Table of Contents

Malamulo olingana otetezera amapanga maziko a ufulu wachibadwidwe mu United States, akumatsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense amalandira kuchitiridwa koyenera ndi kofanana pansi pa malamulo mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe yake. Chitetezero chimenechi, chozikidwa m'malamulo alamulo ndi chochirikizidwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri a malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kutetezera anthu ku tsankho pantchito, ku nyumba, maphunziro, mautumiki a anthu onse, ndi mbali zina zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsetsa ponse paŵiri zoyenera ndi mathayo pansi pa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kupanga chitaganya chachilungamo ndi choyenera.

Maziko a Lamulo la Chitetezo Cholingana

Chikalata cha Expand Protection Claus of the 1450 Amendment chikunena kuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kugonjera kwa munthu aliyense wokhala m’malo ake kuchinjiriza kofanana kwa malamulo". Malamulo alamulo ameneŵa anavomerezedwa mu 1868 monga mbali ya Kukonzanso Malamulo pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Chisonkhezero chachikulu cha chigamulo chimenechi chinali kutsimikizira kuti makonzedwe alingana opezeka mu Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwila cha 1866, chimene chinatsimikizira kuti nzika zonse zidzakhala ndi ufulu wotetezeredwa ndi lamulo.

Bungwe la Active Protection Claus limalamula kuti anthu amene ali m’mikhalidwe yofanana ndi imeneyi azichita mofanana ndi lamulo. Ngakhale kuti poyamba cholinga chawo chinali kuyang’anira tsankho kwa anthu amene kale anali akapolo ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wawo wa malamulo, chitetezo chofanana chawonjezeka kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthawi. Masiku ano, bungwe la 14 Demendment likuchita ntchito yofunika kwambiri yotsimikizira kuti malamulo ku United States amateteza ndi kuteteza ufulu wa aliyense mofanana.

Komabe, malamulo ambiri a boma ndi boma apereka chitetezo kwa akanema aumwini m’zochitika zosiyanasiyana monga ntchito, nyumba, ndi malo ogona.

Kumvetsa Ufulu Wanu Pansi pa Malamulo Otetezera Olingana

Malamulo oteteza anthu mofanana amapereka ufulu waukulu woteteza anthu kuti asachitidwe zinthu mopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo.

Kuteteza Anthu Kuti Asasanjidwe Ntchito

Zikalata za VII za Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chilamulo cha 1964 zimaletsa tsankho la ntchito lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana ndi dziko. Lamulo lachizindikiro limeneli limagwira ntchito kwa olemba ntchito 15 kapena kuposapo ndipo limakhudza mbali zonse za ntchito, kuphatikizapo kulembedwa ntchito, kuombera, kukwezedwa, kubwezeredwa, kuphunzitsidwa, ndi mawu ena ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito.

Pamwamba pa Word VII, malamulo owonjezereka a boma amapereka chitetezo cha ntchito kwa magulu ena. Magazi a America Odwala Culgamest Act (ADA) amaletsa kunyada anthu oyenerera okhala ndi ulema ndipo amafuna owalemba ntchito kuti apereke malo ogona abwino. A Age Discrimination in Act (ADEA) imateteza antchito a zaka 40 ndi achikulire kuchokera ku tsankho la ausinkhu wawo. Aume Pat Act imafuna kuti amuna ndi akazi alandire malipiro ofanana pantchito yofanana.

Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena a boma amathandiza anthu aang’ono olemba ntchito, kuphatikizapo malamulo ena otetezeka monga mmene amaonera akazi komanso amuna kapena akazi, kapena amathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu asiye kuphwanya malamulo.

Ufulu Woyenera Womanga Nyumba ndi Kuteteza

Chimodzi cha zolinga zazikulu za Fair Hongies Act, pamene Congress inakhazikitsa mu 1968, chinali kuletsa tsankho la mafuko m’malonda ndi nyumba zobwerekedwa. Chivomerezo cha 1968 chinafutukula pa machitidwe apitawo ndi kuletsa tsankho ponena za kugulitsa, kubwereka nyumba, ndi kupezera ndalama nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, chiyambire dziko, ndi kugonana chiyambire 1974. Chiyambire 1988, kachitidweko kamatetezera anthu ndi kulumala ndi mabanja okhala ndi ana.

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha mu 1968 chinaletsa mitundu yotsatirayi ya tsankho la kugulitsa nyumba: Kukana kugulitsa kapena lendi nyumba kwa munthu aliyense chifukwa cha fuko lake, mtundu, chipembedzo kapena mtundu. Lamulolo limaletsanso tsankho malinga ndi mmene nyumba zimachitira, kusatsa malonda auganda, ndi kudodometsa ufulu wa kumanga nyumba.

Anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti achita zinthu zophwanya malamulo zokhudza nyumba, angalembe chidandaulo kwa Dipatimenti ya Nyumba ndi Chitukuko cha Urban [UD] kapena kulembetsa mlandu wawo ku khoti la boma kapena m’boma.

Mwayi wa Maphunziro ndi Kupezeka Kofanana

Malamulo olingana otetezera maphunziro, kutsimikizira kuti ophunzira alandira mwaŵi wolingana wa maphunziro mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi chawo. Kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kwa Experiture Protection Claus kwakhala kothandiza kuchotsa madongosolo asukulu opatulidwa ndi kuchirikiza maphunziro.

Ophunzira amatetezeredwa ku tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chiyambi, kugonana, kulumala, ndi mikhalidwe ina m'masukulu amene amapatsidwa ndalama ndi boma. Zida za IX za Education Amendments za 1972 zimaletsa mwachindunji tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana m'maprogramu ndi ntchito za maphunziro. Chigawo 504 cha Rehabilitation Act ndi Averect ya Dibration Act (IEA) kutsimikizira kuti ophunzira okhala ndi vuto la kupunduka alandire maphunziro oyenera ndi malo okhala.

