United States Constitution yatumikira monga lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, komabe tanthauzo lake likukhalabe nkhani ya mkangano waukulu ndi wosalekeza. Kodi oweruza ayenera kumasulira motani chikalata cholembedwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu pamene ayang'anizana ndi nkhani zachinsinsi za makompyuta, unjiniya wa majini, kapena ukwati umodzi wa munthu mmodzi? Zigawo ziŵiri zazikulu za malingaliro zikulamulira kukambitsiranaku: Kuyambirira ndi lingaliro la Malamulo amoyo. Kumvetsetsa kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo omasulira ameneŵa kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a ku America ndi chifukwa chake zosankha zachiweruzo kaŵirikaŵiri zimayambitsa mkangano waukulu. Nkhaniyi imafufuza malongosoledwe, kusiyana kwa mbiri yakale, ndi kusintha kwenikweni kwa mafilosofi aŵiri opikisana, kupereka kuyang'ana kofala pa maziko a malamulo a lamulo a dziko la America.

Kufotokoza Chiyambi

Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi nthanthi ya kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo kumene kuli ndi tanthauzo la Malamulo ayenera kukhazikika ndi kuzikidwa pa kumvetsetsa kumene kunaliko pamene makonzedwe alionse anavomerezedwa. Kuteroku kumatsutsa lingaliro lakuti tanthauzo la malamulo lingasinthe mkupita kwa nthaŵi kupyolera mwa kumasuliranso kwachiweruzo. Mmalomwake, akatswiri atsutsa kuti kusintha kulikonse ku Konsichushoni kuyenera kubwera kupyolera mwa njira yovomerezeka yolembedwa mu Mfundo V, osati mwa kukonza kuŵerenga kwachiweruzo.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

M’chiyambi cha Chikhristu, muli mitundu iŵiri yamphamvu. Matembenuzidwe akale, otchedwa kaŵirikaŵiri osuliza cholinga choyamba cha kuyambirira , amasumika pa zimene olembawo mwaumwini analinganiza kuti afotokoze. Malingaliro ameneŵa anatchuka m'ma 1980 kudzera m'ziwerengero ngati Attorney General Edwin Meese III ndi Justice William J. Bren’sism osuliza. Komabe, Baibulo lina lowongopekedwa kwambiri ndi loyambirira la anthu omwe anali ndi tanthauzo lachiyambi kwa anthu . Malingaliro ameneŵa amakhala amphamvu. Kulingalira kumeneku kukanakhala kumene munthu wolingalira panthaŵi ya ratzition kukanamvetsa mawu, mosasamala kanthu za zolinga za anthu. Justice Anton Scial Scianaest , chikalata chotsutsa mfundo yapamwamba cha "kusintha tanthauzo lake lopanda tanthauzo lake.

Ochirikiza Oyambirira ndi Maziko A mbiri

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambika kwa Chilamulo chimatsatira maziko ake a nzeru za nyengo yokhazikitsidwa, kumene oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri anakopa tanthauzo loyambirira la malemba. Komabe monga nthanthi ya kumasulira kwaumwini kwa matanthauzo. Inayamba kuwonekera kwakukulu ku zigamulo zazikulu za Warren Court ndi Burger Court . Ochirikiza Chilungamo Scalia, Judge Thomas, Woweruza Robert Bork , ndi Jasitive Amy Coney ndi Judge Gormoth. Akatswiri a zamalamulo onga Randnett, Steven Calabresi, ndi Michael Ramsey adapititsanso patsogolo chiphunzitso chachiyambiriro, kuchigwirizanitsa ndi chiphunzitso cha Classicism ndi Chiphunzitso cha Practicism. Mu 1982, Federalist Society inakhazikitsidwa, inapanga mbali yaikulu m'malamulo pakati pa kukonza ndi kutchuka kwa chijaniko.

