Kufotokoza Ulamuliro wa Boma m’Malinga Amakono

Uchifumu wa boma ndiwo lamulo la maziko limene limapatsa ulamuliro wotheratu ndi womalizira pa gawo lake, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi zochitika za m’dziko. M'nthanthi ya ndale zadziko yachikale, makamaka pambuyo pa mtendere wa Westphalia 1648, uchifumu unatanthauza kuti palibe mphamvu ya kunja imene ingasokoneze nkhani za m'banja. Lerolino, lingalirolo lakhala likuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa pakati pa onse aŵiriwo kukhoza kulamulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo m'boma / / ndi ulamuliro wakunja, zimene zimaphatikizapo kudziŵika ndi maboma ena m’dongosolo la dziko lonse. Kuzindikira mmene mbali ziŵirizi kuliri kofunika kumvetsetsa malamulo ndi mphamvu za boma lamphamvu zogwira ntchito pa nzika zake.

Maboma amakono olamulira afotokozedwa ndi mikhalidwe inayi yofunika: gawo lolongosoledwa, chiŵerengero cha anthu chachikhalire, boma logwira ntchito bwino, ndi kukhoza kuloŵa mu unansi ndi maiko ena. Mkati mwa dongosolo limeneli, boma limachita ulamuliro wokha pa kugwiritsira ntchito koyenera kwa mphamvu, kusonkhanitsa misonkho, kupereka chilungamo, ndi kupereka zinthu za anthu onse. Komabe, ukulu wa ulamuliro umenewu suli wopanda malire kapena wosalekeza. Malamulo a maiko onse, ndi chisonkhezero chomakulakula cha oseŵera a m'maseŵera. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mphamvu zimene zikunena kuti ziyendetsa anthu awo, malamulo ndi andale pa maulamuliro amenewo, ndi makambitsirano opitirizabe ponena za kumene muyezo pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense ayenera kutengedwa.

Mphamvu za Boma pa Nzika Zake

Uchifumu wa boma umaonekera m'mantha atatu aakulu a boma .legislative, mabwana, ndi judge . Pambali pa nthambi zimenezi, umanenanso zimene asayansi andale amatcha “mphamvu ya boma” (ulamuliro wa kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe) ndi“ mphamvu ya kutenga katundu waumwini kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu onse). Mbali zotsatirazi zimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mphamvu zazikulu za mphamvu za dziko.

Maulamuliro Olamulira: Kupanga Malamulo

Nyumba ya malamulo ( Kaya ikhale nyumba ya malamulo, msonkhano, kapena msonkhano) imakhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana amene amafotokoza khalidwe lololedwa, kugawira zinthu, ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu ndi ntchito. Maulamuliro a malamulo amaphatikizapo:

  • Kuphwanya lamulo ndi chilango – Kulengeza ntchito monga kuba, kuukira, kapena chinyengo ndi kupereka zilango zonga ngati faindi, kumangidwa, kapena utumiki wa m’chitaganya.
  • Kusintha [1] – Kuika misonkho pa ndalama, katundu, malonda, ndi malonda kuthandizira mautumiki a boma, zitseko, ndi maprogramu a zachitukuko.
  • Lamulo la zachuma – Kukhazikitsa malamulo a malonda, banki, misika ya antchito, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi chisungiko cha ogula.
  • Lamulo la chipinda – Definiting eligion ya ubwino, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi chithandizo cha nyumba, limodzinso ndi kuika malipiro ochepera ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito.
  • Kusintha ndi kusamuka – Kudziŵikitsa amene ali nzika, mmene alendo angapangire chilengedwe, ndi pansi pa mikhalidwe imene anthu osakhala a m'dzikolo angakhale kapena kuthamangitsidwa.

