Malamulo a United States si malamulo okha; ndi dongosolo la moyo limene limalinganiza malamulo amaziko ndi zolinga zogwirizana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Pakati pa zolinga zake zopindulitsa, kufanana ndi chilungamo cha anthu zimaima monga mizati iŵiri, iliyonse ikudziŵitsa ndi kulimbikitsa inayo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kufanana kumaimira kutetezera kwalamulo kwa lamulo kwa tsankho, chilungamo chamakhalidwe chimawonjezera kulinganiza ndi kutsimikizira kugawidwa kwabwino kwa chuma ndi mipata. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula kugwirizana kocholoŵana pakati pa malingaliro ameneŵa monga oikidwa m’Malamulo, kutsata kuyambika kwa mbiri, kutsutsa, ndi kumasulira kwamakono.

Kulingana Monga Lamulo la Malamulo

Kulingana sikumatchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo oyambirira a 1787. Kwenikweni, malemba oyambirira anavomereza ukapolo ndi kugonjera kwa akazi. Mawu akuti “kulingana” samawonekera kulikonse m'Nkhani kapena m'buku loyambirira la Malamulo Oyenerera. Mmalomwake, lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino linatulukira mwa kusintha ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo, ndipo pang’onopang'ono kusintha Konsichushoniyo kukhala malamulo a ufulu wolingana.

Maziko Ololera Molakwa Ndiponso Njira Yopezera Chipumitso

Malamulo oyambirira anali ndi makonzedwe angapo amene anasunga kusalingana: Opatuka atatu-itatu anaŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala atatu mwa atatu a munthu waufulu kaamba ka kuimira ndi msonkho; Kapolo wa Chiogidi Claus anafuna kubwerera kwa anthu opulumuka mu ukapolo; ndipo Electoral College ndi nyumba ya Camptery inaipitsa mphamvu ya kusanthula maufumu osachuluka kwambiri koma inawonjezeranso maufumu a fuko ndi akazi. Inachita nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi mpambo wa masinthidwe a anthu kuyambitsa kuchotsa nyumba zimenezi.

  • Lamphu la 13 (1865): Ukapolo ndi ukapolo waufulu, kusiyapo chilango cha mlandu. Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa ukapolo wa pa Intaneti kutha koma kumangotsala malo a madongosolo a kutsekera anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana amene akupitirizabe lerolino.
  • Demendment ya 14th (1868): Its Protection Claus inakhala chiŵiya chachikulu cha malamulo chopezera tsankho. Kusinthanso kulongosola unzika, kutsimikizira, ndi kuletsa kukana munthu aliyense “chitetezero chofanana cha malamulo.”
  • Lamphunu (1870): Kukana ufulu wosankha pakati pa mafuko. Komabe kulephera konga misonkho yofunsira, mayeso a kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, ndi njira zowopsya zochotsera kotheratu Aafirika kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi.
  • la 19th Amendment (1920): Akazi amanyozedwa ndi akazi, ngakhale kuti akazi ambiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana anali kuyang’anizanabe ndi ziletso zogwirizana ndi fuko kufikira pa Chikalata cha Kuvota Koyenera kwa Ufulu wa mu 1965.
  • Lamphindi la 24t Demendment (1964): msonkho wovomerezeka wa kusanthula m'masankho a boma, kuchotsa chopinga chandalama chimene chinayambukira mokulira Oda ndi osalandira ndalama zambiri.

Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kuikiridwa kwa lamulo kwa kulingana komwe sikunali kwa nthaŵi yomweyo kapena kotheratu. Iliyonse inaimira chipambano chovuta pa dongosolo lozikika la kutsendereza, ndipo iriyonse yofunikira madongosolo okhazikika a kakhalidwe kuti akwaniritsidwe.

Mitundu ya Kulingana m’Chilamulo cha Malamulo

Akatswiri a zamalamulo amasiyanitsa pakati pa kulingana kwachikhalidwe kwa munthu ndi kuchitiridwa mofananamo ndi munthu mmodzi, amene amavomereza kuti kulephera kwa m’mbiri kungafunikire kuchitiridwa mosiyanasiyana kuti mupeze chilungamo chenicheni. Buku la Exmetic Protection Claus latembenuzidwa kuti ligwirizane ndi zonse ziŵiri, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limatsatira ndandanda ya kufufuza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Scrity Scrutiny: [[FLT :1] Malamulo opatula ozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, kapena ufulu waukulu. Boma liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kuti lamulo lakonzedwa bwino. Muyezo umenewu unatuluka m’zochitika zonga Koritatsu v. United States (1944)) ndipo unayengedwa mu [[FT: 4.] Adardatorrs v. Peña. (195]
  • [[FLT: 0] Scrutiny : Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku masankho a mwamuna ndi alamulo. Boma liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chofunika ndi kuti lamulo nlogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikondwerero chimenecho. Craig . Boren [1] likhazikitsa kuyesa kumeneku.
  • [[FLT: 0] Rasal Basis Review: [[FT:1] Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa masankho ena ambiri a zachuma ndi a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Lamulo lifunikira kokha kukhala logwirizana ndi chivomerezo chalamulo cha boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri muyezo wotsika umenewu umachirikiza malamulo amene mokulira amakhudza magulu a anthu otsika pokhapo ngati iwo alimbana ndi “gulu la a asochente.”

