Buku la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe m’Malemba Amakono: Kuteteza Anthu pa Ntchito ndi Kusukulu

Bill of Rights, yopanga ziwonjezeko khumi zoyambirira za kukonza mapangano a United States, imaima monga maziko a ufulu wa Amereka. Ziyeso zimenezi zinakonzedwa poyambirira monga kuyang'anira maulamuliro a boma latsopano. Anakhazikitsa chitetezo chachikulu pa boma lopanda kugalulidwa, kuteteza ufulu wonga kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi kuyenera kwa kumasuka ku kufunafuna ufulu wopambanitsa. Chifukwa chakuti zambiri za mbiri yakale ya ku America, zimenezi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma la dzikolo. Zinalibe kufikira pakukonzedwa kwa malamulo a boma la dzikolo mu 1868 ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa malo a moyo wamakono. Pamene kutetezeredwa kwa [FLD:] chiphunzitso cha ufulu wambiri [FLD] ndi kutetezedwa kwa maboma ameneŵa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ku boma lakwaniridwa bwino lomwe. Kugwirizana kwa mapangano ameneŵa ndi kudalirana kwa moyo kwamakono kumayendera limodzi ndi kudalirana kwa mapangano a ntchito.

Maziko: Ntchito ya Boma ndi Mabuku Osonyeza Malamulo

Asanapende zoyenera zapadera, kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa mfundo imodzi yofunika kwambiri yolamulira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Bill of Rights: State Action Doctrine . Malamulo amatetezera anthu ku ntchito ya boma, osati pa zochita zaumwini. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti yunivesiti ya onse kapena bungwe la boma imamangidwa ndi malamulo Oyamba ndi Achinayi, koma bungwe laumwini kapena sukulu yachinsinsi siili. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumayambitsa madongosolo aŵiri ogwirizana a ufulu. Kwa antchito a onse ndi ophunzira a pasukulu, Bill of Rights imapereka chitetezo chachindunji, choikidwiratu. Kwa antchito ndi ophunzira achinsinsi, amatetezeredwa makamaka kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amatsanzira malamulo a malamulo a boma koma otsata malamulo ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana.

Ufulu Wanu ku Ntchito

Kutsutsa kwa Anthu.

Chochititsa chachikulu koposa chodziŵira ufulu wanu walamulo pantchito ndicho kaya ngati bwana wanu ali boma (boma, boma, kapena bungwe lakumeneko) kapena bungwe lachinsinsi. Ogwira ntchito m'makampani a boma amasangalala ndi zitetezero za malamulo a boma chifukwa chakuti bwana wawo ndi boma. Ogwira ntchito m’chigawo chakokha, amalamulidwa ndi mapangano a ntchito yawo kapena chiphunzitso chosatha cha ntchito yosafuna, imene imalola kuti aliyense asiye kugwirizana pantchito panthaŵi iliyonse popanda lamulo. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku kumasintha ntchito iliyonse imene ikufotokozedwa pansipa.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kuyanjana

Kwa antchito a anthu onse, Kusintha Koyamba kumapereka chitetezo cholimba. Khoti Lapamwamba lokhazikitsidwa mu [FLT: 0] Picking v. Boma la Maphunziro (1968) kuti antchito a boma saona "Kukonza Koyamba Kowonjezera ufulu umene angasangalale nawo monga nzika zolankhula za anthu. Kusankha ngati mawu otetezedwa, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito Picking-Connick. Choyamba, kulankhula kuyenera kuloŵetsamo nkhani za anthu onse. Chachiŵiri, chikondwerero cha antchito olankhula m’bungwe la boma chiyenera kupambana chitukuko cha boma pochirikiza ntchito ya kuntchito ndi kuletsa. Komabe, [vlt.] mu 'FFT. [vFFoctivective] [brick: [Foctive] [F:] [Foctive] [Foctive] [F] [F], CF. Couption: Cregtion, chiyang' chakuthandiza ndi ntchito ya boma, chikalata choperekedwa chachimo chachimo chachimo chachimo cha boma choyambirira choyambirira chakuthandiza. Chiyang