Mphamvu yalamulo siiri yotheratu; kaŵirikaŵiri imasungidwa ndi malamulo kapena lamulo la ufulu limene limatetezera ufulu wofunika (malamulo, chipembedzo, msonkhano) ndi kuletsa malamulo osinthasintha, chilango chankhanza, kapena kufufuza kosayenera. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo Loyamba la U.S. limaletsa Malamulo kupanga malamulo akuti ufulu wa kulankhula, ngakhale ngati opanga malamulo ambiri akufuna kuchita zimenezo.

Maulamuliro: Kutumikira ndi Kutumikira

Nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma imene imayang’aniridwa ndi pulezidenti, nduna yaikulu, kapena bwanamkubwa, ili ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa malamulo, kuyendetsa maprogramu a boma, ndi kuyang’anira mabungwe a boma. Ntchito za akuluakulu a boma zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • [[NT: 0] Kusungitsa lamulo – Kutsogolera apolisi, kuyang'anira malire, ndi mabungwe olamulira kuti agwire ophwanya malamulo ndi kusunga dongosolo.
  • Uyang'anira wa Public [[FLT :1] – kuthamanga kwa sukulu, zipatala, madongosolo a zoyendera, ndi zipangizo zothandizira kuyendetsa zinthu; kutulutsa laisensi ndi zilolezo; kusonkhanitsa misonkho.
  • Uchinjirizo ndi chisungiko cha dziko [1] – Kusunga magulu ankhondo, kuyang'anira, ndi kuchitapo kanthu ku ziwopsezo zonga ngati uchigaŵenga kapena masoka achilengedwe.
  • Lamulo lachilendo – Kusintha mapangano, kuimira boma m'mabungwe a mitundu yonse, ndi kulamulira kuloŵa ndi kutuluka kwa anthu ndi katundu kumalire a dziko.
  • Mphamvu za kulolera – Mkati mwa mavuto (mapenemic, chipwirikiti chachiŵeniŵeni, nkhondo), mabwana angapereke malamulo, kuika malamulo a kubwerako kwa tsiku, kapena kuimitsa zoyenera zina, ngakhale kuti zingadzapendedwe pambuyo pake zachiweruzo kapena za malamulo.

Akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amaonekera kwambiri kwa nzika, popeza kuti amagwirizanitsa mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku . kuchokera pa kupereka laisensi ya magalimoto ya kukhometsa msonkho. Digiri ya mabwana ofufuza imene ili ndi mabwana ambiri. M'maiko ena, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma angasinthe popanda lamulo lalamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti mtsogoleri wa boma amalamulidwa mwamphamvu ndi uyang’aniro wa nyumba ya malamulo ndi lamulo la boma.

Mphamvu za Oweruza: Kumasulira ndi Kupereka Chiweruzo

Makomiti a milandu ndi makhoti, ndi amene ali ndi mphamvu yomasulira malamulo, kuthetsa mikangano, ndi kugamulapo malamulo a boma. Zigamulo zoweruza zimene zikukhudza nzika zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kuimira [ - Kuyesa kutsimikizira liwongo kapena kupanda liwongo ndi kulamula mwalamulo.
  • Coliil project ] – kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu, mabizinesi, kapena pakati pa nzika ndi boma (m’chitsanzo, mapangano, mapangano, katundu, tort).
  • [[FULT:0] Kupenda kwachiwindi – Kusanthula malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu a boma kutsimikizira kuti iwo agwirizana ndi malamulo ndi zoyenera zazikulu.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mnzake – Isting malamulo akuletsa machitidwe osaloledwa a boma, kupatsa habeas corpus kutsutsa kumangidwa, ndi kubwezera zowawa za kuswa zoyenera.
  • Kutsutsana kothandizana ndi chigamulo – Kulimbikitsa kuvomereza, kusanthula, ndi njira zina zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zochepetsera kumbuyo kwa khoti ndi kupereka mankhwala mofulumira.

Makhoti akapanda tsankho ndiponso ngati anthu angapeze ufulu wolankhula, anthu amafunika kufufuza moona mtima za boma lochita zinthu mochenjera. Koma, kumene aweruzi amapatsidwa ufulu kapena kugonjera akuluakulu a boma, mphamvu ya boma ikhoza kukhala yosagwirizana ndi ufulu wa nzika ndipo ufulu wa nzika zikhoza kuchepa.