Njira yotsatizana imeneyi imasonyeza mmene Lamulo Lolamulira limaonera kulingana osati monga lamulo limodzi lokha, koma monga lamulo losinthasintha limene limasintha malinga ndi ukulu wa tsankho limene lilipo.

Chilungamo cha Makhalidwe A anthu Chokhala ndi Malingaliro Oyenera

Chilungamo cha kakhalidwe ka anthu, ngakhale kuti si liwu lopezeka m'Malamulo enieniwo, lakhala lomasulira mmene ochirikiza ndi oweruza ambiri amamvetsetsa zolinga zazikulu za chikalatacho. Chiweruzo chamakhalidwe amafuna osati kokha kusoŵa kwa tsankho lamwambo komanso kukhalapo kwa mikhalidwe yosakondera ya maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, nyumba, ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma.

Maziko a Chiphunzitso

Chilungamo chamakono chimakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya wanthanthi wandale John Rawls. Mu [FLT: 0] Chiphunzitso cha Chilungamo (1971], Rawls adatsutsa kuti chitaganya chachilungamo ndicho chimodzi chimene chimasunga ufulu waukulu wa anthu onse ndipo amalinganiza kusalingana kwa mayanjano ndi zachuma kuti apindule ndi phindu locheperapo. “kusiyana kwa lamulo lachilamulo kuti kulingana kwa lamulo nthaŵi zina kuyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi kuvomereza. Pamene kuli kwakuti Wawreds iyemwini sanalembe malamulo alamulo mokulira, malingaliro ake asonkhezera mmene akatswiri akumasulira kutetezera kwa ezachuma ndi udindo wa boma.

Afilosofi ena, monga Martha Nussbaum ndi Amartya Sen, ayambitsa “njira zauchigaŵenga,” zimene zimatsimikizira chilungamo ndi zimene anthu amatha kuchita ndi kukhala. M'mawu alamulo, mbali imeneyi imafunsa ngati boma limatsimikizira kuti nzika zonse zili ndi mphamvu ya kukhala ndi phande mokwanira m'moyo wa ndale zadziko, wa chitaganya, ndi wa zachuma. Lingaliro limeneli lakhala likuphatikizidwa m'kutsutsana pa ndalama za maphunziro a anthu, kulowa m'malo a mapepala, ndi kusamala zaumoyo.

Chilungamo cha Mayanjano ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Malongosoledwe a njira zomasulira mmene chilungamo chamayanjano chimaloŵera m'lamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo. Olemba za m'malemba amanena kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo linakhazikitsidwa panthaŵi ya kugwedezeka ndi kuti oweruza sayenera kuloŵetsamo malingaliro amakono a chilungamo cha anthu. Otsatira malamulo a malamulo a dziko amatsutsa kuti mawu aakulu a chikalatacho monga “chitetezero cholingana” ndi“ njira yapanthaŵi yake” . Nzoyenera kuyambika kuti zikumane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano. Kulimbana pakati pa njirazi kuli pa maziko a malamulo ambiri apadera.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inagwetsa chiphunzitso cha Pnebsy v. Ferguson (1896). Khotilo linagamula kuti kusankhana kwa mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse kunali kosalingana mwachibadwa, ngakhale ngati malo anali ofanana. Chilungamo chachikulu cha Warren analemba kuti maphunziro “ndiye ayenera kuperekedwa kwa onse pa mfundo zofanana, [1] kuzindikira kuvulaza kwa kusamukira ana ochepa.
  • M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, chigamulo chinaikidwa mu [[FLT :1]. [1973] Chinathandiza mkazi kusankha mu Clause Procession of the 1450th Amendment, kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kubala monga maziko a kufanana. Chosankhacho chinaikidwa pa chilamuliro mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], kubwezera funsolo kuti linene ndi kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu wa zitetezero za malamulo za thupi.
  • [[FLT : 0] Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015) adakhulupirira kuti okwatirana a kugonana kumodzimodziwo ali ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira mu Dongosolo la Makonzedwe ndi Chitetezo cha Apuloteni. Lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy linagogomezera kuti ukwati “ndiwo maziko a dongosolo lathu la kakhalidwe ka anthu" ndi kuti kuchotsa okwatirana amodzimodziwo kululuza ulemu wawo ndi ufulu.