Zomwe Anthu Ambiri Amachita Potengera Zoyambirira za Baibulo

Otsutsa amanena kuti kuyambirira sikuli kothandiza chifukwa chakuti kudziŵa tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu la zinthu zosadziŵika kapena zosadziŵika (monga mawu a Reth Amendment a “uchimo ndi mawu achilendo”) nkovuta kwambiri. Amatsutsanso kuti kuyambirira kungatulutse zotulukapo zovutitsa mwamakhalidwe, zonga kuchirikiza kutetezera kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu wamakono. Otetezera amavomereza kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka chikhazikitso, kutsimikizirika, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa democracy, ndi kuti zotulukapo zosafunidwa ndi makhalidwe abwino ziyenera kukonzedwa mwa njira ya kukonzanso m’malo mwa njira yachiweruzo.

Chiphunzitso Chamoyo cha Lamulo

Mosiyana ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira, lingaliro la Malamulo amoyo limakhulupirira kuti tanthauzo la chikalatacho lingasinthe ndipo patapita nthaŵi kuti chiwone mikhalidwe yatsopano ndi kupita patsogolo kwa anthu. Njira imeneyi siiwona Konsichushoni kukhala malamulo ogwirizana koma monga maziko amphamvu amene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku mavuto amakono. Pansi pa Konsichushoni ya moyo, oweruza amakhala okhoza kumasulira mawu ambiri ngati “buthodireji,” kapena“ njira yoyendera ya" poyambirira.

Kukula kwa Mbiri ndi Ochirikiza

Malamulo akukhala ndi maziko aakulu m'zikhulupiriro zalamulo za ku America. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall, mu MCULLCH v. Maryland (1819), adanena motchuka kuti Konsichurako “wafuna kupirira kwa nyengo zobwerazo" ndipo ayenera“ kutengera ku mavuto osiyanasiyana a anthu. M’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, Jastice Wearson Holmes Jr., Justice Louis Brandeis, ndi pambuyo pake Woweruza William J. Brennan akuchirikiza mwamphamvu njira yosinthira imeneyi. Jasitisiti ya 1986 ya George Town University, “Ufuku

Ntchito ya Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe

Otsatira malamulo a malamulo alamulo amanena kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo limapangidwa ndi mibadwo yachiweruzo, kachitidwe ka malamulo, ndi chisinthiko cha chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, chiletso cha Eighth Amendment pa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo kaŵirikaŵiri chimamasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi “miyezo yosinthasinthasintha ya makhalidwe abwino yosonyeza kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya,” monga mmene khoti Lapamwamba latchulidwa mu . United States (1910) ndi kuikidwanso m'malamulo.

Mapembedzedwe Ofala a Malamulo Amoyo

Osuliza, makamaka akatswiri a chiyambi, amatsutsa kuti oweruza amoyo amapereka mphamvu zosaletseka kukakamiza malingaliro awo aumwini mwa kumasulira. Amatsutsa kuti kumafooketsa lamulo mwa kupangitsa tanthauzo la lamulo kukhala losakhazikika ndi kudalira pa ndale zadziko za judiary. Olemba nkhani za mbadwo wopezedwawo amawonanso kuti malamulo afuna kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma, osati kutumikira monga kufufuza kopanda umboni kwa malingaliro otsutsa ameneŵa. Kukambitsirana kosamalitsa kwa malingaliro otsutsana ndi lamulo, onani SCOUSTOloglog pa chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi moyo cha malamulo a boma.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo kwa Maunansi Aŵiriwo

Magaŵano aakulu ali m’magwero ndi kukhazikika kwa tanthauzo la malamulo. Kutembenuza mawu kwa kuyang’ana kumbuyo ku nsonga yoikika ya mbiri yakale, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a moyo akuyang’ana kutsogolo ku kusinthira ku malamulo a chikhalidwe. Mfundo zotsatirazi zikugogomezera kusiyana kwakukulu:

  • Magwero a tanthauzo: maziko a kuyambika kwa chidziŵitso cha anthu potseguka; kukhalira ndi malamulo kumawona kukhala kowonekera m'kukambitsirana pakati pa malemba, chitsanzo, ndi makhalidwe amakono.
  • Woweruza: Woweruza woyamba amafunafuna kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo la mbiri mokhulupirika, kaŵirikaŵiri kuletsa malingaliro a munthu. Woweruza wa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino angapange chiweruzo chowonjezereka pogwiritsira ntchito malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ku nsonga zatsopano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusonkhanitsidwa kwa Predent: [[FLT :1] Olondola amawona chitsanzo kukhala chofunika koma osachitsatira pamene chitsutsana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira (mt., Scalia mu . Heller . ]). Kukhulupirira malamulo kumaika kulemera kwapamwamba pa chitsanzo monga galimoto la kukula kwa malamulo.
  • Mphamvu ya mendial: Okhulupirira Chiyambi amaumirira kuti masinthidwe aakulu ayenera kubwera kupyolera m'kachitidwe ka Kachigawo V; opanga malamulo akukhala akutsutsa kuti njira ya kukonza njovuta kwambiri ndi kuti kumasulira kwachiweruzo kungakonzanso mwalamulo Koikidwiratu.
  • [[FLT:] . . Pakusintha kwachiŵiri, ofufuza amadalira pa umboni wa mbiri yakale kutetezera munthu pa kuyenera ([[FLT :2]] Heller ); akatswiri a malamulo angasumike maganizo pa chiwawa chamakono ndi kutetezeka kwa anthu. Pa kuchotsa mimba kaŵirikaŵiri samapeza lamulo lalamulo ([FLT: 4.] Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi a United Nations Health Organization ), pamene kuli kwakuti akatswiri a malamulo a za malamulo a za m'malamulo apeza chimodzi m'malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ([FLT:] Roe. v [FLD]

Mkangano m’Njira ya Kuweruza

Kulimbana pakati pa kuyambirira ndi kukhala ndi lamulo lokhazikika kumachitidwa bwino m’milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu ndi kutsimikizira milandu. Kaŵirikaŵiri oweruza amafunsidwa ponena za nthanthi zawo zomasulira, ndipo anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amawona Bwalo lamilandu mwa kugwiritsira ntchito kawonedwe kameneka. Kumvetsetsa mmene filosofi iriyonse imasinthira zosankha zachiweruzo zofunika kwambiri kaamba ka kuyamikira lamulo lalamulo la Amereka.

Maupandu Osonyeza Kugaŵanikana

Diformation of Columbia v. Heller ndi chipambano chachikale cha akatswiri. Woweruza Scalia, polemba kwa anthu ambiri, anadalira kwambiri pa mbiri yakale kugamula kuti Second Amendment imatetezera munthu kuyenera kukhala ndi mfuti ya kudzitetezera m’nyumba. Osuliza, kuphatikizapo Justice Breyer mu kutsutsa, anatsutsa kaamba ka njira yosintha kwambiri imene ingalole malamulo a mfuti kukwaniritsa zinsinsi zamakono.

. . [[FLT] [77] ndi kuchulukitsitsa kwake Madobs v. Jackson Akazi a Health Organization [202] [202] [masintha.] [] Ankaonedwa kwambiri ngati chigamulo cha Malamulo amoyo, kuzindikira kuyenera kwa kubisa. Madobs [Mayeso [[FLT:]], ogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza koyambirira, osapeza kwenikweni mwambo wa kuchotsa mimba ndi kubwerera ku nkhani. Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo. Chilungamo cha Alito chimagogomezera kwambiri kuti chitsimikizire ku kutsimikizira ku ku kulakwa kwake kwa kuchotsa mimba.

Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015), imene inavomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo ku ukwati wa kugonana, ndi chigamulo chachikulu cha Malamulo a moyo. Lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy linakhudza kutetezera kwa 144 Demendment ya ufulu ndi ulemu, kutsutsa kuti ukwati uli ufulu wofunika kwambiri umene umasintha ndi chitaganya. Olemba mbiri onga Jasitisi Scaliani ndi Jasitisti Thomas adatsutsa, kutsutsa chulukitsa kwa malamulowo popanda maziko a mbiri yakale.

Kugwiritsira ntchito kowonjezereka kwa kuyambika kwa zinthu m'zochitika zaposachedwapa, Cornell Legal Information Institute imapereka kupenda kothandiza.

