Chiyambi: Kuletsa Kusuta

Ulendo wa mlandu womaliza kudutsa m'makhoti a boma ndi njira yokonzedwa bwino imene imasintha mkangano walamulo kukhala wokonzeka. Njira imeneyi, yomwe nthaŵi zambiri imatchulidwa kuti ndi njinga ya moyo wa anthu, imaphatikizapo masitepe ambiri otsatizana (kuyambira pa kutseguka kwa chigamulo chomaliza cha chigamulo, kugamula, kukambirana, kapena kuchonderera. Kwa ophunzira kuphunzira za dongosolo la malamulo a ku America ndi aphunzitsi okonzekera sukulu, kumvetsa ulendowu si kofunika kokha kaamba ka zolinga za maphunziro komanso chifukwa cha mmene ufulu wa kutsata ndi mmene ukugwiritsidwira ntchito. Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi malamulo akea, kukambirana koyenera, ndi mbuna. Nkhaniyi imapereka mfundo zodalirika, poyang'ana pa mbali iliyonse, kupereka nzeru ndi zilozero zothandiza kulongosola njira zamakono zachikhalidwe chachikhalidwe chachi.

Chigawo 1: Kuthetsa Kudandaulako

Nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni imayamba pamene mlandu wachiŵeniŵeni upanga sulizat ndi khoti loyenerera. Chikalata chimenechi chiyenera kukhala ndi ndemanga yomveka ya mfundo zodzutsa mkanganowo, maziko alamulo a chigamulo, chithandizo, kapena chiweruzo. Kuswa pangano, kunyalanyaza, kapena kuswa zoyenera za lamulo, ndi kuswa ulamuliro wa khoti, ndi kutanthauza [FLT]f , monga chiwombolo cha ndalama, kuchepetsa, kapena kuweruza. Kudandaulako kuyeneranso kuzindikira magulu ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa bwalo lamilandu (ma mutu wa ulamuliro wa munthu payekha) (udindo).

Kudandaulako kuyambitsa chigamulo cha khotilo ndi kukhazikitsa wotchi yoyendera. Mabwalo a milandu ayenera kukumbukira zofunikira zokhala ndi malire [1]. Nthaŵi imene mlandu uyenera kuyambitsidwa. Kusoŵa nthaŵi imeneyi kungaike mlanduwo kosatha. Makhoti ambiri a boma ndi makhoti ambiri, kudandaulako kumatsagana ndi chikuto cha boma ndi malipiro. Kwa anthu olephera kulipira ndalama, pempho la kupitiriza pauph].

Makina a kudandaula:[[FL:1]

  • Mawu olongosola mlandu wa khoti, zipani, ndi nambala.
  • Mlandu umene anaupereka chifukwa chake khotili liyenera kuweruza mlanduwo.
  • Mawu a mfundo za m’ndime, omwe analembedwa motsatira mfundo zotsatizana bwino.
  • Zinenezo zalamulo zochirikiza zinenezo.
  • Kufuna chiweruzo kwasonyeza chithandizo chimene anapempha.

Kaamba ka chitsogozo cha ulamuliro pa zofunika zodandaula, Malamulo a Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni 8 amakhazikitsa muyezo wa kuchonderera, kungofuna “mawu achidule ndi omveka bwino a chinenezocho".

Chigawo 2: Ntchito Yokonza Zinthu

Pamene chinenezocho chaperekedwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo alandire chidziŵitso chalamulo cha mlanduwo. Sitepe limeneli, lodziŵika monga n’lothandiza pa kachitidwe ka lamulo. Popanda utumiki woyenerera, khoti silingapereke ulamuliro waumwini pa woimbidwa mlandu, ndipo chiweruzo chilichonse choperekedwa chingakhale chopanda pake.

Mapulogalamu a utumiki amaphatikizapo:

  • Iutumiki waumwini: Kupereka maina ndi kudandaula mwachindunji kwa woimbidwa mlandu.
  • Utumiki woikidwa: Kusiya zikalatazo kwa munthu wamkulu wokhoza panyumba kapena malo a bizinesi a woimbidwa mlandu, kutsatiridwa ndi kutumiza kope.
  • Kuvomereza ndi makalata: Ololedwa m'zigawo zina pansi pa malamulo otsimikizirika, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuvomereza lisiti.
  • Kuthandiza ndi chofalitsidwa: kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chothetsera chomalizira pamene malo a woimbidwa mlandu sadziŵika, kaŵirikaŵiri m’mabanja kapena m'mikango ya katundu.