Kudzibisa ndi Kukonzanso Kwachinayi

Chikalata chachinayi chimathandiza anthu kuti asafufuze ndi kugwidwa ndi boma. Kuntchito, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti wantchito akuyembekezera zinthu zina zofunikira paokha mu ofesi yake, desiki, mafailo, ndi njira zolankhulirana ndi magetsi. [[FLT: 0] Connor v. Orga[[FL:1] (1987]), Khoti Lalikulu linakhulupirira kuti kufunafuna kwa munthu wolemba ntchito kumadalira pa mfundo zachinsinsi. Ntchito yofuna cholinga chosakhala cha nunigalamu, (e.g, kuchotsaponso faifa) kapena kufufuza kwa ntchito yapansi yaumoyo kuyenera kukhala koyenera m’maumboni wake ndi malo ake oyenera. [FL:] M'dziko la Opalemala kwambiri. [akulu ambiri a anthu olembedwa ntchito yosamveka bwino, ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza a boma, satsatira malamulo omveka bwino a boma.

Kulinganiza ndi Kusangalatsa Malo

Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 amatsimikizira kuti boma silingachotse moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Kwa antchito a anthu onse, chitetezo chimenechi chimadalira ngati wolembedwa ntchitoyo ali ndi phindu la katundu, ali ndi thayo la kutetezeredwa kwa procracy [[[FLT: 0], kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha milandu, malongosoledwe a umboni, ndi mwaŵi wa kuyankha. [FLD:] Mu Proution ya kampaniyo. [F.5] Malo ake amathandiza kuchotsaponso anthu. [[FLD]

Kuteteza Anthu Kuti Asakhale Osalidwa

Chikalata cha 14 Department quemedial Classias chiletsa olemba ntchito a boma kusiyanitsa fuko, chiwerewere, mtundu, kapena magawo ena otsatizana. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito miyeso yosiyanasiyana yofufuza: kupenda kwapadera kwa mtundu ndi dziko, kwa antchito odziimira, kutetezera kumalamulo. Kufufuza kwapadera [[FLT] [[FL:] ['3] chifukwa cha kugonana, [[FLT:] ndi] maziko oyenerera [[FLT:] ambiri] a magawo ena. Kwa antchito aumwini, chitetezo chimachokera ku malamulo a boma. Zigamu za ufulu wa ufulu wa 1964, kuletsa tsankho, mtundu, chipembedzo, ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko la America. [FLT.A Active Act (A.) ndi oyenerera kuteteza ndi antchito achikulire (AD). Omathandizira kuteteza kwa anthu achikulire (19.

Ufulu Wanu m’Njira Yophunzitsa

Mawu a Wophunzira ndi Mawu

Khoti Lapamwamba lanena mosasintha kuti ophunzira satha kuchotsa ufulu wawo wa kuyankhula kapena mawu awo pa khomo la sukulu. M'nkhani yotchuka [[FLT: 0] .Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [, Khoti linagamula kuti ophunzira angavale zida zakuda za mawu kapena mawu onyansa kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam malinga ndi mmene mawu awo sanasokonezere ndi kusokoneza kwenikweni ntchito za sukulu. Muyezo mumateteza mzera waukulu wa ophunzira, kuchokera ku ntchito zandale zokopa zaluso. Komabe, Sukulu ya Zamaphunziro ingaletsende kapena kulankhula mawu onyansa (FL. [FF]) kapena kuti zipatsidwe ndi zigawo za chigawo za . [FFFFFF], zigawo za chigawo chakunja la chigawo chakunja la . [4]

Kufufuza ndi Kufunafuna Zinthu M’masukulu

Akuluakulu a sukulu ndi otsatsa malonda a boma ndipo ayenera kugwirizana ndi Lamulo Lachinayi. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka ufulu waukulu wa kusungitsa dongosolo ndi chisungiko. New Jersey v. T.L.O. [[FLT:] [1985], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chachikulu chofunikira kusungitsa lamulo n’chosayenerera pa nkhani za sukulu. M’malo mwake, akuluakulu a sukulu afunikira kukayikira [[FLT:]] moyenerera [[FLT:]] kuti wophunzira waswa lamulo la sukulu kapena lamulo. Kukayikira kumeneku kuyenera kuzikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni, zaluso, osati chabe . Kufufuzako. [FFFF:]

