Kupangidwa kwa Ulamuliro wa America: Kuyang’anitsitsa Kolongosoka pa Federal, Boma, ndi Maulamuliro a M’dzikolo

Boma la United States limagwira ntchito kupyolera mwa kugaŵana kwaudindo kolinganizidwa bwino pakati pa milingo itatu yosiyana: boma, ndi malo adziko. Dongosolo limeneli, lozikidwa pa Malamulo a U.S. ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, limatsimikizira kuti mphamvu zonse zimagaŵiridwa ndi kulinganizika. Kwa nzika, aphunzitsi, ndi ophunzira, kumvetsetsa kwenikweni ukulu uliwonse umene mlingowo ungatheke . Ndipo kusakhoza [1] nkofunika kwambiri kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira, mautumiki amaperekedwa, ndipo ufulu wa anthu umatetezedwa. Nkhaniyi imafutukulidwa pa maziko a boma lililonse, imapenda mathayo awo onse, ndi kupenda zochita zimene zimapanga moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Maulamuliro a Boma: Ulamuliro wa Dziko ndi Malamulo

Boma laboma limalandira ulamuliro wake ku Malamulo a U.S., amene amaupatsa mphamvu zondandalika. Maulamuliro ameneŵa alinganizidwira kusamalira nkhani zimene zimakhudza mtundu wonse, kutsimikizira kugwirizana ndi kukhazikika kwa magawo onse a boma. Udindo wa boma wakula kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kupyolera mwa kusintha kwa malamulo, zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zonenedwa pansi pa Celaus.

Mphamvu Zokhala ndi Makoma

  • Kulamulira malonda a dziko ndi achilendo: [1] The Commerce Claus (Mfundo I, Chigawo 8) imapereka mphamvu ya kuyang'anira malonda pakati pa maboma ndi mitundu ina. Ulamuliro umenewu wagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa chilichonse kuyambira pa miyezo ya antchito kufikira pa malamulo a malo okhala amene amakhudza mabizinesi ogwira ntchito m’madera onse a boma.
  • Kumasulira nkhani zachilendo ndi kupanga pangano: Pulezidenti amakambirana ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo boma limayang'anira maunansi aunansi, limaimira U.S. m'mabungwe a mitundu yonse, ndi kusamalira nkhani zonga ngati mapangano a malonda ndi chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja.
  • Kunenera kaamba ka chitetezo cha dziko: Congress iri ndi mphamvu ya kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kugaŵira ndi kuyendetsa magulu ankhondo a pamadzi, ndi kulamulira magulu ankhondo. Dipatimenti ya Defense, limodzi ndi mabungwe a luntha, imatumikira pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma kutetezera dziko.
  • Kusindikiza ndi kuyang'anira ndalama: Boma la boma limalamulira ndalama, limayang'anira phindu lake, ndi kuika malamulo a ndalama kupyolera mwa Federal Reserve System . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutumiza ndalama ya U.S., kukhazikitsa ziwongola dzanja, ndi kuyang'anira dongosolo labanki.
  • Malamulo olowera kusamuka ndi opanga: Boma la boma lokha ndilo lingagamule amene akuloŵa m'dziko, amene akukhala nzika, ndi kuti pansi pa mikhalidwe yotani imene anthu osakhala a kampani angakhale kapena kugwira ntchito mu United States. Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulidwa ndi mabungwe onga Immigration ndi Customs Enforcement (ICE) ndi U.S. Cinturageshity ndi Immignity Services (USCIS).
  • akuweruza makhoti a boma ndi kulongosola ulamuliro wawo: Congress ikhazikitsa makhoti ang’onoang’ono a boma ndi kugamula mitundu ya milandu imene angaimve, kuphatikizapo ija yophatikizapo lamulo la boma, mafunso alamulo, ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma.
  • Kutetezera zinthu zanzeru: Boma la boma limapatsa mphamvu ndi zopeputsa zochirikiza kukonza ndi kupanga zinthu, mphamvu yondandalikidwa bwino m'Malamulo.

Mphamvu Zofunika ndi Zofunika

Kupyola maulamuliro oŵerengedwa, Nacsary ndi Seact Claus [FLT :1] (Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Claus 18) imapatsa Congress ulamuliro kukhazikitsa malamulo ofunika kukwaniritsa mathayo ake otchulidwa. Mawu ameneŵa akhala maziko a ntchito za boma zoyambira kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko lonse yoyang'anira mfuti ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo. Khoti Lapamwamba la Court Clulloch mu . Maryland [1] (18: 3) anavomereza kuti Nyumba za malamulo zingagwiritsire ntchito zoimira mphamvu za boma kukwaniritsa ntchito zake za lamulo.