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene kumasulira kochitidwa mwalamulo kungachitire chilungamo chamayanjano mwa kuzindikira miyezo yosintha ulemu ndi kufanana.

Mavuto Opitirizabe pa Chilungamo cha Anthu

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma akupereka zitsimikizo, kusiyana kwa malo ndi malo ena kudakali m’dziko la America.

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Kuyenera kwa kuvota kuli kozikidwa pa demokalase ndi chilungamo cha anthu. Pambuyo pa kudutsa kwa Chikalata cha Kuvotera za Ufulu wa Anthu mu 1965, kulembetsa ndi kubwerera pakati pa anthu ochepa kunawonjezereka kwambiri. Komabe, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [[FLT: 0] Shelby County v. Hamer [2013]) anagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a Malamulo ofunika a malamulo ena okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze malamulo a kusanthula kwa boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota. M'patutsa malamulo a Shelby County , maiko ambiri opanga ovota ovomerezetsa, otsekera, otsendeka, ndi otsendeka, otsekera, ndi otsekera m'malo ang'onoang'ono m’malo ameneŵa. Kutsatira kwa lamulo lachivoti, ndi kutsutsa milandu yogwirizana ndi kuweruza, nkhani zambiri, kuwonjezera, kutsutsa milandu ya mitundu ina.

Chilungamo Chaupandu Chisintha

United States imachepetsa anthu ambiri pa munthu mmodzi kuposa dziko lina la demokrase. Kusiyana kwa mafuko m’kumangidwa, kuvomerezedwa, ndi kugamulidwa nkoipa: Akuda a ku America amaikidwa pafupifupi kuŵirikiza kasanu chiŵerengero cha Azungu. Kuchotsapo kwa Hathmerment kwa “ukapolo waufulu" monga chilango cha upandu wa ntchito zandende zagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa dongosolo la ntchito limene otsutsa ena amatcha mtundu wamakono wa ukapolo. Madongosolo a Bail amene amaletsa anthu kulephera kulipira, malamulo atatu aukali amene amalamula chilango cha moyo wa milandu yopanda chiwawa, ndipo nkhondo pa mankhwala onse yathandizira kulandidwa kwa anthu. Oweruza milandu yamakhalidwe akutsutsa kuti pangano la malamulo a boma limafuna kuti atetezedwe molingana, kuphatikizapo kukonzanso milandu ina, kukonzanso kukonzanso anthu ena.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Kupeza Chilungamo

Malamulo salonjeza kuti ali ndi ufulu wokwanira wopereka ndalama zothandizira ana a sukulu ([FLT: 0] . Rodriguez [1] [2] District , 1973], ndipo silikulamula kuti pakhale kuperekedwa kwa ndalama zofanana ndi za sukulu za boma ([FLT:] . .S.S.S.Igamulo limeneli limasiya mipata yaikulu m'mabungwe a chilungamo. Ochirikiza mfundo za ufulu wa anthu, kapena kukhazikitsa kupatsidwa uphungu m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeniŵeni, ([[FLT:]] Laster v. Department of Social Services .[Flct:3], 1981.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusamalira: Afford Care Act inapulumuka zitokoso za lamulo, koma mamiliyoni makumi ambiri adakali osatsutsika. Mitundu ndi mafuko aang'ono amavutika ndi thanzi loipa pamlingo uliwonse, kusiyana kochititsidwa ndi kusagwirizana kwa dongosolo la zinthu m’kupeza, kuchiritsa, ndi mikhalidwe ya malo okhala.
  • Kuphunzitsa: Kugaŵana pakati pa madera a sukulu olemera ndi osauka kulimbikitsa kusalingana. Makhoti ena aakulu awononga dongosolo la zamaphunziro pansi pa boma lakutetezera kofanana, koma Constitution imapereka njira zothetsera.
  • Kusankhana nyumba kukupitirizabe ngakhale kuti pali lamulo la Fair House Act . Redlining, kuchotsa, ndi kuwonjezera zonse zili ndi malamulo alamulo, popeza kuti zimakhudza kukhoza kwa magulu a anthu opatulidwa kukhala m’midzi yokhala ndi chuma chokwanira.

