Kutsutsana pa mmene oweruza amamasulira Malamulo akhala nkhani yaikulu m'nkhani yalamulo ya ku America. Malingaliro aŵiri otchuka m'makani ameneŵa ndi kuyambirira ndi kusaloŵerera m'zandale kwa lamulo [. Kumvetsa unansi wawo kumathandiza kukonza mikangano yosatha m’kumasulira kwa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mafilosofi onse aŵiri amafuna kuletsa nzeru zachiweruzo ndi kutsimikizira zosankha zotsatidwa palamulo osati pazokonda zawo, kukambitsirana kwawo sikuli kopepuka kapena kosalekeza. Nkhaniyi imapenda maziko a chiphunzitso choyambirira cha kusaloŵerera m’ndale, ndi kupenda mikangano imene imabuka pamene mbiri yakale ikuyang'anizana ndi cholinga cha chiweruzo chopanda tsankho.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Kuyamba ndi mfundo zachiyambi ndi mfundo zogwirizana ndi kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo. Pa maziko ake, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanena kuti tanthauzo la malemba alamulo linakhazikitsidwa panthaŵi ya kupekedwa kwake. Tanthauzo lotsimikizirika limeneli nlodalirika ndipo liyenera kukakamiza oweruza lerolino. Filosofi inawonekera kwambiri chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri monga chivomerezo ku kachitidwe kolingaliridwa ka Warren Court ndi zosankha zazikulu za Roe v. Wade nyengo.

Pali kusiyanasiyana kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira, koma ziŵiri zotchuka kwambiri ndizo cholinga choyamba ndi [FLT] yoyambirira kutanthauza kwa anthu . Cholinga choyambirira chimafuna kudziŵa zimene olembawo anakhulupirira kuti ndi malamulo. Kumasulira kumeneku kunachirikizidwa ndi ziŵerengero ngati Attorney General Edwin Meese ndi, m’mawonekedwe ooneka bwino, ndi Woweruza Robert Bork . Kusiyanitsa ndi, anafunsa kuti munthu wolingalira panthaŵi ya ratiation akanatha kumvetsa mawuwo. Kutembenuzidwa kumeneku kunadziŵika kwambiri ndi Justice Anton Scial ndipo kwakhala kotchuka pakati pa anthu oyambirira, kuphatikizapo Zeneficial ndi maja ambiri, kuphatikizapo Zenessance ndi Zeneficial.

Ochirikiza Oyambirira ndi Mikangano Yawo

Jasitisi Scalia anatsutsa kuti kuyambirira kuli njira yokha yovomerezeka yomasulira chifukwa imakhudza ntchito ya demokrase. Mwakumamatira ku tanthauzo loyamba, oweruza amapeŵa kukhazikitsa mapindu awo ndipo mmalo mwake amakakamiza zosankha zochitidwa ndi anthu kupyolera mwa oimira awo osankhidwa ndi misonkhano yothandizira. M’buku lake Matter of Postry , Scalia analemba kuti Chiphunzitso choyambirira “ndicho chinthu chokha chimene chimatetezera Konsichulidwa kukhala cholembedwa chamoyo ku zifunsi za mbadwo uliwonse.

Woweruza Robert Bork, mu Kuwombola kwa America [[FLT: 1], kunapanga mlandu wofanana, kutsutsa kuti njira iliyonse yosakhala ya chiyambi imachititsa oweruza kuima pa ben. Lingaliro la Bork la uchete linali lokhwima: woweruza ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso choyambirira mosasamala kanthu za kugwirizana kapena kusagwirizana ndi zotsatira. [FLT:] Kuŵerenga kupenda ntchito yosonkhezera Bork.

