Chikalata chachinayi cha Lamulo la United States chimateteza nzika ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, kuyenera kumene kwayesedwa ndi kukonzedwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri kwa kumasulira kwa lamulo. Kumvetsetsa zoyenera zanu zalamulo m'nkhani ino kuli kofunika kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe, makamaka pamene luso la zopangapanga ndi njira zapolisi zisintha. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kuyang'ana kochenjera ndi ufulu wa kulanda, kuphatikizapo mafotokozedwe a maziko a malamulo, malamulo apamwamba a khoti, ziyambukiro zothandiza m'kayendetsedwe ka sukulu, mavuto amakono a magetsi, ndi malangizo othandiza kutetezera zoyenera zanu.

Bungwe Loona za Lamulo: Nkhani yachinayi ya M’mbuyomu

Chikalata cha Oath kapena Reformation chimanena kuti: “Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezereka mwa anthu awo, nyumba zawo, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, zotsutsana ndi kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda, sikudzapotozedwa, ndipo palibe Warrant amene adzaukira, koma chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndi kulongosola malo ofunidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoyenera kugwidwa. Chinenerochi chinatuluka kuchokera ku zinenezo zotsutsana ndi akuluakulu a dzikolo ndi zithandizo zimene zinapatsa akuluakulu a boma la Britain ulamuliro mosazengereza kufunafuna nyumba ndi mabizinesi. Opanga mafomuwo anafuna kupanga chitetezo chotsutsana ndi chomveka ndi chozikidwa pa zifukwa zomveka.

Kukonzako kumagwira ntchito m'mbali ziŵiri zazikulu: Kufuna kuvomereza Claus [1] (kuletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu) ndi Claus wovomerezeka (kukhazikitsa ziyeneretso za zilolezo). M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga bungwe lovuta la malamulo amene amalinganiza chinsinsi cha munthu aliyense ndi zikondwerero zalamulo. Kuwona mawu ozungulira mbiri yakale, onani [[FLT:] Corne Leganic Reformation Institute [FL:5].

Mafotokozedwe Aakulu ndi Mitu

Kodi Nchiyani Chimafuna Kupeza?

A [[FLT :⁠] afufuza [[FLT :⁠] pamene boma lidodometsa kuyembekezera kwa munthu kwa kubisika. Mafotokozedwe amenewa, okhazikitsidwa mu Katz v. United States [1967], sangakhale ndi zotsatira za munthu. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito chipangizo chotentha chounikira kutulukira kutentha m’nyumba popanda chilolezo, amapanga kufunafuna ([[FLT:]] Kyllo v. United States[FL:], 2001]). Kufufuza sikungaphatikizepo zotsatira zaumwini, magalimoto, makompyuta, makompyuta, ndi ngakhale kujambula ndi thupi (g. g., magazi.)

Kodi Kutha Ntchito N’kutani?

A [[FLT: 0] chuma chimachitika pamene pali kudodometsedwa kwatanthauzo kwa munthu pa katundu ameneyo. Kugwidwa kwa munthu monga kumangidwa kapena . kulekeka pamene munthu wofatsa safuna kuchoka. Mzera pakati pa kukumana ndi kugwidwa ndi kugwidwa ungakhale wobisika; makhoti amapenda kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo kukhalapo kwa zida, kamvekedwe ka ofisalayo, ndi malo ake.

Zimene Zimachititsa Kuti Tizigwira Ntchito Moyenera

  • Chochititsa chotsimikizirika: Nkhonza yotsimikizirika yakuti umboni wa upandu udzapezedwa kapena kuti munthu wachita upandu. Umenewu ndi muyezo wofunikira kaamba ka chilolezo ndi kumangidwa kokwanira. Chochititsa chokhoza chimafuna zoposa kukayikira kokha koma chinsinsi chochepera pa chikaikiro chotsimikizirika.
  • Kudziwitsa: [[FLT :1] Muyezo waung'ono umene umalola kufufuza kwachidule ndi ma frisk otetezera ochepera. Ayenera kuzikidwa pa nsonga zenizeni, zokhoza kuulutsidwa, osati kokha . Muyezo umenewu unayambitsidwa mu Terry v. Ohio (1968).

" Mpando wachinayi umateteza anthu, osati malo. [1] Woumba Woweruza Stewart, Katz v. United States[[FLT ] [1]

Zofunika Zofunika Zosafunika ndi Zosafunika

Pamene kuli kwakuti Lamulo Lachinayi Lowonjezera limakonda kuvomereza, Bwalo Lapamwamba lavomereza zinthu zambiri zimene zimalola kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri.