Ulamuliro Wakunja: Kusiyana Kokhala ndi Zotulukapo

Political theorists distinguish between internal sovereignty—the state’s exclusive authority within its borders—and external sovereignty—its independence from outside interference. Internal sovereignty allows the state to enact binding laws on all persons and property within its territory. External sovereignty, by contrast, concerns how the state interacts with other sovereign states and international bodies. The erosion of external sovereignty through globalization, supranational unions (like the European Union), and international human rights law has major implications for the powers states can exercise over citizens.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene dziko ligwirizana ndi International Criminal Court, limapa mbali ya ufulu wake wachifumu kuweruza nzika zake kaamba ka milandu yankhondo. Mofananamo, mapangano a malonda kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kusintha malamulo a panyumba . Monga miyezo ya malo okhala kapena malamulo a chuma cha anthu. Osuliza amanena kuti kuchotsedwa kwa mphamvu koteroko kumachepetsa kuŵerengera kwa demokalase chifukwa chakuti nzika zimalephera kulamulira zosankha zochitidwa kutali. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti ulamuliro woikidwa m’magulu a uchifumu ungawonjezere ufulu ndi ubwino wa nzika kuposa kachitidwe kaunyinji ka dziko lonse.

Zolephera pa Ulamuliro wa Boma: Malamulo, Ufulu, ndi Lamulo la Mitundu Yonse

M’dziko lililonse, kaya lili ndi mphamvu zotani, mumakhala malamulo amene amaletsa anthu kulamulira nzika zake.

Ziphunzitso za Malamulo ndi Mabuku a Ufulu Waufulu

Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo olembedwa amene amatchula ufulu wofunika kwambiri ndiponso amene amakhazikitsa malamulo okhudza boma.

  • Kusiyanitsa maulamuliro – Kugawana ulamuliro pakati pa mkulu wa boma, malamulo, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo kotero kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ikhale yolamulira kwambiri.
  • Kudyerera kapena kuchititsa kuyenera [[FL:1] -- Kuika mphamvu zina ku magawo a maiko (maiko, zigawo, zigawo) kuletsa nkhanza.
  • Zitetezero za ufulu wa munthu [1] – kutsimikizira ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, msonkhano, kusindikiza, ndi chinsinsi; kutetezera ku kudzipatula, ngozi zoŵirikiza, ndi chilango chokulirapo.
  • Kutsatira ndi kutetezera kwa procedtural [ ] – Kufunsa chidziŵitso cholungama, makutu opanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa uphungu, ndi kuchonderera boma lisanachotse munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu.
  • Salata ya Periodic ndi kuŵerengera mlandu -''' - Kuganizira kuti atsogoleri amayang'anizana ndi kufufuza kofala ndi kuti nzika ziri ndi maluso akuchotsa akuluakulu amene amapitirira.

Ziletso za malamulo zimatsatiridwa ndi bwalo lapamwamba kapena la malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kutsata Chilamulo cha Cornell Law kwa lamulo kwachindunji kwasonyeza mmene kupenda chiweruzo mu United States kumatheketsa makhoti kuphonya malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo alamulo.

Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Mapangano a mitundu yonse . "Mapangano a Sayansi Yosagwirizana ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe , pangano la Mitundu Yonse pa Zoyenera za Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Zandale, ndi Msonkhano wa Ulaya wa Zoyenera za Anthu (ndiye, kukhazikitsa mathayo a maboma a kulemekeza, kutetezera, ndi kukwaniritsa zoyenera zina. Zida zimenezi zimakhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba amene malamulo a m’dziko ayenera kukwaniritsa. Mwa mapangano, anthu angapemphenso mabungwe a mitundu yonse (m. g., Khoti la Ulaya la Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu) kutsutsa ntchito zawo.