Kukonzekera Bwino ndi Kuteteza Ophunzira Molingana

Ophunzira oyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa masiku khumi ali ndi kuyenerera kwa kutetezeredwa koyenerera. Gos . Lopez [1] [[FLT:] [1975], Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti ophunzira oyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa masiku khumi ayenera kupatsidwa chidziŵitso cha pakamwa kapena cholembedwa cha milandu ndi mwaŵi wa kulongosola mbali yawo ya nkhaniyo. Kumvetsera kumeneku kungakhale kwamwamwaŵi ndipo kuyenera kuchitika kusanachoke, pokhapokha ngati pali ngozi. Kuchotsa kapena kuthamangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali, njira zambiri zalamulo zikufunikira, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cholembedwa cha milandu, mwaŵi wakukhala mboni ndi umboni, ndi kumvetsera pamaso pa wopanga chigamulo wopanda tsankho.

Kutetezera kwa mlingo wa Claus kumatetezanso ophunzira ku tsankho. Brown v. Board of Education[FT:1] (1954) idakali nkhani yamaphunziro yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya America, kuwona kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu sikuli kopanda ulere. Lerolino, nkhani zotetezera zofanana m'masukulu zikuphatikizapo kusiyanitsa malamulo, kukhoza kupititsa ntchito zapamwamba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito LGBTQ + ophunzira. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro a Ofesi ya Ufulu wa Chilengedwe ya IX ya Maphunziro a 1972, imene imaletsa tsankho la kugonana logwirizana ndi ntchito zamaphunziro ndi ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi boma.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo m’Masukulu

First Amendment Complete Adrection areade and Free Execle Clause imapanga kulinganiza kosiyana kwakukulu ponena za chipembedzo m'masukulu. Sukulu sizingachirikize kapena kuvomereza chipembedzo chilichonse cha ophunzira, koma ziyenera kuvomereza zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Ophunzira ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupemphera aliyense payekha kapena m’magulu, malinga ngati sikuli kosokoneza ndipo sikukakamiza ena kutengamo. Kennedy . Bremeton School Dis District [[FLLD] [2002], Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti mlangizi wa mpira wapamwamba wa mpira wachita kuseŵero pambuyo pa maseŵera, limachita kuswa kwa ufulu wa Claus . Oimba amafunikiranso kuwonjezera, kuphatikizapo zigawo zachipembedzo, posachita zinthu zina zolakwika.

Chitetezo Chachikulu ku Malamulo a Ufulu Woyenerera: Kuyang’ana Mozama Kwambiri

Ufulu wa Kulankhula

Chitetezero cha First Amendment ndi chitetezero cha chitaganya cha democracy. M'nkhani ya ntchito ndi sukulu, imatetezera kukhoza kusuliza ulamuliro, kutengamo mbali m'nkhani ya boma, ndi kusonyeza chizindikiritso cha munthu. Komabe, kuyenera kumeneku sikuli konse. M'malamulo onse aŵiri, mawu amene amapanga ziwopsezo zenizeni, kusonkhezera kuchita zinthu zosayeruzika, kapena kuipitsa sikumatetezedwa. Kwa ophunzira, [[FLT:] amayesa kulinganiza kwa antchito polankhula za anthu olemba ntchito pa nkhani za kudera nkhaŵa kwa olemba ntchito. Kuzindikira bwino kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri.

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Malamulo satchula mwachindunji kuyenera kwa ufulu wa kubisa zinthu, koma Khoti Lalikulu lazindikira kuti "chikalata" cha ufulu wochokera ku Woyamba, Wachitatu, Wachinayi, Wachisanu, ndi wa Ninth Amendments amapanga malo a kudziimira kwa munthu mwini. Kuntchito ndi sukulu, mbali yodziŵika kwambiri ya ufulu umenewu ndiyo kutetezera kwa Chachinayi Koletsa kufunafuna kosayenera. Komabe, zachinsinsi zimaphatikizanso ufulu wakulamulira chidziŵitso chaumwini, kuyenera kwa munthu mwini, ndi ufulu wakukhala womasuka ku kusayang'anira zinthu. Malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kukambirana nkhani zimenezi, limodzi ndi maboma ena akuletsa olemba ntchito za antchito kuti adziteteze ku makampani a za makampani a za makampani ndi ena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito njira za makompyuta a za makompyuta a zaumwini ndi ena kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito ntchito zinthu za moyo m’masukulu.