Kukula kwa Kuyamba Kulembedwa m’Makhoti

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinachoka ku chiphunzitso cha maphunziro kupita ku kachitidwe kachiweruzo mkati mwa ulamuliro wa Reagan. Kuikidwa kwa Scalia ku Khoti Lapamwamba mu 1986, kutsatiridwa ndi Thomas mu 1991, kunapatsa mawu okhazikika pa benchi yapamwamba. M’zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, kukambitsirana kwa chiyambi kwawonekera m'nkhani zosintha zinthu, kuphatikizapo Divertical of Columbia v. Hella [FLD] [2001] [2008], kumene Khoti linadalira pa tanthauzo lapoyera la Lamulo lachiŵiri la kuvomereza kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense kunyamula zida. Posachedwapa, New York State Rhifle & Polct:] v. Bruten [FLT] [2] [200] [20]

Ufulu wa Uchete wa Chiweruzo

Uchete wachiweruzo ndi lamulo lalikulu limene limakhudza kuyambirira kwa lamulo lakuti oweruza ayenera kugamula milandu yozikidwa pa uchete, miyezo yalamulo yokhazikitsidwa mmalo mwa ndale zadziko, makhalidwe, kapena chifundo kaamba ka chipani.

Kukhazikitsa kwa kukana kwa lamulo kwachiweruzo kokhudzana ndi lamulo kunachokera kwa Profesa Herbert Wechsler m’nkhani yake ya 1959 yakuti “Kutsutsa Mfundo za Pansi pa Malamulo. [1] Wechsler anatsutsa kuti Khoti Lalikulu liyenera kukhazikitsa zigamulo zake mu “malamulo auchete” amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito moona mtima pa milandu yonse yofananayo, ngakhale pamene zotsatira zake sizikudziŵika ndi ndale. Iye anatsutsa zosankha zonga Brown v. Board of Education [FLT[FF:1] chifukwa cholephera kufotokoza mfundo za makhalidwe ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti iye pomalizira pake anachirikiza zotsatira zake. Nkhani ya Treler inayambitsa mkangano wa zimene zimatanthauza kuti woweruza akhale wosatenga mbali.

Uchete Monga Mlandu pa Chifuniro cha Chiŵeruzo

Kwa ambiri ochirikiza uchete, kwakukulukulu ndi chitsenderezo. Kumafuna oweruza kulekanitsa malingaliro awo aumwini ndi lamulo. Mfundo imeneyi imaphatikizidwa m'lumbiro lachiweruzo, m'chiyeneretso cha kukondera, ndi m'mwambo wa malingaliro olembedwa omwe amalungamitsa zotulukapo mwa kutchula ulamuliro walamulo. Uchete sumatanthauza kuti lamulo lenilenilo silitenga mbali m’zandale.

Sukulu ya zamalamulo yogwirizana ndi Henry Hart ndi Albert Sacks, inagogomezera kuti lamulo ndi ntchito yosatsa malonda ndi kuti oweruza ayenera kulingalira mogwirizana ndi lamulo. Anatsutsa kuti upo wachiweruzo wosaloŵerera nchofunika kuti anthu adalire m’makhoti. Pamene oweruza aonedwa monga opanga mafilimu osunga ufulu, kuyenera kwa dongosolo lonse la malamulo kumawononga. Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za sukulu ya malamulo pa Harvard Law Today.

Kulinganiza kwa Malamulo Pakati pa Kuyamba ndi Uchete Wachiweruzo

Kuyang'ana koyamba, kulimba kwa m'malamulo ndi kusaloŵerera m’zandale kumawoneka kukhala kogwirizana. Oweruza onse aŵiri amaumirira kuti oweruza sayenera kukhazikitsa makhalidwe awo. Chiphunzitso cha kusinkhuka chimanena kuti chimapereka njira yomasulira ndi cholinga ya ("chimene chimaikira malire a chiweruzo. Ngati ntchito ya woweruzayo ili kungozindikira zimene malamulo anena pamene avomerezedwa, ndiye kuti makhalidwe aumwini sachita mbali. Izi ndi zimene Scalia ananena: “Woweruza amene amakonda zotsatira zake nthaŵi zonse ndi woweruza woipa.