Masiteji a nthaŵi ya ntchito amasiyanasiyana. Pansi pa Federal Pages of Civil Procedire, wofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi masiku 90 kuchokera ku kulembetsa kutumikira woimbidwa mlandu. Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungatulukepo popanda tsankho, kutanthauza kuti wansembeyo angabwezeretse zinthu zina koma angawononge ndalama zowonjezereka ndi kuchedwa. Mayiko ena amakhazikitsa malire achidule.

Pamilandu yovuta yokhudza oimbidwa mlandu m'kampani kapena magulu ambiri, utumiki ungalamuliridwe ndi malamulo apadera, monga ngati aja opezeka mu American Bar Association's kutsogolera ntchito.

Chipilala 3: Zimene Mteteziyo Anachita

Atapatsidwa moyenerera, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kulemba yankho mkati mwa nthaŵi yokhwima ya mlingo wa masiku 21 pambuyo pa utumiki pansi pa malamulo a boma, ngakhale kuti masiku a boma ali kuchokera pa 20 kufikira 30. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi zosankha zingapo:

  • Yankho: Ndi yankho lalamulo lovomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chilichonse m’kudandaula. Yankholo lingadzutsenso chitetezo (m, lamulo la kulephera, kulephera, kapena kunyalanyaza).
  • Kuchotsa: [[FLT :1] Kudziŵikanso monga [[FLT :2] Kusuntha 12 (b) [') kuyendayenda , ichi chikupempha khoti kuchotsa mlandu wa zophophonya za lamulo zonga ngati kusoŵa ulamuliro, malo osayenerera, kapena kulephera kukhazikitsa chinenezo chimene chingaperekedwe. Ngati kachitidweko kakanidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kukonza yankho mofulumira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Commoreerclaim : Woimbidwa mlandu anganene motsutsana ndi wopereka mlandu wochokera ku malonda amodzimodzi kapena zochitika. M’zochitika zina, ma denticlaim ali ofunikira / ngati sanalezere, angabwezedwe.
  • Cross-claim kapena Gawo lachitatu : Maphwando ambiri akaphatikizidwa, oimbidwa mlandu angabweretse zinenezo zotsutsana ndi oimba kapena kugwirizana ndi magawo atsopano (mtsogoleri).

Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alephera kuyankha, woweruza angafune chiweruzo chachisawawa . Komabe, makhoti ambiri amakonda kugamula milandu pabwino, chotero ziweruzo zosalungama kaŵirikaŵiri zimaikidwa pambali pa kusonyezedwa kwa chochititsa chabwino.

Chipilala 4: Chidutswa Chopezedwa

Kufufuza ndi mbali yaikulu kwambiri ndiponso yothandiza kuti pakhale nthawi yokwanira yokambirana. Kumathandiza anthu aŵiri onsewo kupeza umboni ndi chidziŵitso kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake komanso kwa mbali zitatu, kutsimikizira kuti palibe zimene zingadabwitse pozenga mlandu. Kuchuluka kwa zimene atulukira n’kochuluka: anthu angapeze nkhani iliyonse yosafunika imene ikugwirizana ndi zimene gulu lililonse likufuna kapena kuteteza komanso mogwirizana ndi zimene likufuna.

Ziŵiya zotulukira za common zimaphatikizapo:[[FL:1]

  • Kudziwitsa: [[FL:1] mafunso olembedwa, olekezera kwa 25 (kuphatikizapo mbali zazing'ono), amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro m’masiku 30.
  • Mapangano a Zotulukapo: Zofunidwa kaamba ka zikalata, chidziŵitso chosungidwa pakompyuta (ESI), kapena zinthu zowoneka. ESI tsopano ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri, yolamulidwa ndi malamulo osungitsa ndi kapangidwe.
  • Mayeso: Kufufuza kwa Mawu kwa zipani kapena mboni zochitidwa pansi pa lumbiro, ndi mtolankhani wa khoti. Malamulo angakhalitse kufikira maola asanu ndi aŵiri pa munthu mmodzi ndipo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsekera umboni kapena kutsimikizira kudalirika.
  • Mafuno kaamba ka Kuzenga: amafunsa wotsutsanayo kuvomereza kapena kukana nsonga zenizeni zokhala pansi pa lumbiro. Kuloledwa kungapose nkhani zopotoza mlandu.
  • Subpoenas : Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kukakamiza makampani osapanga mapepala kupanga zikalata kapena kuwonekera kaamba ka zoikizira.

Kufufuza kumaphatikizaponso kuvumbula kokakamiza, kumene mamembala amasinthanitsa mwadala chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri chonena za mboni, zikalata, ndi zowonongeka popanda kuyembekezera mapempho alamulo. Lamulo la Chigawo 26 [1] limandandal' zofunika zimenezi.

