chitetezo chotsimikizirika kaamba ka ufulu wa munthu aliyense. James Madison poyambirira anafuna kukonzanso khumi ndi maboma; khumi anatengedwa ndi maboma. Magawo aŵiri oyamba ndi mabungwe a malamulo ndi malipiro a bungwe la Reformation (kugaŵidwa). Zokumana nazo zinasavomerezedwa kufikira 1992 monga Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Malamulo kwa Alamulo kwa 20. Bill of Rights adasonkhezeredwa ndi Ching’aning’anizi cha 1689, Anzeru a ku Light Cocle ndi Montesquieueult, ndi Ofufuza za ku Ù zokumana nazo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain, zimene zinaphatikizapo malamulo, kuyendetsa asilikali, ndi kukambirana ndi kusonkhana kwa anthu.

Bill of Rights sinalinganizidwire kupatsa ufulu koma kuvomereza kuyenera kwachibadwa komwe kulipo ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma. Mtengo wa Ninth Amendment umanena momveka bwino kuti kuikidwa kwa ufulu wina sikudzachitidwa ndi #8220;denay kapena kugaŵidwa kwa ena osungidwa ndi anthu. ” Chikalata chimenechi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera ufulu wachibadwa wonga ngati kukhala wachinsinsi ndi ufulu wa thupi. Tenth Amend Amendment Context ku maboma kapena anthu amene sapereka ku boma la boma /a pulinsipulo yofunika ya chigwirizano cha boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kumadera onga olamulira mfuti, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi maphunziro.

Malamulo Owonjezera: Zimene Amatetezera

Ngakhale kuti buku lonse la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndilo maziko, kusintha kosiyanasiyana n’kothandiza kwambiri makamaka posintha ufulu wa anthu wamakono.

Kusintha Koyamba: Kulankhula, Chipembedzo, Kusindikiza, Msonkhano, ndi Chifuno

First Amendment kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa “ ufulu woyamba ̵ chifukwa chakuti Oyambitsawo anaulingalira kukhala wofunika ku kuloŵerera kwa demokrase. Imaletsa Congress (ndipo mwa kugwirizanitsa, iko) kukhazikitsa chipembedzo kapena kuletsa kuyesayesa kwake kwaufulu, kuchokera ku kulankhula kotsekereza kapena kusindikiza ufulu, ndi kuletsa msonkhano wamtendere ndi kupempha boma.

  • Free Execroem Claus: Boma silingachitire chitokoso chikhulupiriro chachipembedzo, koma malamulo auchete a kulephera angapangitse mchitidwe wachipembedzo ( Employment Division v. Smith[FL:3], 1990). Nyumba zinayankha ndi Religious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) kaamba ka lamulo la boma, ndipo maboma ambiri ali ndi masinthidwe awo.
  • Ufulu wa Kulankhula: imatetezera kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko pakati, komanso imaphimba mawu a zojambulajambula, mawu a malonda (opanda chitetezo), ndipo ngakhale mawu audani (opanda kuyambitsa chiwawa kapena kuyambitsa kuvutitsa).
  • Prefs: Magazine si bungwe lovomerezeka pansi pa malamulo koma amalandira chitetezo chaufulu cha kulankhula monga munthu payekha. Malamulo oteteza atolankhani ’ magwero amasiyana ndi boma.
  • Chipulumutso: Ufulu wopempha boma kuthetsa zidandaulo zimaphatikizapo kumanga milandu, kukakamiza, ndi zitsutso.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Kufunafuna ndi Kusudzulidwa

Chisinthiko Chachinayi chimateteza “ kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezereka mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, pofufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. ̵ Ma Warrant ayenera kuchirikizidwa ndi chochititsa ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo oti afufuzidwe ndi zinthu. Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti: maso, kuvomereza, kufunafuna zochitika, kutsegulira zochitika zowakhudza, ndi galimoto. [[FLT:] Katz v. United States[FLT:] (1967), Bwalo likhazikitsa ̴ kuyembekezera kwachinsinsi kwaumwini, kumene tsopano kumalamulira nkhani ngati za mzera, selo, ndi umboni wa za m'masamu. [FTCT]