Kutsutsana pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa anthu n’koipa kwambiri makamaka pankhani za chisungiko cha dziko. Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, maboma ambiri anafutukula mphamvu zolondera, kutsekeredwa popanda kuzengedwa, ndi ziletso pa kulankhula, kuzilungamitsa monga zofunika zaufulu. Ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe amatsutsa kuti njira zoterozo zimaswa lamulo la dziko lonse ndi kuti ulamuliro wowona umasonyezedwa mwa kutetezera nzika, osati mwa kuchepetsa ufulu wawo.

Malamulo a Malamulo a M’mayiko Ambiri ndi Makoswe

Pambali pa mapangano, malamulo ena amwambo wa malamulo a dziko lonse , ndipo, koposa zonse, kuchotsapo malamulo (jus cogens) . Kugwirizanitsa maboma onse mosasamala kanthu za chivomerezo. Zizoloŵezi za Jus zimaletsa kuphana, kuzunza, ukapolo, tsankho lamwambo, ndi upandu wolinganiza pa mtundu wa anthu. Palibe boma lolamulira limene lingalungamitse machitachita oterowo mwa kunena kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wa m’dzikolo. Zimenezi zimapangadi maziko osatheka a ulemu wa munthu amene ngakhale boma lamphamvu koposa silingalakwiretule mwalamulo.

Mavuto Amakono pa Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Ufulu wa Nzika

Zaka za m’ma 1900 zachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira kwambiri mfundo zachikhalidwe zonena za ulamuliro wa boma.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kuyenda kwa Mayiko Ena

Malikulu, katundu, ndi anthu amadutsa m'malire a dzikolo mosavuta. Makampani apadziko lonse, misika ya zachuma, ndi makompyuta amalepheretsa boma kuyendetsa ntchito zachuma, kuteteza mafakitale akwawo, kapena kuyendetsa zinthu. Nzika zingatsatire malamulo achilendo pamene zigwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito za mayiko osiyanasiyana kapena kupita ku mayiko ena. Kukwera kwa ndalama ndi kuwonjezera kusokoneza ndalama ndiponso kusokoneza ulamuliro wa ndalama.

Ulamuliro wa Magetsi ndi Kukula kwa Magetsi

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri akukhala ndi ufulu wosankha zinthu pa Intaneti, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti malamulo a boma azikhala ogwirizana ndi malamulo a m’dzikolo, komanso kuti anthu azionetsetsa kuti zinthu za m’dzikolo zikuyenda bwino.

Kuloŵerera m’Dziko Lonse: Chitsanzo cha EU

European Union imaimira kuyesa kofuna kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro. Maboma asintha ulamuliro pa zandalama, malonda, mpikisano, ulimi, ndipo ngakhale mbali za chiweruzo chaupandu ku mabungwe a EU. Malamulo ndi zitsogozo za EU zimakhudza mwachindunji m'malamulo a dziko, ndipo European Court of Justice ingalamulire malamulo a dziko. Zimenezi zawonjezera mwayi woyenda ndi wa zachuma kwa nzika koma zayambitsanso kusagwirizana kwa Brexit, ndi m'mikangano ya kusamuka ndi malamulo ku Hungary ndi Poland. Chitsanzo cha EUU imasonyeza kuti ulamuliro ungagwirizanidwe popanda kuwonongedwa, komanso kudzutsa nkhani ya mmene kugawanako kungachitire kuti anthu asakhale ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Kugwirizana Monga Ulamuliro Wogawana mu Maboma

Maiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo United States, Canada, Germany, ndi India, amagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi magawo. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amaletsa mphamvu za mlingo uliwonse: boma la dzikolo ndilo lolamulira m'madera ena (malamulo achilendo, ndalama), pamene maboma kapena zigawo zikukhala ndi ulamuliro pa maphunziro, apolisi a kumaloko, kugwiritsira ntchito malo, ndi mautumiki ambiri a anthu. Motero nzika zimayang'anizana ndi malamulo alamulo, (monga ngati U.S.Preferation) yosagwirizana ndi mayiko. Gawo la Federall ingatetezere magulu a anthu ochepa ndi makhalidwe a m'dzikolo koma ingayambitsenso mikangano, monga malamulo otsutsana a boma pa zandalamanje, za anthu oloŵa m’dziko, kapena kusamalira thanzi.

