Mbiri ya ufulu wa lamulo wa anthu ochepa ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri yokhudza makhalidwe a anthu. M'mbiri yonse, magulu ambiri a anthu ang'onoang'ono amenya nkhondo kuti avomerezedwe ndi kutetezedwa ndi lamulo, zomwe zachititsa kusintha kwakukulu m'malamulo. Ulendo umenewu umasonyeza osati kupita patsogolo kokha komanso kusiyana kopitirizabe komwe kulipo. Kumvetsa mfundo za mbiri yakale n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wodzipereka kupanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi oyenerera. Kuchokera ku malamulo akale mpaka ku khoti la milandu, kumenyera ufulu wa anthu ochepa mobwerezabwereza kwasintha tanthauzo la malamulo a boma.

Maziko Oyambirira a Ufulu wa Malamulo

Lingaliro la ufulu wa lamulo linachokera kwambiri m’madongosolo akale a zamalamulo, ngakhale ngati malamulo oyambirira amenewo sananene mwachindunji za chitetezo chaching’ono monga momwe timachidziŵira lerolino. Maziko ameneŵa, ngakhale kuli tero, anakhazikitsa malamulo ofunika kwambiri (alamulo, njira yoyenerera, ndi lingaliro lakuti lamulo liyenera kudziŵika poyera .) kuti magulu a pambuyo pake akafuna kupatsidwa chithandizo chofanana.

Lamulo la Hammurabi

Kupanga malamulo a Hammurabi pafupifupi 1754 BCE, Malamulo a Hammurabi ndi limodzi la malamulo akale kwambiri olembedwa ndi athunthu. Ilo linayambitsa lamulo lakuti malamulo ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mofanana pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu, ngakhale kuti m’kugwiritsira ntchito kwake linapereka chilango chankhanza kwa anthu apamwamba. Mosasamala kanthu za kusalingana kwake, mpambowo unakhazikitsa chitsanzo chakuti malamulo angagwirizanitsidwe ndi kutsatiridwa ndi ulamuliro wapakati, mkhalidwe wofunika kaamba ka zitetezero za m'tsogolo za malamulo.

Chilamulo cha Aroma ndi Magome Khumi ndi Aŵiri

Roman Republic inatulutsa ma Tables 127 (c. 450 BCE), amene analembedwa pa bronze ndi kusonyezedwa poyera. Uku kuonekera kunatsimikizira kuti nzika zonse zidziŵe lamulo, kuchepetsa mphamvu yodziimira ya anthu a patrice. Malamulo a Roma pambuyo pake anakulitsa malingaliro a lamulo lachilengedwe ndi [[FLT:]] gentium [[FLT:] [1] [malamulo] [a anthu], amene anasonkhezera anthu otsogola ngati John Locke. Chigogomezero cha Roma chinayambitsa njira ya malamulo [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] [FLT] yoyenerera ya wonenezedwayo [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [F:]

Magna Carta ndi Mbewu za M’dongosolo Loyenera

Mu 1215, Magna Carta anakhazikitsa kuti mfumu sinali yoposa lamulo ndi kuti anthu aufulu anali ndi kuyenera kwa kuweruza kwa anzawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti inatetezeredwa kwenikweni ndi zikondwerero za baronial, ziganizo 39 ndi 40(pansipansi) machitachita oyenera ndi kulinganiza chilungamo, inakhala zotengera za zigomeko za pambuyo pake zotsutsana ndi kachitidwe kodzisankhira. National Archives imasunga kopelo imene imakhazikitsa njira yoikirapo chitsanzo kaamba ka kugaŵidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma.

Nthanthi ya Chidziŵitso ndi Ufulu Wachibadwa

Zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 zinawona anthanthi onga John Locke ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau akutsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa umene kulibe boma lingaswe. Locke’s 2 Treses of Boma [1689] adadzinenera kukhala ndi ufulu wa moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Malingaliro ameneŵa anasonkhezera mwachindunji Oyambitsa A ku Amereka ndi kupanga maufumu a U.S. Komabe malamulo a Chidziŵitso cha dziko lonselo adagwirizana ndi kachitidwe kofala ka ukapolo, kutsutsana kumene kukatenga zaka mazana ambiri kukambitsirana.