Tsogolo la Chilungamo cha Anthu Olingana ndi Anzawo m’Chilamulo cha Malamulo

Pambuyo pake, anthu adzayamba kukambirana za malamulo a boma, malamulo, ndiponso mabungwe a anthu.

Kukhulupirira Ulemu Kutsutsana ndi Malamulo Ochirikiza Moyo

Khoti Lapamwamba lapanthaŵiyo liri ndi anthu 6763 osasintha, ambiri a amene amavomereza kuyambika kwa mawu kapena kulembedwa kwa mawu. M'nkhani zophatikizapo kuvomereza, ufulu wovota, ndi kutaya mimba, Bwalo Lamilandu lasintha zizoloŵezi zimene zinadalira pa kumvetsetsa kosi kochuluka kwa kulingana ndi chilungamo cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, N’zolakwika za Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [[FLLT:1] [2023])) Lina kuleka kuvomereza m'pansi kwa mafuko m’malo ovomereza, lija la kutsendereza maprogramukulu a Claus Claus. Ambiri anatsutsa kuti malamulo a malamulo amakhalidwe ochirikiza kukondera. Panthaŵiyi, nkhani za LTBQ+ zoyesa ufulu wachipembedzo kuyesa kulingana ndi kukwaniritsa kulingana kwa malamulo oweruza.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Chiweruzo Cholungama

Pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba la boma likuchepetsa zitetezero zina za lamulo, malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kukhala malo ochitira chilungamo cha mayanjano. Malamulo ambiri a boma ali ndi zitsimikizo zenizeni za ufulu wolingana, maphunziro, kapena ubwino umene uli wokulirapo kuposa malamulo a boma. Oyang'anira apita ku makhoti a boma kuti ateteze ufulu wosankha, ufulu wa kubala, ndi LGBTQ+ zoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la Pennsylvania lakhala ndi mfundo yakuti boma limatetezera kuchotsa mimba. Mofananamo, khoti la Washington linalamula kuti lamulo lotetezera la boma lifunikire kuperekedwa kwa sukulu mosakondera. Mkhalidwe umenewu umasonyeza kuti mtsogolo mwa kulingana ndi chilungamo ndi chilungamo ndi chilungamo cha anthu angakhale oyenera, mwa kupereka chiwonetso chimodzi cha boma, ndi chiwonetso chapadera cha boma.

Ntchito ya Uphunzitsi ndi Maphunziro

Malamulo sasintha m'makhoti okha. Mabungwe a kakhalidwe a anthu . "kuyambira pa bungwe la Civil Rights Movement to Black Lives Confect mpaka mpaka nkhondo ya kulingana kwa ukwati" asintha kamvedwe ka anthu ndi makhoti okakamiza kuti achitepo kanthu. Maphunziro okhudza malamulo a malamulo ndi mbiri ya chilungamo cha anthu n’ngofunika kwambiri kuti athandize zigamulo zimenezi. Curicula amene amaphunzitsa za kukhazikitsa Konsonsonso malamulo, ndi kumenyera ufulu wa anthu kuti agwirizane ndi anthu.

  • [[FLT :0] Programu zophunzitsa: Mabungwe onga a Ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Komiti ya Ufulu wa Anthu [ ndi Project ] imapereka ziŵiya zothandizira kuphunzira za lamulo la malamulo ndi ziyambukiro zake za mayanjano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Magulu a Chigamulo cha Umphaŵi: onga [[FT:2] Chikhululukiro cha Chiŵeniŵeni cha Americana [Union ndi Malo a Umphaŵi a Kum’mwera] Center yogwirizana ndi njira zotetezera malamulo otetezera madera otsika.
  • Chipangano cha Chigwirizano: Kutengamo mbali m'boma lakumaloko, kuvota pa masankho alionse, ndi kutumikira pa mabungwe a kugamula ndizo njira zimene anthu angapititse patsogolo chilungamo cha mayanjano m’chiyeneretso cha malamulo.

Pomalizira pake, kugwirizana pakati pa kulingana ndi chilungamo cha anthu mu Malamulo ndiko nkhani ya kulakalaka ndi kulimbana. Chikalatacho chiri ndi mbewu za ufulu ndi kutsendereza. Kumasulira kwake kwakula ndi kuyambitsa kwa nthaŵi, kumasonyeza mikangano ya ndale zadziko ndi ya makhalidwe ya nyengo iliyonse. Kumvetsetsa mbiri imeneyo . Ndi kukhala ndi mikangano yopitirizabe ya chitaganya cha munthu aliyense wodzipereka ku kukwaniritsadi lonjezo la chilungamo kwa onse.