Kupeza Malo Ogona ndi Mautumiki a Onse

Malamulo olingana otetezera amatsimikizira kuti anthu onse ali ndi malo ogona ndi mautumiki a boma.

Mautumiki a boma, kuchokera ku kupeza laisensi ya kupindulitsa anthu, ayenera kuperekedwa popanda tsankho lozikidwa pa mikhalidwe yotetezeredwa. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti anthu onse akhoza kutengamo mbali mokwanira m’moyo wa anthu onse ndi kupeza mautumiki amene amafunikira.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu pa Ndale

Komabe, sitiyenera kuiwala kuti pamene boma lifutukula lamulo kwa ena ndi kukana kuti ena "kuyenera kuvota" kubuka ndi kutetezedwa ndi Wotetezera Claus. Malamulo olingana otetezera agwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsimikizira kuimira kolungama ndi kuletsa tsankho m'kusankha, kuphatikizapo zofunika kaamba ka chiŵerengero cha anthu m'zigawo zovomerezedwa ndi zitetezero za kusanthula.

Kuthetsa Tsankho: Zosankha Zanu za Malamulo

Pamene mukhulupirira kuti munachitiridwa tsankhu, kudziŵa mmene mungalembere chidandaulo chanu nkofunika kwambiri kuti mutetezere ufulu wanu.

Tsankho la Ntchito Limadandaula

Pankhani ya kusankhana ntchito, madandaulo amaikidwa ndi bungwe la Oumential Obster Opportunity Commission (EOC) kapena mabungwe a boma ofanana nalo. EEOC amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma a tsankho la ntchito kuphatikizapo The Thit VII, ADA, ADEA, ndi Apire Act . Kaŵirikaŵiri, muyenera kulembetsa mlandu ndi EEOC m'masiku 180 a ntchito yopatula milandu, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi imeneyi ikufika ku masiku 300 m'maboma awo ndi mabungwe awo otsutsa ufulu wa kugaŵana ndi boma.

EEOC akufufuza milandu kuti aone ngati pali chifukwa chabwino chokhulupirira tsankho. Ngati bungwelo lapeza chifukwa chake, lingayese kuthetsa nkhaniyo mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo. Ngati chigamulo cha EOC chitalephera, EEOC chingalembe mlandu wanu kapena kukutchulani kalata "yoyenera kusutiridwa" yolola inu kulemba mlandu wanu m’khoti la boma.

Tsankho la Kunyumba Limadandaula

Malamulo a Fair Hoss Act amapereka njira zothetsera kudandaula kwa munthu payekha chifukwa cha tsankho.

HED D D D D D D D D imabweretsa masuti kwa anthu otengedwa ku HUD. Dipatimentiyi imatchula nkhani zimene zikusonyeza kuti anthu amasankha anzawo kapena kuti amakana ufulu wawo.

Tsankho la Maphunziro Limadandaula

Madandaulo a tsankho m'maphunziro amaperekedwa ku Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya ku United States ya OCR ya Chiŵeruzo cha Civil Rights (OCR). OCR imafufuza madandaulo osonyeza tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chiyambi cha dziko, kugonana, kupunduka, kapena zaka m'maprogramu kapena ntchito zimene zimalandira chithandizo cha boma. Madandaulo ayenera kulembedwa mkati mwa masiku 180 a tsankho loimbidwa.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

Maboma ambiri ndi madera ali ndi mabungwe awo amene amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo a anthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa angapereke chitetezo chachikulu kapena njira zabwino kwambiri kuposa lamulo la boma. Nthaŵi zina, mungalembe madandaulo ndi mabungwe a boma ndi a boma, kapena mungafunikire kutulutsa mankhwala a boma musanachite zofuna za boma.

Mathayo Anu M’malamulo Otetezera Olingana

Ngakhale kuti malamulo oteteza anthu mofanana amapereka ufulu wofunika kwambiri, iwo amapatsanso maudindo anthu, mabwana, osamalira anthu ovutika ndiponso mabungwe a boma.

Udindo wa Munthu Aliyense

Anthu onse ali ndi udindo wolemekeza ufulu wa ena ndi kupewa khalidwe la tsankho. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuchitira ena zinthu mosakondera mosasamala kanthu za fuko lawo, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, mtundu wawo, kupunduka, msinkhu, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeka. Ngakhale m’nkhani zimene malamulo oletsa kusasankhana sagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku khalidwe la munthu payekha, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino za kufanana ndi ulemu ziyenera kutsogolera kugwirizana kwa anthu.

Anthu alinso ndi thayo la kusimba za tsankho pamene aliwona, makamaka m’nkhani monga za ntchito kumene kusimba kwa openyerera kungathandize kudziŵa ndi kuthetsa mavuto a dongosolo. malamulo ambiri otsutsa tsankho amaletsa kubwezera anthu amene amachitira lipoti tsankhu kapena kutengamo mbali m’kufufuza kopanda tsankho, kutetezera awo amene akulankhula.

Mathayo a Olemba Ntchito ndi Machitidwe Abwino Koposa

Olemba ntchito ali ndi udindo waukulu wofanana ndi wotetezeredwa ndi malamulo oletsa kusasankhana. Mathayo ameneŵa amawonjezera pa kungopewa tsankho mpaka kuyambitsa ntchito zonse ndiponso kuletsa khalidwe la tsankho.

Kukulitsa Chikhalidwe Choletsa Kudana ndi Ena

Mabwana ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo olembedwa oletsa tsankho ndi kuvutitsa ena chifukwa cha makhalidwe onse otetezedwa.