Ziganizo za kutulukira n’zofala. Makhoti angapereke malamulo oteteza kuti achepetse ukulu kapena kukhazikitsa zilolezo za kuchotsapo (kuwonongeka) umboni. M'maumboni ovuta, mapulani odziwiratu kaŵirikaŵiri amapangidwa mkati mwa msonkhano wa komiti ya milandu.

Chithunzi 5: Kuyenda ndi Kukhazikika Kwapatsogolo

Pambuyo pa kuzengedwa mlandu, aliyense angalembe mchitidwe wa za mayeso kuthetsa mlanduwo kapena kuchepetsa nkhani. Chofunika kwambiri ndicho kuvomereza chiweruzo chachidule [ (RULE 56). Khoti limavomereza kuchititsa zimenezi ngati palibe mkangano weniweni wa mfundo iliyonse ya zinthu zakuthupi ndipo mbali yoyendayo ili ndi ufulu wa kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Ngati nkhaniyo yapambana, imatha popanda kuzenga mlandu.

[[ML:0] Michitidwe ina yofala ya m'maseŵero asanafike:

  • Motion mu Limine: imafunafuna kuchotsa kapena kuvomereza umboni wakutiwakuti asanaimbidwe mlandu, kuchinjiriza tsankhu kapena kutaya nthaŵi.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: imajambulidwa pamene mbali ina yalephera kuyankha mokwanira ku zopempha zopezedwa.
  • Chigamulo cha Chiweruzo pa Gawo la Kutsogolera: chozikidwa pa dandaulo ndi yankho, popanda kupenda umboni wa kunja.

Chofanana ndi njira ya kukhalira ndi anthu ndi yofunika kwambiri. Nkhani zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni . "zofunika kwambiri ." "kupatulapo 95%" asanazengedwe mlandu. Kukhazikika kukhoza kuchitika panthaŵi iliyonse, kaŵiri kukhale kosavuta ndi misonkhano ya a nyuzi kapena ya makomiti. Parties zimayesa mtengo, nthaŵi, kusatsimikizirika, ndi kusokonezeka maganizo kwa kuzenga mlandu woperekedwa. Mapanganowo ndi pangano logwirizana ndipo angaphatikizepo zikalata, kutulutsa zikalata, ndi kulipira kwa mayezo. Makhoti amalimbikitsa kusungitsa ndalama za komiti ya komiti.

Chigawo 6: Kuzenga Mlandu

Ngati mlanduwo ukhalabe ndi zigamulo za m'maseŵero asanayambe ndipo sutha kutha, umayendera. Mayeso angakhale ziyeso zachikale (ogamulidwa ndi woweruza) kapena kulakwa kwa mayeso [1]. Malamulo amatsimikizira kuti kuyenera kuzengedwa mlandu kwa ajuli m’nkhani zophatikizapo $20, ngakhale kuti mayiko ambiri amakhazikitsa mipata yapamwamba. Gulu la a ajuli liyenera kulipira malipiro ndi kutumiza zinthu zapanthaŵi yake.

Kutsatirana kwa mayeso:

  • Chosankha cha Jury , kumene maloya amafunsa okhoza kugamula za tsankhu.
  • Mawu otseguka: [[FLT :1] Mbali iliyonse imapereka mapu a misewu ya umboni umene akufuna kuyambitsa. Mawu ameneŵa sali umboni koma ndi chithunzithunzi.
  • Plaintiff’s post: mboni zachipwitiki, zopereka, ndi kudziŵikitsa. Woimbidwayo angawolokere ku ma arexamine.
  • Nkhani-mogule : Woimbidwa mlandu akupereka umboni wake ndi mboni, zokhoza kupendedwa ndi woyang'anira.
  • [[MLT:0] Kutsutsa ndi fungo: mbali iliyonse ikhoza kupereka umboni wowonjezereka wotsutsa nkhani ya winayo.
  • Zigomeko zofotokoza: Attorney imafupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa mmene lamulolo liyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito.
  • Malangizo omveka: Woweruza akufotokoza lamulo limene ajuli ayenera kutsatira pamene asankha.
  • Kulingalira ndi chigamulo: Oweruza mwachinsinsi ndi kubwezera chigamulo. M'khamu lapampando, woweruza amatsutsa zopezedwa za zenizeni ndi zigamulo za lamulo.

Kuzenga mlanduko kungatenge nthaŵi kuchokera pa tsiku limodzi mpaka miyezi ingapo, kudalira pa kucholoŵana. Malamulo a umboni, monga Federal Ul Rul of Umboni, amalamulira zimene zingaperekedwe. Zitsulo (m’chitsanzo, mphekesera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito) zimapangidwa panthaŵi yeniyeni, ndipo woweruza amakhazikitsa malamulo mwamsanga. Kuyesa kogwira mtima kumafuna chidziŵitso chalamulo ndi maluso okopa apamwamba aŵiri.