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika ndi Kudzitsutsa

First Amendment ili ndi zitetezero zazikulu zingapo: kuyenera kwa ajuli yaikulu ya mlandu wamalikulu a boma; chitetezo ku ngozi zoŵirikiza; kuyenera motsutsana ndi kudziimira pawekha (kaŵirikaŵiri kutchedwa & #8220; kutsogolera Fifth ̵); kuyenera kwa kukhazikitsa lamulo; ndi kuchotsa Claus akufunikira kulipira katundu wachinsinsi pamene watengedwa kaamba ka kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa anthu. Mawu aumwini oponderezedwa amagwiritsira ntchito kupereka umboni, osati kuyesa ngati mwazi kapena mizere. Miranda ([FL:] Marinda. . Arizona . v[FL:], 1966) ndi chiyenetso chofunikira chodzidalira pa kulembedwa pa pepalali, kutsimikizira kutsimikizira kuyenera kwawo.

Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi: Ufulu Woyenera Woweruza

Pambuyo pa mlandu wa Azindikiro Aunduna (Association) pamakhala ufulu wozengedwa mlandu mofulumira ndiponso wokhudza anthu onse, ajuli opanda tsankho m’chigawo chimene upandu unachitika, kuyenera kwa kuuzidwa mlanduwo, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo. Ufulu wa kupereka uphungu umagwira ntchito pa milandu yonse yaupandu imene imatulukapo m’ndende, kuphatikizapo olakwa. Chithandizo chogwira mtima cha uphungu nchofunika, monga momwe chatsimikizidwiranso mu [FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright [[FLD:] (1963]), chimene chimanena kuti chipereke malo alonsire oimba mlandu mlandu m'nkhani.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Chisinthiko cha 88 chimaletsa belo lopambanitsa, liwongo lopambanitsa, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Malamulo opatulidwa a kumasulira kwake amatsogolera. Khotilo laletsa chilango cha imfa kwa anthu opunduka m’nzeru (] Attins v. Virginia, 2002 [ya achinyamata opalamula milandu (. .SML , 2005]). Khoti posachedwapa inakhulupirira kuti moyo woyenerera popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ana ndi wosayenerera ([FLT:]] Millv [FFF:], 2012], .

Mavuto Amakono pa Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

M’zaka za zana la 21 lino, anthu akhala akuvutika kwambiri ndi zinthu zimene zimayesa malire a malamulo oteteza anthu, zaumisiri, uchigawenga, ndiponso kusintha kwa malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti asinthe ziphunzitso zakale kuti zigwirizane ndi mfundo zatsopano.

Kupeza Zinthu Zofunika pa Makompyuta ndi Kuchuluka kwa Maboma

Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta a chidziŵitso .Email, malo a makampani oulutsira nkhani, mbiri ya malo, zasintha malo achinsinsi. Chombo cha Fourter Amendment ’s “ chiphunzitso chachitatu chigawo; (kuchotsa chidziŵitso choperekedwa modzifunira kwa ena si chachinsinsi) chawonongeka ndi zosankha zaposachedwapa za Supt Court . , Khoti la California / [2014] (2014, Khoti likufuna kuti apolisi nthaŵi zonse afune chilo chokafufuza foni ya foni kuti agwire. Kachilombo kamodzi [FLD], kozindikira kuti malo a selo la foni lachisanu, ngakhale kuli kope la chikalata cha boma lachiŵiri, limagwiritsira ntchito zikalata zotetezera boma la Globalve (ATSCIS] ndi Chigalamu la .

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Masiku Omwe Akungofika Masinkhu Amakono

Mapulatifomu a za mayanjano akukhala malo a anthu amakono, komabe ndi makampani achinsinsi amene ali ndi Malamulo a Utumiki amene angaletse kulankhula zinthu zopitirira zimene Malamulo amalola. Mpambo Woyamba Suption sumaletsa makampani a anthu okha, koma ukupitirizabe kutsutsana kuti kaya mapulatifomu monga Facebook ndi Twitter ayenera kuonedwa ngati otsatsa malonda a boma pamene akulamulira. Gawo 230 la Masheya a Zolankhulana ndi Zikole za Olankhulana ndi Olankhulana ndi Opatula, komanso watsutsidwa chifukwa cha zonse ziŵirizo zovulaza ndi kutetezera kwambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Pitackham v. North Caroline . (2017]) adakhulupirira kuti manyuzipepala a zamakono a za kalankhulidwe kalankhulidwe kabwino, lamulo loletsa anthu olankhulana.