Kuphunzitsa Ena

Kuphunzitsa anthu nthawi zonse kumathandiza anthu amene amagwira ntchito kuti adziwe zoyenera ndi udindo wawo pansi pa malamulo oletsa kudana ndi anzawo. Kuwaphunzitsa ayenera kukwaniritsa zimene zimachititsa tsankho ndi kuvutitsa ena, kufotokoza nkhawa zawo, ndiponso kudzipereka kwa abwana awo kuti asunge ntchito yopanda tsankho. Oyang’anira ntchito ndi manejala amafunika kuphunziranso maudindo awo oteteza ndi kuthana ndi tsankho.

Maboma ena amakhazikitsa zofunika za kuwaphunzitsa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri amafuna kuti mabwana awo aphunzire za kuletsa kuvutitsidwa ndi akazi awo kuposa mayeso ena. Olemba ntchito ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti akutsatira malangizo onse oyenera.

Kutsatira Zochita Zabwino za Ntchito

Olemba ntchito ayenera kutsimikizira kuti zosankha zonse za ntchito zikhala zozikidwa pa mfundo zovomerezeka, zosagamula mlandu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito njira zotsimikizirika poyang'anira oyembekezera ndi antchito, kuchititsa kufunsa kolinganizidwa, kukonza zosankha za ntchito, ndi kubwezera nthaŵi zonse kuti apereke ndalama zolipirira.

Malongosoledwe a ntchito ayenera kusumika pa ntchito zofunika ndi ziyeneretso zoyenerera. Mafunso ofunsa mafunso ayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunika za ntchito ndipo ayenera kufunsidwa mosasinthasintha kwa onse ofuna kubatizidwa. Kupenda kwa ntchito kuyenera kuzikidwa pa zolinga, njira zogwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito ndi zolembedwa panthaŵi imodzi.

Kupereka Nyumba Zoyenera

Olemba ntchito ayenera kupezera malo ogona antchito opunduka ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo moona mtima pokhapo ngati kuchita zimenezo kungabweretse vuto losayenerera. Izi zimafunikira kuchita ntchito yothandizana ndi antchito kuti adziwe malo ogona abwino. Nyumba zogona zimaphatikizapo mandandanda a ntchito osinthidwa, luso lothandiza, kusintha makompyuta, ndi kusintha njira zoyendetsera ntchito kapena njira.

Kuyankha Madandaulo Mofulumira ndi Mogwira Mtima

Kufufuza kuyenera kuphatikizapo kufunsa wodandaula, woimbidwa mlandu, ndi mboni zoyenerera, ndiponso kupenda umboni uliwonse wolembedwa. Olemba ntchito ayenera kuchitapo kanthu moyenerera pamene tsankho lipezedwa ndipo sayenera kubwezera anthu amene apereka lipoti la tsankho kapena kutengamo mbali m’kufufuza.

Ntchito Yopereka Nyumba

Mabwana, mabwana a nyumba, makampani, okongoletsa nyumba, ndi ena amene akugwira ntchito yokonza nyumba ayenera kutsatira malamulo abwino a nyumba.

Okonza nyumba ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosasinthasintha zopimira anthu onse amene akufunsira nyumba, kupereka chidziŵitso cholongosoka ponena za kupezeka kwa nyumba, kupeŵa kuyendetsa galimoto ndi kukonza malo ogona otetezereka, ndi kupanga malo ogona ndi kusintha zinthu kwa anthu opunduka. Otsatsa malonda sayenera kusonyeza zimene amakonda kapena zimene sakufuna malinga ndi mikhalidwe yotetezeka.

Nthaŵi zina, osunga nyumba amayesa kubisa tsankho lawo mwa kupereka chidziŵitso chonyenga ponena za kupezeka kwa nyumba, kaya akumanena kuti panalibe chirichonse chopezeka kapena kuyendetsa ofunafuna nyumba kumadera ena ozikidwa pa fuko.

Mathayo a Maphunziro

Sukulu ndi masukulu amaphunziro amene amalandira ndalama ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana oletsa kusagwirizana. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupereka mwaŵi wofanana wa maphunziro, kuletsa ndi kuletsa kuvutitsa ndi tsankho, kutsimikizira kupezeka kwa ophunzira olumala, ndi kuwapatsa malo ogona oyenera.

Mabungwe amaphunziro ayenera kukhala ndi njira zoperekera lipoti ndi kufufuza madandaulo a tsankho, ogwirizanitsa oyang’anira kuyang’anira malamulo oletsa kusayanjana, ndi kuphunzitsa ophunzira ndi antchito awo za zoyenera ndi mathayo awo.

Mathayo a Zopereka za Boma

Mabungwe a boma a m’milingo yonse ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo awo, malamulo awo, ndi zochita zawo zikugwirizana ndi malamulo otetezera.

Makalasi Otetezeredwa: Kumvetsetsa Amene Aphimbidwa

Kumvetsa magulu ameneŵa kumathandiza kuzindikira amene amatetezedwa ndiponso mitundu ya tsankho.

Fuko ndi Mawonekedwe

Kutetezedwa ku mtundu ndi mitundu ya anthu ndi mbali ina yakale kwambiri ya lamulo lotetezera limodzi. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko la munthu kapena mtundu wa khungu lake pantchito, nyumba, maphunziro, ndi mbali zina. Kusankhana mitundu kumaphatikizapo tsankho lozikidwa pa chikhalidwe kapena mtundu winawake.

Chiyambi cha Dzikolo

Kusankhana mitundu kumaphatikizapo kuchitira munthu wina zoipa chifukwa cha dziko lawo, fuko lawo, mtundu wawo, katchulidwe ka mawu, kapena chifukwa chakuti akuoneka kuti ndi fuko linalake.