Kuteteza Anthu Kuti Asasanjidwe (Kuteteza)

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment’s Expand Protection Claus ndi maziko a lamulo loletsa kugawana. Chimalamula kuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kuletsa munthu aliyense m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa mofanana kwa malamulo. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kusanthula malamulo kapena zochita zimene zimatsatiridwa ndi mtundu, chiyambi, kapena chipembedzo, kufuna kuti boma lisonyeze chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kuti kachitidweko kakhale koyenerera kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Kufufuza kwa boma kumagwira ntchito pa malamulo ofunika kwambiri kwa boma ndi njira zina zochitira zinthu.

Kutsatira Chilamulo

Malamulo amatsimikizira kuti kuli chilungamo. Njira zoyenerera zimafunsa kuti ndi ziti zimene boma likufuna kuti munthu asakhale ndi moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Kwa ophunzira amene akuyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa, zimenezi zimatanthauza kudziŵitsa ndi kumvetsera. Kwa antchito a anthu onse amene ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yawo, kumatanthauza mwayi woyankha. Njira yoyenerera ikufuna kuti boma likhale ndi chifukwa chokwanira chochitira zinthu zinazake, kuteteza ufulu wofunika ngati ukwati, banja, ndi ufulu wathupi.

Njira Zothandiza Zopezera Ufulu Wanu

  • Tsala Chilichonse: Musungitse cholembedwa cha makambitsirano oyenerera, ma email, ndi zochita zotengedwa ndi abwana anu kapena akuluakulu a sukulu. Chikalata cholembedwa ndi umboni nchofunika kwambiri popanga nkhani yodalirika.
  • Pansi pa ndandanda ya Policies : Mabuku a ntchito, malamulo a ophunzira a makhalidwe, ndi malamulo a bungwe kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi zoyenera zachibadwa zofunika ndi njira zoperekera lipoti. Dzidziŵitseni ndi zikalata zimenezi.
  • Chikalata cha Mkati: Mabungwe ambiri ali ndi njira za mkati kapena kusimba zikalata za tsankho, kuvutitsa, kapena kuswa malamulo. Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri kuli chiyeneretso cha kuchitapo kanthu mwalamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Funani Uphungu Walamulo: Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu waswedwa, funsani loya amene ali katswiri wa lamulo la ntchito, lamulo la maphunziro, kapena ufulu wa anthu. Mabungwe ambiri, monga ngati Ault Obrounction Commission (EOC) ndi American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), akupereka chuma ndi chitsogozo.
  • File Aslation: Kaamba ka kutsendereza konena pa Theort VII, ADA, kapena ADEA, mlandu uyenera kusungidwa ndi EEOC kapena bungwe loona mtima la boma lochitira ntchito isanaikidwe kukhoti. Malamulo alamulo amatsata, kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 180 kapena 300 kuchokera pa deti la kuswa lamulo.

Kumaliza

Bill of Rights si madeti a mbiri yakale koma mkhalidwe wamoyo umene umasintha kupyolera m'kumasulira kwachiweruzo ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo. Malamulo ake amayanjidwa kukhala maziko a moyo wathu wokhazikitsidwa, kuumba kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa anthu ndi ulamuliro. Kumvetsetsa mmene zitetezero zakale zimenezi zimasinthira ku malo apadera antchito ndi nyumba za sukulu kupatsa nzika mphamvu, antchito, ndi ophunzira kuyendetsa malo okhalako motsimikizirika. Pamene kuli kwakuti Boma Act Doct Dictrine imaletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachindunji kwa malamulo a boma kwa otchuka ndi malamulo a boma kuwonjezera mapulinsipulo ambiri ku mbali yachinsinsi. Kukhalabe odziŵitsidwa ponena za chitetezo chimenechi ndi njira za kukhazikitsa kwawo ndiko njira yotsimikizirika kuti malonjezo a Bill of Rights akukhalabe kwa anthu onse a ku America.