Chilungamo cha Fuko ndi Chilungamo Chaupandu Zisintha

Maufulu a anthu amayenderana kwambiri ndi chiweruzo cha fuko. Mpando Wachinayi wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo ’ chitetezo chatsutsidwa m'nkhani zophatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito kwa apolisi (Graham v. Connor, 1989]. Kusintha kwachisanu ndi chimodzi kwa kuperekedwa kwa uphungu kumasokonezedwa ndi madongosolo osakwanira otetezera anthu m'maiko ambiri. Kuletsa kwa Sexh Amendment ̱ kuletsa kwa belo mopambanitsa kwatsutsidwa m'madongosolo la ndalama limene mosalekeza oimba olakwa ndi anthu a mtundu wina. Gulu la apolisi la mlandu wa asonkhezera malamulo atsopano ofuna matele, kufufuza kwa paokhaokha, ndi zoletsa zina zonga ngati ma thanga a ole.

Ufulu wa Munthu aliyense payekha

Post9 / 11 malamulo onga ngati PORTIOT Act, makhoti ankhondo a uchigaŵenga akukayikira, ndipo NSA̱ maprogramu a metadata ochuluka ayesa kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu. Hamdi v. Rumsteld [1] [2004] [2004], Khoti linagamula kuti U.S. nzika za adani ziyenera kulandira njira yoyenerera, kuphatikizapo kuyesa kumangidwa kwawo pamaso pa wopanga chigamulo cha ndale. . M'nkhani ya International [FLT] . . . . , Bwalo lamilandu la U.S.S. Linalo linalamula kuti atolankhani ndi magulu a anthu asonkhani ndi zoyenerera za ufulu wa anthu omwe ali ndi osoŵa njira yowazengamira kuyesa FIS, kuphatikizapo kutsutsana ndi kuwonjezera chigawawa chakusintha kwa R. [FLD:]

Kumaliza: Mbali Yofunika Kwambiri ya Maphunziro Auchiŵanda

Kudziŵa zoyenera za lamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu sikuli kofunika kwambiri kwa munthu mwini. Oyambitsawo amakhulupirira kuti nzika yamaphunziro ingakhale ngati kuyang'ana komaliza pa nkhanza. Maphunziro a COVIC amakonzekeretsa anthu kuzindikira pamene ufulu wawo waponderezedwa, kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatiridwa, kutenga nawo mbali mwachipambano m’nkhani yapoyera, ndi kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Kulephera ufulu kungachititse zotsatira zoipa: nzika zingataye chitetezo chovomerezeka chifukwa cha umbuli, kapena kupempha kuti zilozozozozoletsere ufulu wa anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wokhawo, kuchirikiza lamulo.

Masukulu, malaibulale, ndi mabungwe a anthu ayenera kuika patsogolo kuphunzitsa mawu enieni a Malamulo, zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, ndi kuyesayesa kosalekeza kufutukula ufulu kwa onse. Mbadwo uliwonse umayang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zatsopano za ufulu, kaya kuchokera ku kuyesa kupambana boma, mphamvu za kampani, kapena kusalolerana kwa anthu. Kokha mwa kuchotsa nthano ndi kuvomereza mfundo yeniyeni ya malamulo athu ndi kusungitsa kulinganizika kodabwitsa pakati pa dongosolo ndi ufulu zimene zimalongosola United States.

Pa kufufuza kowonjezereka, fufuzani Constitution Center kaamba ka ziŵiya zoperekera ndi malemba okwanira ndi ndemanga. [[FLT :2] project yopereka mlandu watsatanetsatane ndi mawu a m'makalata a Khoti Lapamwamba. [FLT:] ALU AZIDZI Ufulu Wanu Ufulu Wanu Wotsogolera, mfundo za boma. Pomalizira, Fidial Jiary ̱ malo ophunzitsapo maphunziro. [FLT:]