Chipembedzo

Malo otetezera ameneŵa amaphatikiza mbali zonse za phwando lachipembedzo, kuchita zinthu, ndi chikhulupiriro, ndipo amafuna kuti abwana ndi ena apereke malo ogona oyenera kaamba ka machitachita achipembedzo kusiyapo ngati kuchita zimenezo kungadzetse mavuto osafunikira.

Kugonana, Kusonyeza Uchiŵanda, ndi Kugonana

Poyamba, anthu ankawaona kuti ndi osafunika chifukwa cha kugonana, ndipo makhoti ndi mabungwe ena ayamba kuona kuti kunyada ndi nkhani zokhudza kugonana n’kothandiza kwambiri.

M'lingaliro la 2020 Bostock v. Clayton County, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti Disit VII ya Chiletso cha Chiletso cha Chiletso cha Chiletso cha Chiletso cha Chiletso cha Chiletso cha Ufulu wa Anthu kuntchito imaphatikizapo tsankho chifukwa chakuti munthu ali wogonana ndi amuna anzake kapena wosinthasintha. Kumasulira kumeneku kwakhudza mmene tsankho la kugonana limamvedwera m’mbali zinanso.

Kulephera

Anthu amene ali ndi vuto lakusoŵa ulemu amatetezedwa ndi anthu amene ali ndi vuto lakuthupi kapena la maganizo, amene satha kuchita zinthu zikuluzikulu pa moyo wawo, amene ali ndi vuto lotereli, ndiponso amene amaonedwa kuti ndi opunduka.

Zaka

Age Discrection in Accomplial Act imateteza antchito a zaka 40 ndi kuposapo kuchokera ku tsankho la zaka za ntchito. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo tsankho polemba ntchito, kuwombera mfuti, kulipira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zina. Malamulo ena a boma amapereka zitetezero zaukalamba.

Mkhalidwe Wachilendo

Malamulo a Fair Honging Act, kusiyapo ena, amaletsa tsankho pomanga nyumba zogona ana osafika zaka 18.

Makalasi Ena Otetezedwa M’dziko Ndiponso m’Malamulo a M’dzikomo

Maboma ambiri ndi madera afutukula makalasi otetezeredwa kuposa amene amadziŵika ndi lamulo la boma. Magulu ena otetezeredwa angaphatikizepo malo a ukwati, asilikali kapena akatswiri, magwero a ndalama, kuwonana kwa kugonana ndi akazi (m'mayiko amene sakutchulidwabe pansi pa kutetezeredwa kwa kugonana), chidziŵitso cha majini, ndi kugwirizana ndi ndale zadziko. Anthu ayenera kufufuza boma lawo ndi malamulo a kumaloko kuti amvetsetse bwino chitetezo chimene chilipo.

Malo Ofunika Kwambiri Opangidwa ndi Malamulo Otetezera Ofanana

Malamulo a chitetezo ofanana ndi malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana amagwira ntchito m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, zikumayambitsa makonzedwe okwanira otetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Mipata ya Ntchito

Ntchito ndi imodzi mwa madera amene amaikidwa kwambiri pansi pa lamulo loletsa kusagwirizana. Zitetezero zimakhudza mbali zonse zaubwenzi wa ntchito, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kutsatsa malonda ndi ntchito
  • Kufunsira ndi kulemba ntchito
  • Kupeza zosowa ndi mapindu
  • Ntchito imene anapatsidwa ndiponso kukwezedwa pantchito
  • Kuphunzitsa ndi kukulitsa
  • Kusiya Kulanga
  • Mmene ntchito imayendera
  • Kuvutitsidwa ndi malo antchito ovuta
  • Kuwaimba mlandu wonena za tsankho kapena wochita nawo kafukufuku

Malamulo amene amathandiza ndiponso mankhwala amene alipo angasiyane malinga ndi kukula kwa bwana wawo ndiponso tsankho limene amapatsidwa.

Kupeza Nyumba

Malamulo abwino oletsa nyumba amateteza anthu pa ntchito yonse ya nyumba, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kugulitsa nyumba
  • Kubwereketsa ndalama ndi ndalama zina zoyendetsera nyumba
  • Kusatsa malonda a nyumba
  • Mawu a lendi kapena malonda
  • Kukonza malo ogona
  • Kulima ndi nthaka zimagwiritsira ntchito zosankha
  • Inshuwalansi ya nyumba
  • Anthu opunduka amakhala m’nyumba yabwino ndiponso amakonza zinthu zina

Zitetezero zimenezi zimagwira ntchito pa nyumba zambiri, popanda kuwonjezera pa nyumba zina zazing’ono zogwiridwa ndi mwininyumba ndi nyumba zotsogozedwa ndi magulu achipembedzo kapena magulu a anthu pansi pa mikhalidwe yodziŵika.

Programu ya Maphunziro

Kuteteza maphunziro mofanana kumaphatikizapo:

  • Kupita ku masukulu
  • Kupezeka pa mapulogalamu ndi maphunziro
  • Maprogramu ndi zochita za m’magazi
  • Kulangidwa ndi ophunzira
  • Kuvutitsidwa ndi kupezereredwa chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yotetezeredwa
  • Kupeza zipangizo
  • Masukulu apadera ndi nyumba zogona
  • Thandizo la ndalama ndi maphunziro a zachuma

Zitetezero zimenezi zimagwira ntchito m’sukulu za boma zonse ndiponso m’masukulu a anthu wamba amene amalandira ndalama.