Njira Yabwino Yochitira Nkhondo

Chikalata chovomerezeka chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi woweruza wausilikali, chozikidwa pa woweruza wosonyeza chothekera, ndipo ayenera kulongosola malowo ndi zinthu zoti zifunsidwe.

Osankha Ofala

  • [[FLT: 0] Commony: [[FLT :1] Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezo chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati mokakamizidwa. Wachitatu wokhala ndi ulamuliro (m., mnansi) angavomerezenso, koma makhoti amayang'anitsitsa mikhalidwe.
  • Malingaliro opotoka: Ngati wapolisi alipo mololedwa ndi kuona umboni wa upandu mosabisa, iwo angautenge popanda chilolezo. Mkhalidwe wochititsa chinthucho uyenera kuwonekera mwamsanga.
  • Mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi: Mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi monga ngati kulondola kofulumira kwa wokayikira wothaŵa, chiwonongeko chayandikira, kapena chiwopsezo chapanthaŵi yomweyo ku moyo . kungalungamitse kuloŵa kapena kufunafuna kosayenera.
  • Kufufuza kuti Mugwire: [[FLT :1] Atamangidwa mwalamulo, apolisi angafufuze womangidwayo ndi malo amene ali olamuliridwa mwamsanga kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi kuteteza umboni. Komabe, kulekana kumeneku sikumafikira ku kusanthula kosatsimikizika kwa zipangizo za magetsi ( Riley v. California, 2014]
  • Mochita Kusintha: chifukwa chakuti galimoto n’zoyenda ndipo zimaphatikizapo kuyembekezera kuchepera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, apolisi angafufuze galimoto popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi umboni wa upandu.
  • Yima ndi Frisk (Kuima): Ofesi angaike munthu pambali pang'ono chifukwa cha kukayikira koyenera ndi kugwetsa pansi zida ngati woyang'anirayo moyenerera akhulupirira kuti munthuyo ali ndi zida ndi wowopsa.

Kaamba ka mpambo wa zotsala zonse, pitani ku ACLU's Fourformment .

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zakhudza kwambiri mmene Lamulo Lachinayi la M’dzikolo limagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Ulamuliro wa Excloion

Mlanduwu unafutukula lamulo la lokhudza makhoti a boma. Kalelo, utala wapezeka molakwika ukanagwiritsidwa ntchito pozenga mlandu boma ngakhale ngati unaswa Lamulo Lachinayi. Khoti linagamula kuti umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza kosamveka kapena kugwidwa sungathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozenga mlandu. Mankhwalawa amaletsa kusamvera kwa apolisi ndi kutsimikizira umphumphu wa aweruza. Kuŵerenga Chidutswa cha Oyez cha Map v. Ohio [1]

Katz v. United States (1967) – Chiyembekezo Choyenera cha Kusunga Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Charles Katz anaimbidwa mlandu pogwiritsa ntchito umboni wa pa foni yoikidwa pa nyumba ya anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha, likumati Mpando Wachinayi Ubwino wa Malamulo umateteza anthu, osati malo. Mayeso otchuka "kuyembekezera kukhala paokha" anabuka: kufunafuna boma kumayamba pamene anthu akunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti anthu akuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi zimene anthu amaona kuti n’zomveka. Mlanduwu unachotsa njira yakale yopezera zinthu zachinsinsi ndi kukonza njira ya malamulo amakono.

Terry ndi Ohio (1968) – Smart ndi Frisk

Nkhaniyi inalola kukumana kwa apolisi kochepa kozikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera. Mkulu wa asilikali McFadlen anaona amuna atatu akuchita mokayikira, kuwaimitsa, ndi kuwagwetsa pansi, kupeza zida. Khoti linachirikiza kufunafunako monga njira yotetezera apolisi. Triburo [1] Kuima kuyenera kulungamitsidwa ndi mfundo zenizeni, zokhoza kudziŵidwa, ndipo frisk ili ndi malire a ku kuimirira pansi kwa zida [1]

M’Chitumbuka

Chochitika chapadera kwa aphunzitsi: akuluakulu a sukulu angafufuze ophunzira popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi kukayikira koyenera [[FLT: 0] kuti kufufuzako kudzapereka umboni wa kuswa malamulo a sukulu kapena lamulo. Muyezowo ngwotsika kuposa chochititsa chake chothekera. Kufufuzako kuyenera kukhala koyenera pa ukulu wake ndi chiyambi chake. Kulinganiza kumeneku kumazindikira malo apadera a sukulu kumene kuli kofunika kusungitsa dongosolo.