Okhulupirira Chiyambi cha Chikhristu kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula njira yawo monga njira yokha yopezera uchete. Kufikira kwa anthu osaphunzira, amatsutsa, kupempha oweruza kuti aone Malamulo monga chikalata chopanda kanthu. Wolemba malamulo wamoyo, m'chiyambi cha kutembenuza, sangakhale wosatenga mbali chifukwa njirayo imadalira pa malingaliro a woweruza ponena za chimene chili chofunika kuti “zabwino” kulamulira kapena“ zosintha". Kusintha kwa makhalidwe. Kumasulira kwa m'Chibadwidwe, mwa kumasulira ku lotsimikizirika, kumaoneka ngati kuchotsa chiweruzo kuchokera ku ndandanda.

Mmene Kuyambirira Kumatikhalira Osaloŵerera m’Zandale

Kuyambirira kwa munthu kumachitika mwa njira zosiyanasiyana zimene anthu ochirikiza chiphunzitsochi amatsutsa kuti sizitenga mbali m’ndale:

  • Kukonza malembo: Tanthauzo la Malamulo linathetsedwa potembenuza. Oweruza samalikonzanso; iwo amaligwiritsira ntchito.
  • Umboni wa m'malemba: Kumasulira kumaumirizidwa ndi madikishonale, makambitsirano a zalamulo, ndi zolembedwa za panthaŵi imodzi. Ntchito ya woweruza ndi yakale, osati yofala.
  • Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Pranscustive: [[FT:1] Malamulo a Chiyankhulo amagwira ntchito m'zochitika mosasamala kanthu za chizindikiritso kapena mikhalidwe ya mapwando. Palibe malo a chifundo kapena tsankhu.
  • Unyinji wa lamulo:[[FLT :1] tanthauzo lokhala ndi tanthauzo lokwanira limatheketsa nzika kudziŵa zimene lamulo limafuna. Kulosera kumeneku ndi chizindikiro cha kusaloŵerera m’ndale.

Kwa akatswiri oyambirira, kusiyana kulikonse ndi tanthauzo loyamba kuli kulekana ndi kusaloŵerera m’nkhani. Woweruza Thomas watsutsa mfundo imeneyi, akumaimba mlandu ambiri a kulowa mmalo malamulo ake oyambirira a Malamulo. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) , Thomas analemba kuti ambiri azindikira ufulu wa ukwati umodzi wofanana wopanda “maziko a Malamulo a Malamulo" ndi kuti chigamulocho chimasonyeza malingaliro a Khotilo m’malo mwa lamulo.

Mfundo Zochititsa Chisoni: Pamene Kuyamba Kulimbana ndi Uchete

Mfundo yakuti munthu sayenera kutenga mbali m’ndale ndi yofunika kwambiri: woweruza ayenera kukhala wopanda tsankho, koma mfundo yoyambirira ikhoza kuyambitsa tsankho limene limalepheretsa munthu kukhala ndi maganizo amenewa.

Umboni Wokhudza Mbiri Umasonyeza Kuti N’zoona

Uchete umafuna kuti akatswiri ndi oweruza azikangana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti kaya tanthauzo loyamba la Kukonzanso kwachiŵiri likhale lotetezera munthu mmodzi kapena lakuyenera kogwirizana ndi ntchito za asilikali. Mfundo yakuti Khoti Lalikulu logaŵidwa 5-4 mu Heller [1] ikusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimatulutsa mayankho apadera. Pamene chigamulo choyambirira chikusonyeza kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu kapena ufulu wogwirizana ndi ntchito ya asilikali. Woweruza ayenera kusankha pakati pa nkhani zomveka. Chigamulocho chimatsegulira khomo la mbiri yakale.