Malo Ogona

Nyumba zogona anthu onse ndi monga mabizinesi osiyanasiyana ndiponso malo ogwirira ntchito pa anthu:

  • Mahotela, mahotela, ndi malo ena ogona
  • Malesitilanti, mabawa, ndi malo ena operekera chakudya
  • Mabwalo a maseŵero, mabwalo a maseŵero, ndi malo ena osangalalira
  • Kugula zinthu m’masitolo ndi m’masitolo
  • Malo autumiki onga ngati mabanki, masalon, ndi maofesi
  • Ntchito za mayendedwe
  • Malo osangalalira
  • Zipatala

Malo ameneŵa ayeneranso kuthandiza makasitomala onse mosaganizira za mikhalidwe yotetezereka ndipo anthu opunduka ayenera kupezekako.

Ndalama ndi Ndalama

Chikalata cha Accounting Opportunity Act chimaletsa tsankho m’zochita za ngongole zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, chiyambi cha dziko, kugonana, malo aukwati, msinkhu, kapena chifukwa chakuti munthu amalandira chithandizo cha boma.

Mautumiki a Boma ndi Mapindu

Mfundo zoteteza zofanana zimafuna kuti mautumiki a boma ndi mapindu ake ziperekedwe popanda tsankho.

  • Maprogramu a chithandizo cha boma
  • Mautumiki a zaumoyo
  • Kusungitsa malamulo ndi chiweruzo chaupandu
  • Kugulitsa ndi kulola
  • Zoyendera za anthu onse
  • Mapaki ndi malo ochitirako zosangalatsa
  • Kutengamo mbali m’zandale ndi kuvina

Mabungwe a boma ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo awo ndi zochita zawo sizisankhana ndipo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti aliyense athe kupezeka.

Miyezo ya Kubwereramo: Mmene Khoti Limatsutsira Tsankho

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake tsankho lina limaponderezedwa mosavuta kuposa lina.

Kupenda Kolimba

Government classifications that adversely affect a person's fundamental liberties or interests must be justified by a showing of compelling government interest, as well as proof that the distinction is required to further that purpose. This is known as the "strict scrutiny" test. Strict scrutiny applies to classifications based on race, national origin, and alienage, as well as to laws that burden fundamental rights such as voting or interstate travel.

Bomalo liyenera kusonyeza kuti kusankha kumeneku kumapereka chikhumbo chachikulu kwa boma ndi kuti lamulolo nlosafunika kwenikweni kuti lipeze chikondwerero chimenecho pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera.

Kupenda Kogwirizanitsa

Pamene kuli kwakuti Auncility Rights Amendment inali pamaso pa maboma ndipo potsirizira pake inalephera kuvomerezedwa, Bwalo Lapamwambalo linapenda kwambiri chiphunzitso cha kusankha kugonana, choyamba likumagwiritsira ntchito muyezo wamwambo wamwambo wa kupenda (mwakuluma) kuchotsapo tsankho ndiyeno, pambuyo pa kuvota kugonana kukhala chigamulo chokayikiridwa, kukhazikitsa muyezo wapakati.

Pansi pa kusanthula kwapang'onopang'ono, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti kusankhako kumatumikira chiwongola dzanja chofunika cha boma ndi kuti kuikidwa kwake kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu umagwira ntchito ku magawo ena ozikidwa pa kugonana ndipo wagwiritsiridwanso ntchito ku magawo ena. Ngakhale kuti kulibe kuvuta kwambiri kuposa kusanthula kosamalitsa, kupenda kwapakati kumafunabe kulungamitsa kwatanthauzo kaamba ka kuchiritsa kosiyana.

Kupendanso Maziko a Kudziikira Pangano

Malamulo ambiri amapendedwa mwa kupenda mwatsatanetsatane, muyezo wa kupenda woyenerera koposa. Malamulo safuna zinthu zimene zili zosiyana kwenikweni kapena lingaliro kuti zichitidwe m’lamulo monga ngati kuti ndi zofanana, ndipo chenicheni cha kugaŵidwa sichidzapanda lamulo. Pa maziko oyenera, kugaŵikana kumachirikizidwa ngati kuli kogwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha boma chovomerezedwa.

Mtolo wa boma pansi pa maziko oyenera kuupenda ngwaung'ono, ndipo makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyaza zigamulo za malamulo. Malongosoledwe ozikidwa pa msinkhu, kupunduka, chuma, ndi mikhalidwe ina yambiri amapendedwa pansi pa muyezo umenewu m’nkhani za lamulo, ngakhale kuti malamulo otetezera angapereke chitetezo champhamvu.

Kuchepetsa Machiritso

Malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana amavomereza ziphunzitso ziŵiri zazikulu za tsankho: kusiyanitsa ndi kusiyanitsa. Kumvetsetsa kusiyanako nkofunika ponse paŵiri kukhazikitsa zoyenera ndi kukwaniritsa mathayo pansi pa malamulo ameneŵa.

Kuchepetsa Vutoli

Malamulo amene amasiyanitsa mwachindunji pakati pa gulu lotetezeredwa ndi magulu osatetezereka kaŵirikaŵiri "amatchedwa ngati amasankhana mwadala". Kuchitiridwa nkhanza kumachitika pamene munthu achitiridwa mosiyana chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wotetezeredwa. Umu ndi mtundu wolunjika kwambiri wa tsankho ndipo umaphatikizapo zonse ziŵirizo kukondera (monga ngati lamulo limene limachitira magulu mosiyana) ndi tsankho lotsimikizirika (monga ngati chosankha chosonkhezeredwa ndi kutembenuza anthu ngakhale ngati sanatchulidwe bwino).