Chithunzi 7: Kuyenda ndi Kukopa Kotsatira

Pambuyo pa chigamulo, chipani chotayika chingafune kugwetsa kapena kusintha zotsatirapo zake mwa kutsata za m'mabwalo a milandu. Izi ziyenera kuikidwa m'windo wachidule [1] kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 28 pansi pa malamulo a boma. Zotsatira zake zimaphatikizapo:

  • Chigamulo cha mlandu Watsopano: chimasonyeza zolakwa za lamulo, kusamvera, kapena kuti chigamulo nchotsutsana ndi kulemera kwa umboni.
  • Kugamula mlandu monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo (JOL) kapena Chiweruzo Mosasamala kanthu za Chilango: Ague kuti palibe juli yomveka imene ikanafikira chigamulo chozikidwa pa umboni woperekedwa.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ngati alephera kuweruza milandu pambuyo pa milandu, chipanicho chingafufuze ku khoti lapamwamba (kaŵirikaŵiri khoti la apilo kapena khoti la United States la zifunsiro za milandu ya boma). Mayeso sabwerenso; khoti logamula mlandu lipenda zolakwika za milandu, zonga malangizo olakwika a khoti la ajuli, zolakwika zotsimikizira zigamulo, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa. Mafaelo okopa a gulu la milandu sanenapo za chifukwa chake khoti lamilandu linalakwa, ndi kuyankha kwachidule. Kapena kuyankha kwa mafalensi, pambuyo pa nkhani zolembedwa. Malingalirowo angavomerezenso, kapena kutsutsa mlanduwo.

Njira ya kukambirana ingatenge miyezi yambiri kapena ngakhale zaka. M’nkhani zachilendo, Khoti Lalikulu la United States lingapereke cortari [1] kuyankha funso la lamulo lofunika kwambiri, koma limeneli ndilo chosankha ndipo likhoza kuperekedwa pafupifupi 1% ya mapempho.

Kulimbana Kosiyana Kothetsa Vuto (ADR)

Si mikangano yonse yachiŵeniŵeni imene iyenera kutsatira njira yonse. Alternative Dispute Resolution imapereka njira zabwino ndi zosatsalira. Mafomu awiri aakulu ndi:

  • Kugwirizana: Chigawo chachitatu chosaloŵerera chimatheketsa kukambitsirana pakati pa mamembalawo kufika ku malo odzifunira. Kuvomereza sikumagwirizanitsa pokhapokha ngati pangano lasainidwa. Makhoti ambiri amafuna chisankho chimodzi asanazenge mlandu.
  • Kugwirizanitsa: Woyang'anira wakumva umboni ndi kumasulira chigamulo (kapena chosagwirizanitsa). Kusintha nkofala m'mapangano a malonda, mapangano a ntchito, ndi mikangano ya ogula. Bungwe la Federal Arbitration Act limalamulira kusungitsa mapangano ogwirizanitsa.

ADR ingasungitse ndalama ndi kusunga maunansi, koma ili ndi malonda ochepera: kutulukira kochepa, kusakhala ndi kuyenera kwa oweruza, ndi kupenda kochepa. Madanga kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha ADR modzifunira kapena kukakamizidwa ndi pangano kapena lamulo la khoti. U.S. khoti la ADR [FL:1] limapereka ndandanda ya programu.

Kumaliza: Ubwino Wosatha Womvetsa Ulendowo

Kuchokera pa kukhazikitsa chidandaulo choyamba kufika pa chigamulo chomaliza, ulendo wa mlandu wa anthu ndi njira yolinganizika koma yamphamvu yolinganizidwira kulinganiza chilungamo, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi kutha kuweruza. Chigawo chilichonse . / Kuchonderera kwalamulo, kutulukira zinthu zambiri, kukonza zinthu zambiri, kapena kuzenga mlandu. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense wogwirizana ndi malamulo, amapanga maziko a kuzindikira mmene ufulu walamulo umagwirira ntchito ndi mmene kutsutsana kungathetsedwere m'chitaganya cha democracy. Pamene kuli kwakuti njirayo imaoneka kukhala yovuta, imaikidwa m'zaka mazana ambiri ya malamulo ndi kuyang'anira zinthu za lamulo. Kutetezera magulu onse. Mambuye ameneŵa amalangiza anthu kuti ayendetse ndi kuyang’anira ndi kulimba mtima.