Vuto la Ufulu Wosaletsedwa

Kusintha zinthu kumalimbana ndi ufulu umene sutchulidwa mwachindunji m'malemba. Mpando wa Ninth Amendment umanena kuti kuŵerengeredwa kwa ufulu wina “sikungaonedwe kukhala kotsutsana kapena kusiyanitsa ena amene anthu asunga. [1] Koma olemba oyambirira amavutika kupereka kukonza zinthu zowonjezera chifukwa chakuti mbiri yakale siisintha. Woweruza wodzipereka pa zandale angapeze kuti ufulu , ku ufulu kapena kuubongo, wozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya America ndi miyambo. Koma kuyambirira kumatsutsa ndi kukayikira, kukana ufulu umene woweruza wosatenga mbali ina iliyonse. Kulimbana ndi mutu [FL:] Mabwenzi a Akazi angapeze kuti apeze. Mayanjane ndi bungwe la zaumoyo [FFF:]. [FF] Osayeza ku chigamu chachikulu. [F.]

Kuyamba Kulankhulana ndi Anthu

Mdani wina umabuka chifukwa chakuti tanthauzo loyamba linayambitsidwa m'chitaganya chimene chinali chopondereza kwambiri ndi miyezo yamakono. Malamulo poyambapo anatetezera ukapolo, anakana akazi, ndi kuyang'anira anthu a mafuko ochepa monga anthu ochepa. Woweruza woyambirira amene amagwiritsira ntchito mokhulupirika tanthauzolo angafunikire kuvomereza zotulukapo zimene wopenyerera wosaloŵerera pa zandale angaone kukhala zosalungama. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mlandu wa kusankhana mafuko kunabweretsedwa pansi pa tanthauzo loyambirira la 147th Amend Amendment, akatswiri ena atsutsa kuti opanga mafomuwo sanafune kuswa masukulu. Inde, Nyumba yomwe inafuna kuti Khirismetic Reformation ikhaziksed inakhazikitsanso sukulu m'chigawo cha Columbia. Woweruza wodzipereka kuudindo wa kusaloŵerera m'kawombo wa kuchirikiza malo oyambirira angaonedwe kukhala ndi “aaaaa lerolino kuti akuonadi phindu lakulingana.

Vuto limeneli lachititsa anthu ena oyambirira kutsatira zimene zimatchedwa “malamulo okhazikika a m'dziko” kapena“ zothetsera zakufa”, kumene amanena kuti malamulo apamwamba a Konsichushoni . monga ngati kulingana [“kulingana, ” NW] kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mikhalidwe yamakono. Koma zimenezi zikupangitsa kuti pasakhale tanthauzo loyamba chifukwa cha chilungamo, zikufooketsa kunena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira n’chimene chili njira yosaloŵerera.

Kufufuza ndi Kutsutsa Zonena za Kupangana

Otsutsa, makamaka akatswiri a malamulo ndi odziŵa za malamulo, amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimalephera kupereka lonjezo lake la uchete. Amatchula kuti oweruza mosapeŵeka amagwiritsira ntchito nzeru posankha magwero a mbiri yakale amene ayenera kupatsidwa, kuti angapange mwambo woyenerera, ndi kuti ndi mlingo wotani umene ungatsatire. Pulofesa Jack Balkin wa ku Yale Law School, mwachitsanzo, adatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimagwirizana ndi zotsatira zapatsogolo ngati munthu atsatira “chiphunzitso choyambirira cha m’Baibulo. .

Chiphunzitso china chachiyambi chichokera kwa akatswiri alamulo amene amatsutsa kuti kusaloŵerera m’zandale kwenikweniko kuli nthano. Iwo amanena kuti kumasulira konse kumaloŵetsamo zosankha zaphindu ndi kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimabisa kusankha zinthu mobisa. Malinga ndi lingaliroli, kuyambirira sikuli kwauchete kwambiri kuposa njira zina. Ili njira yokha yopezera zotulukapo zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimayanja malo andale. Maphunziro a zandale a Empiracism asonyeza kuti oweruza oyambirira amakonda kuvota mopambanitsa, ngakhale kuti kutsutsanako kulibe kwangwiro. [[FLT: 0] A maphunziro ochokera ku Law Journal yofufuza za a Juc. [FLT:]