Kuti akhazikitse kusiyanitsa, woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kusonyeza kuti wofuna kukondera. Izi zingatsimikizidwe mwa umboni wachindunji wa kugamula mlandu kapena mwa umboni wachidule wogwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira katundu. Mwachitsanzo, pa nkhani za ntchito, kapangidwe ka McDonnell Douglas kamathandiza anthu kukhazikitsa mlandu wa kusankhana, ndipo pambuyo pake kuwonjezerapo kulemerako kuti abwana ayambe kufotokoza chifukwa chomveka, chosamveka cha ntchitoyo, ndiyeno kubwereranso kwa wansembe kusonyeza kuti chifukwa chake ndi choyambirira.

Chiyambukiro Chopatuka

Kusankhana kumachitika pamene lamulo kapena kachitidwe kopanda mbali m’nkhope kakhala ndi chiyambukiro choipa kwambiri pa ziŵalo za kalasi yotetezeredwa, ngakhale popanda cholinga cha kupandukira lamulo. Khotilo linamasulira ADEA ndi Thit VII ya Chikalata cha Chilolezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, malinga ndi kunena kwake, kukhala kolola zinenezo zonena za kupulupudza.

Kuti akhazikitse chiyambukiro chopatutsa, wotsutsa ayenera kutchula lamulo lachindunji kapena mchitidwe, akusonyeza kuti uli ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu chosiyana pa gulu lotetezeredwa, ndipo akusonyeza kuti lamulolo silikulungamitsidwa ndi kufunikira kwa malonda kapena kuti njira zopatsira ufulu ulipo. Ngati wopatulidwayo asonyeza zimenezi, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapambane mwa kusonyeza kuti kachitidweko kali kogwirizana ndi ntchito ndipo kogwirizana ndi kufunika kwa ntchito (m'nkhani za ntchito) kapena kukwaniritsa cholinga choyenerera (m'nyumba).

Mfundo yosagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti tsankho lingachitike mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amachititsa kuti anthu azisankhana m’mbiri kapena kuti azipatulana popanda chifukwa chomveka.

Mankhwala ndi Kukakamiza

Njira zothetsera tsankho zimadalira pa tsankho limene munthu wasankha ndiponso malamulo amene wapereka.

Kuwononga Kwauchigaŵenga

Owonongedwa obwezera ndalama za malipiro chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwenikweni chifukwa cha tsankho. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo malipiro ndi mapindu, zowonongedwa za kutaya ndalama, ndi malipiro a kupsinjika maganizo, kupweteka ndi kuvutika, ndi mavuto ena osakhala a zachuma. M'nkhani za ntchito, zowonongedwa zingaphatikizepo malipiro a malipiro otayika ndi malipiro a mtsogolo otayika ngati kubwezedwa sikungatheke.

Kuvulazidwa

Chilango cha chilango chingaperekedwe m'milandu yophatikizapo kusankhana mwadala kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo anachita ndi njiru kapena monyalanyaza ufulu wa wochita zoipa. Ziwombolo zimenezi zakhala zolanga wochita zoipa ndi kuletsa khalidwe lofananalo mtsogolo. Malamulo a tsankho la ntchito a Federal amavomereza kubwezera ndi kubwezera kwa mabwana, koma malamulo ena a boma alibe zikhoterero zoterozo.

Chithandizo Chofooketsa

Makhoti angalamulire kuti athetse tsankho ndi kuletsa kuswa malamulo a m'tsogolo. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo malamulo a kusintha malamulo kapena zochita, kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu ophunzitsa, kapena kuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse tsankho. M'nkhani za tsankho, kuchepetsa ufulu kungakhale kwakukulu, kufunikira kusintha kwakukulu kwa zochita za gulu.

Kuthandiza Mosakondera

Pankhani za ntchito, zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kubwezeretsedwanso, kukwezedwa, kapena kulembedwa ntchito.

Zofunika ndi Zotayika za Attorney

Malamulo ambiri oletsa kusamverana amalola oweruza ambiri kupeza ndalama zoyenerera za loya ndi ndalama. Makonzedwe ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa amathandiza anthu kutsata tsankho ngakhale pamene kuwonongeka kwawo sikungalungamitse mtengo wa ndalama zolipidwa. Kupezeka kwa malipiro kumathandiza kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a tsankho akutsatiridwa.

Kupatsidwa Mlandu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

M’kachitidwe ka boma koteroko, bwalo lamilandu lingapereke mpumulo wotetezera (monga ngati lamulo kapena lamulo loletsa), kupereka chiwombolo cha ndalama, kupereka chilango chachiŵeniŵeni, kapena kupereka chithandizo china choyenerera. zilango zachiŵeniŵeni zoperekedwa kwa boma zingakhale zazikulu, makamaka m’zochitika zophatikizapo njira kapena machitachita a tsankho.

Kulandidwa Mlandu wa Chigaŵenga

Kumene mphamvu kapena chiwopsezo cha mphamvu zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukana kapena kusokoneza kuyenera kwa nyumba zopanda chilungamo, Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo ingayambitse nkhani zaupandu. Lamulo la boma limalola kuweruza aliyense amene “akufuna kuvulaza, kuwopseza kapena kusokoneza munthu wina, kapena kuyesa kutero, mwa kukakamiza chifukwa cha fuko la munthu winayo, mtundu wake, chipembedzo kapena chiyambi chake cha dzikolo" m'nkhani zina. Anthu oswa lamulo limeneli amayang'anizana ndi choyenera kapena choyenera chaka chimodzi kapena zonse ziŵiri.

Mavuto ndi Nkhani Zimene Zikupitirizabe Kutetezedwa Molingana

Ngakhale kuti pakhala zaka zambiri anthu akuyendera mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe, pali mavuto ambiri amene adakalipo kuti anthu agwirizanedi pa nkhani zimenezi.