Federal Supremacy ndi Chiyeso

Kupatula Claus (Artle VI]) kumatsimikizira kuti Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma akupanga kusuntha kwake, ndi mapangano ali lamulo lapamwamba la dziko. Pamene boma ndi malamulo a boma asemphana, lamulo la boma limakhala ndi chiphunzitso chodziŵika monga kulandidwa. Komabe, maulamuliro a khumi a Remeterrament sanaperekedwe ku boma la boma kapena anthu, kupanga chitsutso champhamvu chimene makhoti amayenda kaŵirikaŵiri.

Maulamuliro a Boma: Ulamuliro Wosadalirika ndi Maulamuliro a Apolisi

Maboma amagwira ntchito pansi pa Demendment yosatha , imene imasunga ku maboma maulamuliro onse omwe sapatsidwa mwachindunji ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa kwa maboma. Maboma ambiri amaphatikizapo mphamvu ya boma [[FLT:] [1].

Mathayo Aakulu a Boma

  • Kuyang'anira malonda a dziko: ntchito zamalonda za United States zimene zimachitika m’malire awo onse. Izi zimaphatikizapo akatswiri olemba za makampani (madokotala, maloya, ometa tsitsi), kuyang'anira inshuwalansi, ndi kuyang'anira makampani ndi mayanjano.
  • Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyang'anira maboma a m'madera: Madziko amapanga magawo, magawo, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera kupyolera mwa malamulo awo ndi malamulo. Amagamula maulamuliro, nyumba, ndi malire a mabungwe akwawo, amene amatchedwa "kupangidwa kwa boma"
  • Kusankha: Maboma amayang'anira boma, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa ziyeneretso za wovota, kupanga zigawo zovota, ndi kukhazikitsa zipambano za masankho. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maziko, maboma ali ndi ufulu wapadera m'masankho.
  • Kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo aupandu ndi a boma: Nyumba za boma zikhazikitsa malamulo a chilango, malamulo a pamsewu, malamulo a ukwati ndi chisudzulo, ndi malamulo a pangano. Makhoti a boma amatsutsa mikangano yalamulo, kuphatikizapo nkhani zabanja, kuŵerengera katundu, ndi mlandu wa kudzivulaza.
  • Kuphunzitsa anthu: Mpumulo wa khumi ndi malamulo a boma amaika thayo loyamba la maphunziro m'maboma. Mabungwe a maphunziro amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, zofunika za mphunzitsi, ndi njira zoperekera ndalama m'masukulu a K-12.
  • Kuwona zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mkhalidwe wa malo okhala: Madziko amalamulira zoyenera za madzi, mafuta ndi kutulutsa gasi, migodi, usodzi, ndi kusaka m'magawo awo. Maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe awo otetezera malo okhala amene amasungitsa mpweya ndi miyezo yabwino, nthaŵi zina kuposa zofunika za boma.
  • Kulengeza ukwati ndi malamulo a banja: Madziko amamasulira ukwati, kulera ana, ndi malamulo a choloŵa, ngakhale kuti boma likuvomereza ukwati wa kugonana (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015) kufotokoza mmene makhoti a boma angachotsere matanthauzo a boma.

Ntchito ya Malamulo a Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake amene angapereke ufulu wokulirapo kuposa malamulo a U.S. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena a boma amatsimikizira mwachindunji kuyenera kwa maphunziro, chinsinsi, kapena chitetezo cha malo. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amawonjezera chitetezo kwa anthu kupyola pa malire a boma. Maboma ameneŵa amalola maulamuliro kutumikira monga maluso a demokrase , kuyesa ndi malamulo amene angavomerezedwe m’dziko lonse.

Maboma: Ulamuliro wa Anthu ndi Mautumiki

Boma lakumaloko [1] Kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera, mizinda, midzi, ndi zigawo zapadera kuchokera ku maboma a boma. Samatchulidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo la U.S., ndi ulamuliro wawo amafotokozedwa ndi lamulo la boma. Unansi umenewu, wolamulidwa ndi Ulamuliro wa , umati maboma a m'dziko angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi boma kapena kwenikweni ndi zilolezozo. Komabe, maboma ambiri apereka ulamuliro wapanyumba kwa mapulasitale awo, kuwalola kusinthika kwakukulu.