Kuukira kwa America ndi Mlanduwo wa Ufulu

Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chinalengeza kuti “anthu onse alengedwa ofanana,” koma poyambirira malamulo analephera kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Kuvomerezedwa kwa Bill of Rights mu 1791 kunali sitepe lofunika kwambiri, ngakhale kuti chitetezo chake chinali chosagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse.

Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi Kulolera Kulakwa kwa Anthu Atatu

Pa msonkhano wa mu 1787, nthumwi zochokera ku mayiko amene analanda akapolo zinalimbikira kuŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala maope atatu okha kuti akhale oimira anthu ndi kuti azikhoma msonkho.

Kukonzanso Koyamba ndi Kulankhula Kochepa

Mu 1791, First Amendment imakhazikitsa ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi pembedzero. Pamene kuli kwakuti poyamba anatembenuzidwa kutetezera kokha pa zochita za boma, ilo linakhala chiŵiya cha anthu ochepa kutsutsa kuponderezedwa. Ochirikiza chitukuko, mapepala, ndi ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe onse anachonderera ufulu wa Oyamba kugaŵira mapepala, kulinganiza zitsutso, ndi kusuliza boma. Bwalo la Supreme khoti lamilandu Mastershaged Whop. Commission Commission of Civil [FL:2] [FLT:] Akusonyeza mmene ufulu umenewu ukupitirizira kugaŵana ufulu wa anthu a masiku ano.

Kukonzanso Kwachisanu ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera

Lamulo loyenera la Fite Amendment la lamulo la Chingelezi linaletsa boma kulanda munthu aliyense “moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo.” Linatetezanso ku kudzipatula ndi kuopsa kwa kaŵiri. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni itatha, Malamulo a 14 anawonjezera chitetezo chimenechi ku maboma, kupanga njira yoyenerera yochotsera ufulu wa anthu ochepa.

Zaka za M’ma 1800: Kukulitsa Ufulu Woyenerera

Ma 1800 anazindikira kuti malamulo oteteza anthu ochepa, makamaka anthu a ku Africa ndi ku America amene anali akapolo, akufunika kwambiri kuti atetezedwe.

Gulu Lomenyera Ufulu wa Kusankha Chilango ndi Malamulo Okonzanso

Okhulupirira chitukuko monga Frederick Douglas ndi William Lloyd Garrison anatsutsa kuti ukapolo unaswa lonjezo la Malamulo la ufulu. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni inathetsa ukapolo, ndi Reconstruments , (1865), 14th (1868), ndi 15 (1870) [1] adapatsidwa ufulu, kukhala nzika, ndi kuvota ufulu wa Black America. Chitetezero cha 14 cha Mapemzero chinakhala chida champhamvu kwambiri pa ufulu wa anthu ochepa m'mbiri ya America. Komabe lonjezo la Reconstanon linanyozedwa mwamsanga ndi malamulo a Jim Crow ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba [[FLT:].

Kuyenda Monyansitsa kwa Akazi

Ochirikiza ufulu wa akazi, otsogozedwa ndi Susan B. Anthony ndi Elizabeth Cady Stanton, anatsutsa kuti Malamulo anapatsa akazi ufulu wonse wa kuvota kupyolera mwa mwaŵi wa 14 wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo kapena chigawo cha magaŵenga. Khoti Lapamwamba linakana chiganizo chimenechi mu Minor v. Haperstett [1875], kusonkhezera mkupiti wa zaka makumi a zaka makumi 96000 wa kubwezera. Mpatuko wa 19, wovomerezedwa mu 1920, pomalizira pake analetsa kukondera kogwirizana ndi kugonana, koma akazi ambiri a mtundu anapitiriza kuyang'anizana bwino ndi anthu mu 1960.