Tsankho Limapitirizabe

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo oteteza, tsankho la kumanga nyumba likupitirizabe, kuchititsa kusoŵa chuma, maphunziro, ndi zotsatirapo za thanzi. Mu 2017, anthu oposa 28,000 anadandaula kuti anapatula nyumba m’dziko lonselo. Ena mwa madandaulo ameneŵa anapalamula milandu yokhudza mizinda, mabanki, ndi eni nyumba chifukwa cha tsankho m’nyumba ndi kubwereketsa.

Anthu ena amasankha anzawo chifukwa cha ntchito, maphunziro, ndi zinthu zina, koma zambiri sizidziwika bwinobwino, ndipo zimavuta kudziwa kuti anthu ena amasankhana chifukwa chakuti malamulo, zochita, ndiponso chikhalidwe chawo n’zosiyana ngakhale popanda kukondera.

Mavuto Amene Anakumana Nawo

Kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana kumafuna zinthu zokwanira, ndale, ndi kugwirizana kwa mabungwe olamulidwa. Mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo nthaŵi zambiri amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zimene zimawalepheretsa kufufuza madandaulo ndi kulondola nkhani. Kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kulinso vuto lalikulu. Kutetezera nyumba zabwino kunali kuyesayesa kwabwino, koma kuchirikiza ndale zadziko kaamba ka cholinga chimenechi kwachepa m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.

Kuteteza Mwalamulo

Tiyenera kukonzanso Fair House Act kuti ipereke chitetezero chalamulo ku tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana, chizindikiritso cha mwamuna, malo aukwati, magwero a ndalama, malo ozoloŵera, malo opulumuka chiwawa m’nyumba, kapena mbiri ya upandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro ena awonjezera chitetezo, mipata idakali pamlingo wa boma ndi m’maiko ambiri.

Kusiyana kwa Malo ndi Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Tsankho

Mwachitsanzo, mkazi wa mtundu wa Black angasalidwa mosiyana ndi amuna achikuda kapena akazi achizungu. Nthawi zina malamulo amavuta kuti athetse tsankho chifukwa cha tsankho limene anthu amakhala nalo pa nthawi imodzi, osati chifukwa chodziwa kuti anthu ambiri ali ndi tsankho.

Kusankhana Malo

Tsankho lalikulu lerolino limachokera ku tsankho lotheratu [1] malingaliro ndi malingaliro amene amayambukira khalidwe ndi kupanga zosankha. Kuthetsa tsankho lachindunji kumafuna kupyola pa ziletso za dala za kusankhana kuti apende mmene malamulo, machitachita, ndi miyambo ya zigawo zingapitirire kusalingana. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupenda ziyambukiro zosiyana, kulimbikitsa kusiyana ndi kuphatikizidwa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kuchepetsa tsankho.

Makhalidwe Abwino Koposa Ochirikiza Chitetezo Chofanana

Kupanga chitaganya chimene chilidi ndi malamulo a chitetezo ofanana kumafuna khama la munthu aliyense payekha, mabungwe, ndi mabungwe.

Kwa Aliyense Wake

  • phunzitsani nokha [ ponena za malamulo otetezera ofanana, zoyenera zanu, ndi mathayo anu
  • fufuzani tsankhu lanu ndi kuyesa kuthetsa malingaliro olakwika ndi tsankhu
  • Kambitsiranani [
  • Kuwonjezera malamulo ophatikizapo [[FL:1] ndi machitidwe kuntchito kwanu, chitaganya, ndi zigwirizano za boma
  • Advocate kaamba ka chitetezo champhamvu ndi kusungitsa bwino malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana

Kwa Olemba Ntchito

  • Malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana amene amabisa mikhalidwe yonse yotetezeredwa ndipo amaletsa poyera tsankho, kuvutitsa, ndi kubwezera
  • Kuphunzitsa nthaŵi zonse kwa antchito onse olimbana ndi kudana, malamulo a kampani, ndi ntchito zophatikizapo
  • Cholinga cha kukwaniritsa, njira zooneka bwino [[FL:1] za kugwiritsa ntchito, kukwezedwa, kubwezera, ndi zosankha zina za ntchito
  • Conduct homuboza yokhazikika ya kupima kudziŵikitsa ndi kutumiza malipo
  • Kupanga njira zosonkhanitsira zophatikizapo kukopa oyembekezera kubatizidwa osiyanasiyana
  • Njira zomveka zodandaula [[FT:1] ndi kufufuza madandaulo onse mwamsanga ndi mosamalitsa
  • Foster chitaganya chosadziŵika bwino kumene antchito onse amadzimva kukhala oŵerengeredwa ndi olemekezedwa
  • [[Kusintha:0] Kuchuluka kwa antchito ndi zotsatirapo kuzindikira zinthu zimene zingasiyanitse
  • projectes home zoyenerera mokangalika ndi kuchita ntchito zabwino zoloŵetsamo zikhulupiriro

Opereka Nyumba

  • Gwiritsirani ntchito zizoloŵezi zosasintha, zotsimikizira [ kwa ofunsira onse
  • [[ML:0] Aphunzitsi a ndodo pa malamulo ndi zofunika za nyumba zoyenerera
  • Sungani zolembedwa zatsatanetsatane za ziŵiya, zosankha, ndi zolankhula
  • Kuwona kusatsa malonda kutsimikizira kuti sikumasonyeza zokonda kapena zopereŵera
  • Projectni malo ogona ndi kukonza kwa anthu opunduka
  • Respond mwamsanga ku wilding project ndi kulowetsamo ntchito zotsagana