Chigwirizano cha M’chigawo cha Nzika: Ufulu, Ntchito, ndi Chigwirizano cha Mayanjano

Uchifumu wa boma suli njira imodzi yokha yosonyezera ulamuliro. Umaphatikizaponso mathayo kwa nzika, ozikidwa pa nthanthi za pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Unzika ndi Ufulu Wake

Unzika ndi mgwirizano walamulo pakati pa munthu ndi boma. Imapatsa ufulu wochuluka, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuvota, kukhala ndi udindo wa boma, kulandira chitetezo cha boma kumaiko akunja, ndi mapindu a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Imakhazikitsanso ntchito, monga kumvera malamulo, kukhoma misonkho, ndi kutumikira ku majuli kapena kunkhondo pamene kukufunika. Maboma ali ndi ufulu waukulu womasulira mawu aunzika, koma malamulo a mitundu yonse amaletsa kulanda dziko ndi zifuno zimene boma silinazifune.

Msonkho ndi Udindo Wopereka

N’kutheka kuti njira yosonyezera kuti boma liyenera kulamulira nzikazo ndi mphamvu ya msonkho. Ndalama za msonkho zimathandiza boma kupereka zinthu za boma . Nkhomazo, maphunziro, kusamala zaumoyo, kuti anthu sangathe kupeza ndalama mwa iwo okha. Kuyenera kwa misonkho kumadalira pa kuvomereza kwa demokrase ndi kuyang'anira bwino. Pamene nzika ziona kuti malamulo a msonkho ndi osalungama kapena boma monga oipa, zingapewe, kutsogolera ku kukana kukhoma msonkho kapena ngakhale kuphwanya malamulo a boma.

Utumiki wa Mtundu ndi Udindo wa Usilikali

Maboma ambiri amafuna nzika kuchita utumiki wankhondo kapena utumiki wina wadziko. Thayo limeneli limakakamiza mwachindunji ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, kukakamiza achichepere kupereka miyezi kapena zaka ku ntchito zofotokozedwa za boma. Nthaŵi zambiri chilolezo cha kulungamitsidwa pamaziko a kutetezera dziko ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu, komanso chingakhalenso chotsutsana pamene zigwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsendereza kutsutsa kapena pamene zigwiritsidwa ntchito mobisa. Maiko ena asamukira ku magulu onse ankhondo osadalira boma, koma mphamvu yachibadwa ya boma yokakamiza utumiki m’nthaŵi zangozi imakhalabe ufulu waukulu.

Kulinganiza Mphamvu m’Dziko Lomwe Likusintha

Unansi pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi wamphamvu, wosinthasintha nthaŵi zonse kudzera m'ndale, malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali ndi mphamvu zoopsa . Kulamulira, kukakamiza, kukhoma msonkho, ndi kufuna thandizo. Maulamuliro amenewo amamangidwa mowonjezereka ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo a padziko lonse, ndi malingaliro a anthu. Nzika yamakono si nkhani yongochitapo kanthu koma imakhala yokangalika imene imayang’anira chivomerezo ndi ufulu wa boma.

Kumvetsa maulamuliro ameneŵa ndi malire awo n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wofuna kuyendetsa moyo wa anthu, wolimbikitsa kusintha zinthu, kapena wongodziŵa mmene zinthu zimakhalira ndi moyo tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kaamba ka kuŵerengedwa kowonjezereka pa chisinthiko cha uchifumu, Encyclopedia ya Filosophy yoloŵera pa Chisamaliro [1] imapereka kupenda kokwanira kwa mawu, pamene kuli kwakuti UN Rights Rights Admitted phee [1] pepala la lalongosolera malamulo apadziko lonse amene amaumba mkhalidwe wa mkhalidwe kwa nzika.