Liley California (2014 - Celle Comment

Mafoni a m’manja ali ndi mauthenga ambirimbiri, kuyambira pa mameseji, mameseji, zithunzi, ndi zinthu zina zolembedwa kubanki.

Karpbate . United States (208) – Sate-Chell Ank

Boma linafikitsa miyezi ya makompyuta a selo kuchokera kwa munthu wonyamula makompyuta popanda chilolezo. Khotilo linavomereza kuti kufunafuna zolembedwa zimenezi ndiko Kusintha kwa Fourne Amendment. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti mbiri ya malo a pa wailesi ikuvumbula kwambiri ndipo imakhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo otetezera. Phunzirani zambiri kuchokera ku Electronic Foundation .

Kufunafuna ndi Kufunafuna M’masukulu: Zimene Ophunzira ndi Aphunzitsi Ayenera Kudziŵa

Makonzedwe a sukulu amapereka mfundo zapadera za Opaleshoni yachinayi. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FL:0]T.L.O. linapeza kuti kufunika kwa chitetezo ndi chilango za sukulu zimavomereza kuti kufunafunako kuli kochepa. Komabe, ufulu suletsedwe kotheratu.

Kusuta Koyenera m’Malemba a Sukulu

Akuluakulu a sukulu . Kuphatikizapo aphunzitsi, oyang'anira, ndi akuluakulu a zachuma . angafufuze chikwama cha wophunzira, locker, kapena munthu ngati ali ndi chikaikiro choyenera (chozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni) kuti kufufuzako kudzavumbula umboni wa kuswa lamulo la sukulu kapena ntchito yosakhala ya lamulo. Mosiyana ndi apolisi, iwo safunikira chilolezo. Komabe, kufunafunako kuyenera kukhala koyenera (kutsimikizika pachiyambi) ndi kololera (osati mopambanitsa kupatsa msinkhu ndi thanzi la wophunzirayo).

Kufufuza Zinthu za M’nyumba

Masukulu ambiri ali ndi malamulo akuti osunga malo a sukulu ndi ofunikira kusecha. Pamene kuli kwakuti ophunzira angakhale ndi chiyembekezo cha kukhala achinsinsi, nchochepa. Ngati sukulu ilengeza malamulo ake, makhoti ali othekera kwambiri kupeza kuti ophunzira avomereza kufufuza. Mabackpack amafufuzidwanso pansi pa kukayikira koyenera, koma kufunafuna kochotsa kumafuna kuonekera kokulira kwa kusoŵa. Safford Insective School District v. Readding [2009], Khoti linalamula kuti kufunafuna kwa kamtunda kwa mtsikana wa chaka cha 13 ndi chaka chale, koma kufunafuna kochotsapo kufunikira kuwonekera kopanda pake chifukwa chakuti panalibe chisonyezero cha ngozi kapena chobisira.

Kuyesa Mankhwala

Khotilo lalola kupima mankhwala osokoneza bongo kosakayikitsa kwa ophunzira amene amachita nawo ntchito zina zapasukulu ( Board of Education v. Earls, 2002) ndi ophunzira othamanga (Vernonia School District . Acton, 1995]). Komabe, kuyesa kodzisankhira kwa ophunzira onse kuli kosagwirizana ndi kulinganiza kwa mayeso. Zigamu zimenezi zimalinganiza chikondwerero cha sukulu poletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza umbuli.

Olamulira m’Masukulu

Pamene apolisi aphatikizidwa m’kufufuza kwa pasukulu, muyezo wa Kukonzanso kwa Fourth Amendment ungakhale wokulira: Chochititsa ndi chilolezo chingafunikire ngati ofisalayo achita monga wosungitsa lamulo mmalo mwa kuthandiza kulangiza sukulu. Mzerawo ungakhale wosaonekera bwino, makamaka kwa Ofesala a Sukulu ya Resource Maner (SROs).