Pamasukulu Ophunzitsa

  • Malamulo oletsa kugaŵana [[FLT: 0] omveka bwino ndi njira zodandaula
  • Kuphunzitsa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi antchito pa zoyenera zawo ndi maudindo awo
  • Khupilira mapulogalamu onse, ntchito, ndi zipangizo zonse
  • [[Nkhanza:0] Kuvutitsa ndi kupezerera mofulumira ndi mogwira mtima
  • Provice malo oyenera kwa ophunzira olumala
  • [[NT:0] machitachita olanga a kusiyana kothekera
  • Promote projectial system [[FL:1] imene imasonyeza malingaliro ndi zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana

Maulamuliro a Boma

  • Kuwona malamulo, malamulo, ndi machitachita [ kaamba ka kugwirizana ndi malamulo a chitetezo ofanana
  • Conduct imasandutsa ziyambukiro zopendedwa [[FL:1] za malamulo ndi maprogramu
  • Khupilira kulowa kolingana ku mautumiki ndi mapindu a boma
  • Mautumiki a chinenero cha Provide kwa anthu osadziwa Chingelezi
  • Malo ndi maprogramu amatheketsa kwa anthu olumala
  • Phunzitsani antchito a boma pa zofunika zoletsa kusagwirizana
  • Kusanthula ndi kusanthula chidziŵitso kudziŵa kusiyana ndi kupita patsogolo kwa mayeso
  • Engage with affectedcommunities in policy development and implementation

Ziŵiya ndi Nkhani Zina

Numerous resources are available for individuals seeking to understand their rights, file complaints, or learn more about equal protection laws.

Maboma

  • Accounting Opportunity Commission (EOC) [1] - EFTSS amalamulo audindo a boma opatula ntchito ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chonena za zoyenera kuntchito ( www.eoc.gov
  • Malo a Nyumba ndi Chitukuko cha Urban (HUD) [1] – Enctsforces malamulo a nyumba abwino ndi kufufuza madandaulo a kusoŵa nyumba ( www.hud.gov
  • Kugawa Gawo la Chilungamo la Chigawo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe [1] – Enicts malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a boma m'madera ambiri ( www.const.gov/crt)
  • Department of Education Office for Civil Rights – Investive zunzo la tsankho m'maphunziro ( www.ediv/ocr

Boma ndi Maboma

Maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe amene amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo. Mabungwe ameneŵa angatchedwe makomiti a ufulu wachibadwidwe, madipatimenti omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, kapena madipatimenti a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ntchito yabwino ndi mabungwe a zachuma.

Thandizo la Malamulo

Ngati mumakhulupirira kuti munasalidwa, lingalirani za loya amene ali ndi ntchito yokhudza ufulu wa anthu kapena lamulo la ntchito. Maloya ambiri akupereka kufunsira kwaulere kwaufulu. Mabungwe a zaufulu ndi mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe angapereke chithandizo chalamulo kwa anthu amene sangathe kulipira maloya achinsinsi.

Mabungwe a Udindo

Mabungwe ambiri osapanga phindu amagwira ntchito kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu ndi kuthetsa tsankho. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapereka maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndiponso nthaŵi zina kuthandiza m’malamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo NaACP Legal Defense Fund, American Civil Liberasties Union (ACLU), National Fair Howard Alliance, ndi ena ambiri amaganizira za nkhani kapena madera ena.

Kumaliza

Malamulo otetezera olingana amaimira kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa chilungamo, ulemu, ndi mwaŵi wolingana kwa anthu onse. Malamulo ameneŵa amatetezera ku tsankho m’ntchito, nyumba, maphunziro, malo ogona a anthu onse, ndi mbali zina zambiri za moyo. Kumvetsetsa zoyenera zanu pansi pa malamulo ameneŵa kumakupatsani mphamvu ya kuzindikira ndi kutsutsa tsankho pamene lichitika. Kumvetsetsa mathayo anu kumakuthandizani kuthandizira ku chitaganya chachilungamo ndi choyenera kuchitidwa.

Ngakhale kuti pakhala kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kuyambira pamene kusokonezedwa kwa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a 144 ndi kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo otchuka a ufulu wachibadwidwe kukupitirizabe. tsankho likupitirizabe m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kulephera kutetezera ena mwalamulo kukupitirizabe kuchititsa anthu kukhala osavuta.

Mwa kudziphunzitsa malamulo odzitetezera ofanana, kupenda malingaliro athu okondera, kutsutsa tsankho, ndi kuyesayesa kupangitsa malo okhala anthu odziimira paokha m’malo athu antchito, m’malo athu, ndi m’malo ogwirira ntchito, tonsefe tingathandizire kukwaniritsa lonjezo la chitetezo cholingana pansi pa lamulo. ulendo wopita kuulingana weniweni ukupitirizabe, koma ndi kuyesayesa ndi kudzipereka kwamphamvu, tingapitirizebe kupititsa patsogolo za chitaganya chimene aliyense amachitiridwa ulemu ndi ulemu, ndi kumene aliyense ali ndi mwaŵi wake mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe yake.

Kaya ndinu munthu wofuna kumvetsetsa zoyenera zanu, wolemba ntchito amene amagwira ntchito kuti apange malo antchito, wopereka nyumba wodzipereka ku machitachita achilungamo, kapena nzika imene imakhulupirira kuti pali kulingana ndi chilungamo, kumvetsetsa malamulo otetezera ofanana nkofunika. Malamulo ameneŵa akupereka zonse ziŵiri chitetezo pa tsankho ndi maziko opangira chitaganya chosakondera. Mwa kudziŵa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zoyenera zanu, kukwaniritsa mathayo anu, ndi kuchirikiza kupita patsogolo, mumachita mbali yofunika kwambiri yopititsira patsogolo cholinga cha kutetezera anthu onse.