Ntchito Zofunika za Kumaloko

  • Kulamulira malamulo akumalo: mizinda ndi maŵerengedwe angapereke malamulo pa phokoso, malo, malamulo omanga, kuletsa nyama, ndi zovutitsa za anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa amanyamula zilango ndipo amalamulidwa ndi apolisi a kumaloko ndi akauni ya malamulo.
  • Mautumiki a anthu onse: maboma akubweretsa zinthu zofunika monga madzi, mankhwala ochotsa zonyansa, zopereka zotayidwa, ndi zoyendera za anthu onse.
  • Kuphunzitsa masukulu a boma akufupi ndi dziko: madera a sukulu, kaŵirikaŵiri odziimira paokha m’mizinda kapena m'boma la boma, akugwira ntchito pansi pa kuyang'anira boma. Makomiti a sukulu a ntchito oyang’anira, agwirizana ndi bajeti, amakhazikitsa sukulu, ndi kuyang'anira malo [1] Boma ndi malamulo a boma amasintha kwambiri zosankha zawo.
  • [[MTL:0] Kugwiritsira ntchito nthaka ndi kuwongolera: Malamulo odzikongoletsa amalamulira zimene zingamangidwe kumene /amalonda, maindasitale, kapena aulimi. Mabungwe olinganiza ndi mabodi a kukonzanso zokambirana, kulola, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a kugwiritsira ntchito malo.
  • Maprogramu a zaumoyo ndi chitetezo cha chitaganya: Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko amapereka katemera, kuyang'anira matenda, ndi maphunziro a zaumoyo. Madipatimenti a moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi madipatimenti a apolisi amapereka chitetezo kwa anthu onse.
  • Kutsogolera masankho pa mlingo wakwanuko: Pamene maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a chisankho, akuluakulu a masankho akumaloko amayang'anira malo ofunsira, kulembetsa kwa wovota, ndi kuŵerengera masankho onse motsatira malamulo awo.
  • Kukwaniritsa mautumiki a kakhalidwe ka anthu: Maboma a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa maprogramu ovomerezedwa ndi boma monga ngati mautumiki otetezera ana, chithandizo chosoŵa pokhala, ndi chisamaliro chachikulu, ngakhale kuti malangizo a zachuma ndi malamulo amachokera ku mlingo wapamwamba.

Ulamuliro wa Panyumba wotsutsana ndi Dillon

Maboma amasiyana mu ukulu wa ufulu umene amapatsa malo. [[FLT: 0] malamulo apanyumba ali ndi mphamvu yochita pa chinthu chilichonse chimene sichiletsedwa ndi lamulo la boma, pamene Dillon's Laul [Ulamuliro wa [ ukhoza kuchita kokha zimene zilonjezedwa . Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wakwawo ungapatsire lamulo lakwawo kapena chola chapulasitiki, pamene kuli kwakuti mzinda wa Dillon''ufunikira lamulo la boma kuti upereke ulamuliro umenewo. Chikhoterero chakhala chakuwonjezera malamulo a panyumba, koma boma lakhala lofala.

Kugaŵana ndi Kumenya Mopambanitsa Mphamvu: Kugwirizana ndi Kusamvana

Kwenikweni, mizera pakati pa maulamuliro a boma, boma, ndi malo a kumaloko siiri yomvekera nthaŵi zonse. Malo ambiri a malamulo amaphatikizapo milingo yonse itatu yogwirira ntchito pamodzi (kapena nthaŵi zina kupikisana. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse mmene ntchito zamakono za kulamulira.

Msonkho ndi Ndalama Zogulitsidwa

Mtengo uliwonse umafuna msonkho wake, koma kaŵirikaŵiri umayendera limodzi. Msonkho wa ndalama zimene boma limalandira umayendera limodzi ndi msonkho wa ndalama zimene limalandira m'mayiko ambiri (kusiyapo amene alibe msonkho wa ndalama). Maboma amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama zolipirira. Maboma akupereka ndalama monga ndalama za boma za misewu yaikulu kapena chithandizo cha boma cha masukulu. Mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho ndi yogawiridwa, koma si yopanda malire, ulamuliro; malamulo akugwira ntchito pa mlingo uliwonse.

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Chipanduko

Mabungwe a Federal (FBI, DEA, ATF) akufufuza milandu imene imadutsa malire a boma kapena kuswa lamulo la boma. Apolisi a boma olondera misewu ndi malamulo a boma. Apolisi a m'madera onse amasamalira upandu wa tsiku ndi tsiku m'madera awo. Kuweruza kumachitika m'mabwalo amilandu a boma ku U.S., maloya a boma m’makhoti a boma, ndi ozenga mlandu m’makhoti a boma. Kugwirizanitsa mwa ntchito ndi kugawana chidziŵitso nkofala, koma mikangano ya malamulo ingabuke.

Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Zoyendera

Makwalala aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amamangidwa ndi ndalama za boma, kusungidwa ndi madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera, ndi kugwirizanitsidwa ku misewu yakumaloko yolamuliridwa ndi mizinda kapena magawo. Mabwalo a ndege, madoko, ndi madongosolo a zaulendo a anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsidwa ndalama kuchokera ku milingo yonse itatu. Mutestrateat Highway System ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha mgwirizano wa boma, ndi miyezo ya boma, kumanga boma, ndi kuyang'anira kwa kumaloko.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Chivomerezo Chadzidzidzi

Boma la boma limakhazikitsa zitsogozo kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga CDC ndi kupereka ndalama za madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma. United States amagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu onga Medicaid, ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumalo akupereka mautumiki apadera. Pazochitika zangozi . / masoka achilengedwe, miliri, kapena mavuto aumoyo a anthu. Milingo yonse imayendera limodzi monga Stafford Act ndi National Incadent Management System . Mliri wa Covid .

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Environmental Protection Agency (federal) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka mpweya ndi madzi, koma maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa miyezo imeneyo kupyolera m'maprogramu operekedwa. Maboma angaperekenso malamulo okhwima. Maboma a m'malowo amasamalira kusamala kwa zinyalala, kugwetsa kwa madzi otentha, ndi zosankha za kugwiritsira ntchito malo zimene zimakhudza malo. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumaphatikizapo milingo yonse, kuyambira pa mapangano a maiko onse kufikira ku kuchepetsa kwa mizinda.

Kusinthika kwa Zinthu m’Nthaŵi Zakale ndi Mavuto Amakono

Maulamuliro asintha kupyolera m'malamulo otchuka, zigamulo za khoti, ndi masinthidwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu. New Deal inafutukula ulamuliro wa boma pa zamalonda ndi za kakhalidwe ka anthu. Chivomezi cha Chikomyunizimu cha Chisungiko cha Ufulu wa Anthu kukhazikitsa mphamvu za boma zotetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kukondera boma. Kagulu ka D evolution ya m'ma 1990 kanabwezera mathayo ena ku maiko, monga kusintha za kakhalidwe kabwino pansi pa programu yanthaŵi ya Servery Consolation for Families (TEF). Posachedwapa, kutsutsana kwa boma pankhani ya zaumoyo, kusungitsa chisudzo, kukhazikitsa lamulo la cha chamwayi, ndi miyezo ya maphunziro.

Zitokoso zamakono zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa maulamuliro [1] . "kulimbana pakati pa ndalama za boma ndi ufulu . ndi kukwera kwa nkhondo za zowombola kumene maboma amachepetsa ulamuliro wa kumaloko (m., kuletsa kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro akwawo). Khoti Lapamwamba likupitirizabe kumasulira malire a mphamvu za boma m'nkhani zokhudza Communist Claus, Tenth Amendment, ndi Claus Ex.

Mfundo Zothandiza kwa Nzika

Kuzindikira kuti ndi boma liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani inayake kumathandiza nzika kuchirikiza bwino. Munthu wodera nkhaŵa za mabowo ayenera kukumana ndi dipatimenti ya ntchito za boma, osati nyumba ya malamulo ya boma. Munthu amene akufuna kusintha malamulo a ukwati angagwirizane ndi opanga malamulo a boma. Mwini dziko amene akufuna kusonkhezera malamulo a dziko lina angadalitse kwambiri bungwe la Congress ndi Pulezidenti. Mwakudziŵa mlingo woyenera, anthu angayambe kuchita nawo ntchito yawo, kulankhulana ndi oimira boma, kapena kupezeka pamisonkhano yapo anthu onse.

Dongosolo lokhala ndi miyalo imeneyi limatanthauzanso kuti ufulu ndi mautumiki zingasiyane ndi malo. Ufulu wokwatira munthu wa ofanana ziŵalo tsopano ngwaumodzi m'dziko lonselo, koma zaka zalamulo za kumwa, malire a liŵiro, ndi malamulo ena ambiri amasiyana kuchokera ku boma ndi boma. Malamulo a kumaloko a kanthaŵi kochepa kobwereka, phokoso, kapena kukhala ndi ziŵeto zingasiyane ngakhale m'chigawo chimodzi. Nzika ziyenera kukhalabe ndi chidziŵitso cha malamulo ogwirizana ndi chitaganya chawo.

Kumaliza

Maulamuliro a boma, boma, ndi malo amapanga njira yogwirizana yosanjikizana ndi kusiyanasiyana. Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani za dziko ndi za mitundu yonse, maboma amayang'anira malamulo a m'dziko, ndipo maboma akupereka ntchito zachisawawa za anthu. Udindo wawo wogawana m'madera onga msonkho, kusungitsa malamulo, ndi ziwiya zapadera zimayambitsa zonse ziŵiri kugwirizana ndi kukangana. Kwa aliyense wofuna kuyendetsa moyo wa anthu, kuzindikira maulamuliro osiyana koma otsatizana bwino ndi a dziko, n’ngofunika kuti akhale nzika yogwira ntchito. Mantha a boma a U. kapena kufufuza [FLT:] kokwanira [FL:] kaamba ka chidziŵitso chalamulo]