Mabuku Othandiza a Ophunzira ndi Aphunzitsi

  • Kudziŵa Ufulu Wanu: Lamulo Lachinayi limagwira ntchito kwa ophunzira, koma kuchuluka kwake nkochepa paziphunziro. Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndi kukana kufunafuna ngati simukukakamizidwa ndi kukayikira koyenera. Komabe, kukana kuchititsa ena kukaikira, choncho pendani mosamalitsa.
  • Ophunzitsa monga Ziyeso za Malo: Aphunzitsi ndi oyang'anira ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo omveka, olembedwa onena za ophunzira ofufuza amene amagwirizana ndi lamulo la boma ndi la boma. Antchito ophunzitsa kusiyana pakati pa kukayikira koyenera ndi kungofuna kudziŵa nkofunika kuti apeŵe kuswa malamulo.
  • Masukulu achinsinsi: kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka malaptop ndi mapaleti. Ophunzira ayenera kudziŵa kuti zipangizo zosoŵeka kusukulu zingayang'anitsiridwe. Ziwiya zaumwini kaŵirikaŵiri zimayanja chitetezo champhamvu; akuluakulu a sukulu ayenera kupeza chilolezo cha kufunafuna foni ya wophunzira mwiniyo kusiyapo pakachitika ngozi.
  • Advocacy ndi Civic Education : Seŵererani nkhani za Kusintha kwa Kane kuti muphunzitse kusuliza kusamala za kulinganiza chisungiko ndi ufulu. Langizirani ophunzira kukambitsirana zochitika monga zotsegulira, zofufuzira chitsulo, ndi kujambula.
  • Funani Thandizo Lalamulo: Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu wapotozedwa, lankhulani ndi loya kapena gulu laufulu wa anthu. Yandikirani chochitikacho ndi kupeŵa mikangano.

"Munthu samakhala pamalo osangalatsa, koma pamene aima nthaŵi zina pakakhala mavuto ndi mkangano. ” – Martin Luther King Jr. (kaŵirikaŵiri otchulidwa pochirikiza ufulu walamulo)

Mavuto Amakono: Luso la Zaluso, Kudzipatula, ndi Lamulo Lachinayi Lowonjezera

Zasayansi zaposa mawu oyambirira a mu bungwe la Four Empmergation. Makhoti masiku ano amalimbana ndi nkhani monga: Kufufuza, kuyang’anira zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, kutumiza mauthenga obisika, ndi kufunsa mafunso a boma:

  • Kodi kugwiritsira ntchito foni ya m’manja kuyang'anira malo a munthu kumafuna chilolezo? Inde, pa Carplate ndi United States v. Jones (202) kaamba ka kutumiza GPS. [[FLT: 1]
  • Apolisi angapemphe Amazon kutulutsa zojambula zanzeru? Malamulo amafuna chilolezo, ngakhale kuti kuwonjezera pa pepala kukupitirizabe.
  • Kodi oimira malire afunikira kukayikira kwabwino kuti afufuze foni ya wapaulendo kumalire? masiku ano, lamulo silikuthetsedwa, koma makhoti alola kuti zipangizo zamagetsi zifufuzidwe popanda kukayikirana pa malire, zimene zingavutitse.

Malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo monga ngati Owonjezera a Fourth Amendment Sat for Sale Act ndi malamulo a boma a zachinsinsi amafuna kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa zinthu za boma za mbali yachitatu.

Kumaliza

Kufufuza ndi kulanda ufulu ndi maziko a ufulu walamulo ku America, wolinganizidwa kutetezera anthu ku ulamuliro wa boma wosatsegulidwa ndi kulola lamulo kuchita ntchito zawo m'malire a lamulo. Kuyambira pa kuyambika kwa nyengo yolimbana ndi zilolezo zamakono za kutsutsana kwa matelefoni, Kusintha kwa Fourne Reformation kumasinthasintha kwa maluso atsopano ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira ufulu umenewu sikuli chabe maphunziro chabe. Chipangizo chothandiza pa unzika ndi kuyang'anira ufulu. Mwakudziŵa malongosoledwe amakono, nkhani zapadera, ndi zochitika zamakono, mungagawale nawo chidziŵitso chimene chimapanga mtsogolo mwa maluso a zachinsinsi ku America. Kaya m'kalasi kapena pamsonkhano, madesikishoni achisanu akukulimbikitsani kufunsa ndi kufunsira ulamuliro.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, funsani malingaliro a Khoti la Unyinji [[FLT: 1] kapena [[FLT :2] Cornell Liver resolution [[FLT: 3]. Khalani wodziŵitsidwa, khalani pangano, ndi kukumbukira: Ufulu wanu uli wamphamvu monga ngati mufuna kuukhazikitsa.