Kusagwirizana M’khoti

Khoti Lapamwamba lamakono limaphatikizapo oweruza angapo odzitcha okha (Thomas, Gorfoth , Barrett , Atalito) ndi ena amene amadalira ku moyo wa malamulo a malamulo (Sotomayor, Kagan, Jackson, ndi nthaŵi zina Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts). Komabe zigamulo sizimasankha nthaŵi zonse kulinganiza bwino lomwe ndi nthanthi yawo yotchulidwa. Kulingalira kwapamwamba, kuyang'anitsitsa decis, ndi mfundo zomveka kaŵirikaŵiri zimasokoneza mizera. Komabe, nkhondo yanzeru pakati pa masukulu aŵiriwa ikupitirizabe kuumba malingaliro, kugwirizananso, ndi kutsutsa.

Kuvuta kwa Chilamulo cha ku America

Kusankha pakati pa chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira ndi Konsichushoni yamoyo kuli ndi zotulukapo zazikulu pafupifupi pambali iriyonse ya lamulo lovomerezedwa. Mbali zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene filosofi iriyonse ingatulutsire zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kutetezedwa Kofanana

Ochirikiza mwambo wa kulinganiza zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti Chigwirizano cha 14 ndi Chipulumutso cha Malamulo cha Kulingana ndi Classia chiyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga mmene otetezera ake anachimvera mu 1868 . chimene sichinaphatikizepo chitetezo pa kunyada kwa kugonana, mwachitsanzo. Akatswiri ambiri a malamulo amakhalidwe abwino, ngakhale kuli tero, amatsutsa kuti lamulo lakulingana linasintha kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana, kachitidwe ka kugonana, ndi kuzindikira kwa mwamuna. Country of Court in [FLD:] [FLT] [20] (kuchinjiriza LGBB [malamulo a VII]))) kulongosola njira yamoyo yoyambirira [AFFOF: FT] ndi [FFOT:] [FFOT] [5] [FFOF:] ndi [FOLT] Ogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya kugonana yoyambirira. Pamene kuli kwakuti okhoza kutsutsa mphamvu yachimwina yachiyambi cha kugonana sikuna. Okhoza kuwonjezera chakutsimikizira kuti:

Kudzipatula ndi Kudzipaka

Malamulo a ufulu wa kubisika, amene amayambitsa zosankha za kulera ( Griswold v. Connecticut), kuchotsa mimba ( Roe , ndi kuyanjana ndi asokhanuki (), ndi kuyanjana kumodzimodzi ( Lawrence v. Texas]), ndiko kwenikweni chotulutsira cha kulingalira kwamphamvu kwalamulo. Otembenuza kwenikweni amakana kufalikira, osalemba kusunga kuyenera kwa kusudzulidwa, akutsutsa kuti ufulu wa malamulowo umatetezera kokha kapena wozika kwambiri m’mbiri. Opanga chigamulo choyambirira cha kuchotsapo. [FLT.] Dobbss. [FL:] chigamulo chachikulu cha kumbuyo kwa lamulo loyambirira la kuchotsapo chigamulo, nthaŵi zambiri, chifukwa chakuti sanavomereze chigamu chake cha kuchotsa.

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu

[[FLT: 0]] Nkhani zachiŵiri za Kusintha kwachiŵiri (] ndi zotsatirapo (] McDonald v. Mzinda wa Chicago , ] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [FLT]]) imaonetsa kuyambika kwa ulamuliro wa mfuti m'dera lino. Chosankha cha Bruen chinafuna malamulo a mfuti kuti chigwirizane ndi malamulo a mbiri yakale a malamulo a mfuti, mayeso a mbiri yakale. Okhulupirira malamulo a mbiri yakale amatsutsa kuti kalinga kachitidwe kake kamakono kofanana ndi kunyada kwa m’mizinda, ndi kujambula kwa zida zotchuka. Kuzemba kwa mfuti kopitirizabe kupitiriza kuyesa ngati ngati kunali koyenera kwa nthaŵi yamakono.