Kulabadira kwa Oyambirira

Ofufuza za m'Baibulo amanena kuti njira imeneyi imagwirizanitsa ndi zotsatira zake. Amatsutsa kuti kuyambirira sikunachitike chifukwa cha zotsatira zake; kuli ngati kuchititsa pulogalamuyo kuchititsa woweruza kusakonda. Woweruza ayenera kutsatirabe. Mfundo yakuti olemba Baibulo nthaŵi zina amatsutsa kuti kufufuza kwa m’mbiri n’kovuta, osati kuti njirayo njolakwika. Ndiponso, amatsutsa kuti kukhala ndi malamulo abwino kumavuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti kulibe maziko okhazikika.

Kuvomereza: Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Kusaloŵerera m’Makhoti Amakono

Khoti Lapamwamba lapanthaŵiyo ndilo loyambirira kwambiri m'mbadwo. Zoweruza Thomas, Alito, Gormoth, Kavanaugh, ndi Barrett onse ali ndi malingaliro ogwirizana ndi kuyambirira ku madigiri osiyanasiyana. Komabe zigamulo za Khotilo nthaŵi zina zimavumbula kuthyokathyoka mkati mwa msasa woyambirira. [[FLT: 0]] Bruen [], ambiri anagwiritsira ntchito mayeso a mbiri, koma Justice Kavaugh analingalira njira yosintha kwambiri imene ingalolere malamulo ena ochirikiza mwambo. Jasitier Barrett, mkati mwa chitsimikizo chake, anasonyeza kuti anali kukulitsabe malingaliro ake pa chiphunzitso choyambirira, ndi kuyeserera nthaŵi zina kuchoka pa chitsanzo chokhwima cha SClaliane.

Magawo ameneŵa akugogomezera nkhondo yosatha yogwirizanitsa chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi cholinga cha kusaloŵerera m’zandale. Ngati chiphunzitso choyambirira chokha chili chofotokozera kusagwirizana, ndiye kuti zogwirizana za woweruza za njira yochitira zinthu zingakhudze zotsatira zake. Woweruza amene amaŵerenga mbiri yonse mosiyanasiyana angapeze zotsatira zosiyana ndi zimene amawerenga. Lonjezo la kusaloŵerera m’zandale limasintha pamene njirayo ikutsutsana kwambiri.

Tsogolo la Kutsutsanako

Akatswiri a zamalamulo akupitirizabe kukonza mfundo za m'Baibulo. Ena, mofanana ndi Pulofesa Randy Barnett, amachirikiza “kumasulira kwa chiyambi” kumene kumagogomezera tanthauzo la mawu a m'Baibulo mmalo mwa zolinga za olemba. Ena, monga pulofesa William Baude, ayesa kusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi njira yokha yovomerezeka pansi pa malamulo. Zochitika zimenezi zingamveketse kugwirizana ndi kusaloŵerera m’zandale, koma sizingathetseretu. Oweruza akangosankha kutsutsana ndi mbiri yakale, kusagwirizana pakati pa malamulo ndi kusaloŵerera m’boma kudzakhala kopitirizabe.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa kuyambirira ndi kusaloŵerera m’zandale kwachiweruzo ngwovuta ndi wochuluka. Kutembenuza mawu kumafuna kukhala njira yauchete kwambiri ya kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo mwa kukhazikitsa zosankha m’nthanthi yoikika ya mbiri yakale. Imaletsa kuweruza, imayang'anira ufulu wa democracy, imapereka mfundo zosasintha. Komabe cholinga cha kusaloŵerera m’zandale chimafuna zoposa njira yokha . Kulimbana ndi oweruza kukhala okhoza kugwiritsira ntchito njirayo popanda tsankho, kusamvera malamulo a munthu aliyense. Nkhani za mbiri yakale, vuto la kusakhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zopanda chilungamo, ndi zotsatira zake zapambuyo pa nkhani za kutsutsana ndi kusaloŵerera m'zandale. Makambira a m'nkhani za lamulo lalikulu la ku America.