Kusudzulidwa ndi Kusungidwa kwa Ufulu wa Malamulo wa Eni America

Zaka za zana la 19 zinawonanso kuchotsedwa kokakamiza kwa mafuko a Eni America kuchokera ku maiko awo amakolo, kaŵirikaŵiri kolungamitsidwa ndi mphamvu za Indiyani Commerce Claus ndi pangano. [FLT] Nation . Georgia [1] [FLT . [1831] [1] ndi [FLT]] Warcester v. Georgia [1832]) milandu inapangidwa ndi mitundu monga “mitundu yodalirana," malo amene amapitirizabe kupanga lamulo la chigamu cha Indiyani ndi chifuko.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ndi 1960 chinali nthaŵi yofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya Amereka. Chinavumbula kusiyana pakati pa zitsimikizo za lamulo ndi zenizeni za Aafirika, ndipo chinasonkhezera boma la boma kukhazikitsa lamulo losintha.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Chigamulo cha bungwe la Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education [FLT :1] inagwetsa Pnecy v. Ferguson , kulengeza kuti “maphunziro osiyanasiyana ndi osalingana. Chigamulo chinadalira pa mawu otetezera 14 a kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi umboni wa sayansi wokhudza kuwonongeka kwa kampani. Project imapereka nkhani yonse ya mlandu , kuphatikizapo ziyambukiro zachikidwa zachiweruzo kaamba ka chilungamo cha fuko.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo lolamulira limeneli linaletsa tsankho m'malo ogona a anthu onse, ntchito, ndi maprogramu operekedwa ndi boma ozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu. Linadalira mphamvu ya Congress pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi Demendment ya 14. Zigawo VII zinapanga bungwe la Aumelt Obrocportuty Commission (EOC), limene likupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuntchito.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Pambuyo pa ulendo wachiwawa wa “Sande la Boody” ku Selma, Alabama, Congress inapereka Chikalata cha Zovola Zoyenera, chimene chinaletsa njira zovotera zolozera anthu monga mayeso a kulemba ndi kuvota. Chigawo 5 chinafuna maulamuliro ena ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze malamulo a boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota. Supme Court ya 2013 mu Shelby County v. Raker

Maluwa Ofunika Kwambiri ndi Magudumu Opanga Zomera

Atsogoleri onga Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, ndi John Lewis anakhazikitsa gulu limene linagwiritsira ntchito kusamvera kwachiŵeniŵeni kopanda chiwawa kupempha ufulu walamulo. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCCC), Wophunzira Nonligbit Couriniting Coodinating Committee (SNC), ndi NaACP Lempic Fund inagwirira ntchito pamodzi kuchotsa zitsutso ndi zitsutso zonse ziŵiri.

Zimene Zachitika Masiku Ano pa Ufulu Waung’ono

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, ufulu wa anthu wotsatira malamulo wawonjezekabe ndipo magulu amene poyamba anali osafunika kapena opatulidwa.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu: [[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba 568 mu Obergefell chovomerezedwa ndi ukwati wa kugonana m'dziko lonse, chikumati kulinganiza kwa kukonzanso kwa 14 ndi zikalata zolingana kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa kukwatira kwa okwatirana a 769. Chigamulo chokhazikitsidwa pa milandu yoyambirira monga ngati Lawrence v. Texas . [2003], chimene chinawononga malamulo a Sodoma. Pamene kuli kwakuti ukwati wofananawo wa zaka 43x tsopano watetezeredwa, LGBTQ+ anthu amayang'anizanabe ndi tsankho m’nyumba, ntchito, ndi malo ogonamo m'malemba ambiri.

Ufulu Wosamuka ndi DACA

Mu 2012, Pulezidenti Obama adapanga pulogalamu ya Deferered Action for Childhood Agellas (DACA), yomwe imateteza kwakanthaŵi ku kuthamangitsidwa ndi chilolezo cha ntchito kwa anthu osalembedwa omwe anachokera ku U. monga ana. DACA adayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo mobwerezabwereza, ndi chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu . Programu idakalipo yokanira za Homeland Security v. Regens of University of California[FLT] [20] [200]) kuti maulamuliro anayesanso kugamula kwa [FUPU:0]. Programumeyi ikalibe mbali yaikulu ya maulamuliro a bungwe la bungwe la oyendetsa malamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu osakhala a mu 0959.

Kulephera Kukwaniritsa Zoyenera ndi ADA

Bungwe la America loona za kupunduka la 1990 limaletsa tsankho pa anthu olumala m’mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu.