Mphamvu ya Maboma ndi Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Kuyambirira kumachirikiza kawonedwe kochepa ka mphamvu za boma, kugawira Nyumba ya Maulamuliro ake oŵerengedwa ndi kukhazikitsa kulekana kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro. Rehnquist ndi Roberts Courts adagwiritsira ntchito malingaliro oyamba kupha mbali za Chiwawa cha Akazi ( United States v. Morrison[FL:1]] [[FLT]]]) ndi Afford Carect’s Médicaid Act ( NIB v. Sebelius ]). Okhulupirira malamulo adziko amalola ulamuliro waukulu pansi pa malonda ndi Claus ndi Father Christmas, makamaka kukambirana ndi mavuto a m'dziko lonse ngati mavuto a zachuma kapena milipata. M'mabungwe aungwe odziimira pa ulamuliro ndi olamulira a gulu la gulu la anthu olamulira akakhala pa mfundo zalamulo lapamwamba.

Kukula Mopambanitsa ndi Kutseguka kwa Magazi

Ngakhale kuti amasonyezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala osiyana, kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi kukhaliratu kwa malamulo sikumakhala kovuta nthaŵi zonse. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti “kupulumukira kwa moyo” nkotheka: tanthauzo loyambirira la mawu monga “kusintha ndi kwachilendo” likhoza kulola kugwirizanitsa matanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, Sexh Amendment imamvetsetsa kuletsa chilango chimene chinali chankhanza mu 1791, koma njira yogamula zankhanza imadalira pa miyezo yamakono popanda kusintha malamulo oyambirira. Chiweruzo Scalialia mwiniyo anavomereza kuti tanthauzo lake silikusintha kwenikweni; limangofotokoza za kuchuluka kwa mawu a m'malemba. Mofananamo, osunga malamulo a moyo angagwirizane ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale. [FL:] Lamulo la Papt: Flact [F]

Ndiponso, mafilosofi onse aŵiri amavomerezana ku pangano la Malamulo kukhala logwirizana ndi lamulo, ndipo onse aŵiri amanena kuti amapereka lamulo loyenera lopendedwa. Kusagwirizanako kuli pa mmene angatsimikizire ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulolo. Zotsatira zake nzakuti, zigamulo zambiri zimagwiritsira ntchito miyambo yonse iŵiriyo malinga ndi nkhaniyo, kutulutsa kuletsa kosiyana kumene kumasintha. Mfundo yofunika njakuti kumasulira kovomerezeka kumaloŵetsamo chiweruzo, ndi kusankha mmene chiweruzocho chimayendera.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa kuyambirira ndi lingaliro la Malamulo amoyo suli kokha chinsinsi cha maphunziro; uli cholakwa chachikulu m'lamulo la malamulo a America. Kutembenuza kumapatsa bata, kuŵerengera kwa demokrase, ndi kugwirizana ndi kulinganiza kwa Woyambitsa, pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo amoyo amapereka kusinthika, kusinthika, ndi njira yochitira ndi kusinthika. Kusintha kumeneku kwaumba malamulo a Supreme Court amene amakhudza miyoyo ya mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu (* mfuti, zoyenera za kubala, ukwati, ndi mphamvu ya boma. Monga momwe mtunduwo udzapitirizira kuwonanso kuŵerengera malembo ake. Kumvetsetsa mafilosofi ameneŵa kupatsa mphamvu nzika, ophunzira, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo kutsutsa kwambiri lamulo ndi kutsutsana ndi zimene malamulo a m’dziko lerolino.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa chiphunzitso choyambirira, onani [[FLT: 0] Chiphunzitso cha Original Blog; kaamba ka kawonedwe ka moyo ka malamulo a malamulo, Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [ imapereka ziŵiya zofikirika. Kutsutsanako kuli kutali ndi kukhazikika, ndipo mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kulimbana ndi mmene ungalemekezere bwino kwambiri malemba ndi malamulo a m'malamulo, pamene ukulamulira dziko losiyana ndi lamphamvu.