Ufulu Wachipembedzo ndi Zikhulupiriro Zaling’ono

Chiganizo chaulere cha First Amendment chamasuliridwa kutetezera zipembedzo zaing'ono, kuyambira kwa Mboni za Yehova kufikira kwa Asilamu. Malamulo onga SSHERbert v. Verner (1963) ndi ] Employment Division v. Smith (1990) adakhazikitsa ziyeso za pamene boma lingalemetse miyambo yachipembedzo. Mikangano yaposachedwapa yotsutsa kusamvera malamulo a chipembedzo otsutsa kuletsa kumbuyo kwa KGBTQT ndi ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi ufulu wa LGTT + anthu ena apamwamba.

Mavuto ndi Kulimbana

Ngakhale kuti pali kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, anthu ochepa kwambiri akulimbanabe ndi zopinga zoti lamulo la m’nthaŵi yapitayi likhale lokwanira.

Kupondereza ndi Kuletsa Majeremusi

Malamulo a Volter, kuchotsa mipukutu ya ovota, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo ofufuza kumakhudza kwambiri anthu ochepa. Khoti Lapamwambalo Shelby County chigamulo chochotserapo lamulo lapasadapo la maboma okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho, zimene zimatsogolera ku malamulo oletsa kuvota. Kutsendereza kwa mafuko, kumene mizera ya chigawo imakokedwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota, ikupitirizabe kuikidwa pansi pa Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act ndi Development ya 14

Ntchito Yotsimikizira ndi Kupezeka Kwake pa Maphunziro

Apolisi olinganizidwa kuthetsa tsankho la m'mbiri m'maphunziro apamwamba amayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zopitirizabe za zamalamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa fuko monga chochititsa chimodzi m'kuvomera koma lakhazikitsanso kupenda kosamalitsa. Mu [FLT] [[FLT]]] [FLT]] Studensies for Fair Adgictss v. Harvard [[FLT]] [20:3] [2023], Khotilo linathadi kuvomereza mosazindikira, kuweruza kuti maprogramuzi akuswa lamulo lofanana. Chigamuchi chidzakhala ndi zotsatirapo za anthu ochepa okhoza kufika ku zipani zapamwamba.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina ndi Kuchitidwa Pakali Pake

Kutsekeredwa m’ndende, malamulo olekanitsa mabanja, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa milandu kaŵirikaŵiri kumanyalanyaza njira zofunikira za lamulo. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti anthu osaloledwa, ngakhale amene alipo paupandu, amasunga ufulu wina pansi pa Malamulo a 5 ndi 14. Kutsutsa pa “Malamulo a ku Mexico” ndi lamulo la lamulo la anthu onse zikupitirizabe kulongosola malire a ufulu wa alendo.

Kuŵerengera Apolisi ndi Chilungamo cha Apandu Kusintha

Ziwawa za apolisi zachiwawa kwa anthu a Black ndi Brown zachititsa kuŵerengera dziko lonse. Mawu oyenera a Demendment a 14t Amendment, monga momwe amafotokozera mu Graham v. Connor [1998:1], imalamulira kunena kwa mphamvu yopambanitsa. Komabe okhoza kuteteza kaŵirikaŵiri amatetezera maofesala kuti asaipsidwe. Zoyesayesa za kusintha kusintha kugwiritsira ntchito 021of Yunigractive, kuwonjezereka kwa kamera, ndi kupendanso ntchito ya apolisi m'chitaganya.

Kumaliza

Malingaliro a mbiri yakale pa ufulu walamulo ndi kagulu kochepa amavumbula ulendo wodziŵika ndi kulimbana, kulimba mtima, ndi kupita patsogolo. Kuchokera ku Lamulo la Hammurabi mpaka ku Chigawo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi kupitirira, mbadwo uliwonse wafutukula malo a awo oyenera kutetezedwa. Komabe chigawo cha mbiri siimangosintha pa chilungamo; imafunikira zoyesayesa zopitirizabe za ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu, opanga malamulo, oweruza, ndi nzika wamba. Kumvetsetsa mbiri imeneyi kuli kofunika kwambiri kukulitsa chitaganya cha anthu onse amene ali ndi kuchirikiza zoyenera za anthu onse. Ntchito yosamalizidwa yopanga malonjezo a lamulo la kagulu koŵerengeka imakhalabe limodzi la mavuto olongosola nthaŵi yathu ino.