Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi mabungwe a boma ndi woyambika wa ulamuliro wa America, woyambitsidwa ndi Malamulo a U.S. ndipo wopangidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo amakhazikitsa mphamvu zazikulu ku boma la boma ndi kusunga zotsala ku maboma, choonadi nchochovuta kwambiri. Maboma amagwira ntchito monga zolamulira ndi malamulo awoawo, malamulo a malamulo, ndi makhoti, komabe ayenera kukhala pamodzi ndi maulamuliro amphamvu kwambiri olembedwa ndi malamulo a dziko ndi miyezo ya dziko. Zimenezi zimapanga kulinganiza koopsa pakati pa ufulu ndi mgwirizano, kugwirizana ndi mikangano. Kuzindikira chimene chili chofunika kwa aliyense woyendetsa malamulo a anthu, malamulo, malamulo, kapena mapangano a boma mu United States. Nkhaniyi imapenda ntchito zosiyanasiyana za boma ndi mabungwe, zimene zimalamulira, zipanikitsa, zipani zawo, ziwonene, zigwirizano zawo, ndi mgwirizano wawo.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Malamulo a U.S. amapereka pulani ya malamulo a boma kapena a boma lenilenilo. Komabe, [FLT:] Constructive (Article VI, Claus 2) amakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma liri lamulo lalikulu la dziko, kutanthauza kuti malamulo a boma sangawombane ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma. Komabe, Constructionment [ yosunga mphamvu zonse zimene sizikuperekedwa ku boma la boma la boma kapena kwa anthu. Kulimbana ndi lamuloku kumachititsa kukwera ku dongosolo kumene magawo onse aŵiri a boma ali ndi mathayo ogwirizana ndi opikisana.

Mabungwe a boma apeza ulamuliro wawo ku machitidwe a Congress ndi maofesala akuluakulu. Iwo amagwira ntchito pansi pa nthambi yoyang'anira ndipo ali ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito, kukhazikitsa, ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu a dziko. Boma, kumbali ina, limapeza ulamuliro wawo ku malamulo a boma ndipo lili ndi mphamvu za apolisi zambiri zotetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo. Magawo ameneŵa siabwino nthaŵi zonse; madera ambiri a malamulo monga ngati chitetezo cha malo okhala, zosamalira thanzi, ndi zoyendera zinthu zapatsirana kapena zogwirizana.

Udindo ndi Mathayo

Maboma

Maboma onse 50 amagwira ntchito monga laboratory ya demokrase yodzilamulira. Maboma ali ndi maulamuliro awo, malamulo, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Mathayo awo ngokulira ndi okhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku:

  • Kuphunzitsa: Madziko amayang'anira sukulu za onse K-12, amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, ndi kuyang'anira mayunivesite a anthu onse ndi makoleji a anthu. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zowonjezera koma siliyendetsa masukulu.
  • transportation :[[FT:1] Madziko ali ndi misewu yambiri, milatho, ndi misewu yaikulu. Amalamuliranso malonda a m'mayiko ndi njira zoyendera za anthu onse.
  • Kusamalira: Maboma amayang'anira maprogramu a Medicaid pansi pa zitsogozo za boma, amalamulira misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala.
  • Kutetezereka kwa polisi ya boma, kusungitsa malamulo, ndi makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya upandu.
  • Kubwezera: [[[FL:1] Madziko amakhazikitsa malamulo a kampani, zofunikira zaukatswiri, ndi chitetezo cha ogula ambiri.
  • Dziko Kugwiritsira ntchito ndi Natural Resources: Maboma amalamulira nthaka kugwiritsira ntchito kulinganiza, zoyenera za madzi, ndi malamulo ambiri a malo okhala m'malire awo.

Maboma

Mabungwe a boma amalinganizidwa pansi pa nthambi ya akuluakulu ndipo ali ndi thayo pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse.

Mabungwe a boma nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito m’maofesi a chigawo ndi mgwirizano ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angagwiritse ntchito EPA - aeviced programu ya malo okhala kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ochirikiza ntchito pansi pa Dipatimenti ya Ntchito.

Chitsanzo cha Unansi wa Boma

Akatswiri amaphunziro apeza zinthu zingapo zimene zimafotokoza mmene maboma a boma ndi maboma a mayiko a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amachitira zinthu:

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Amodzi

Kaŵirikaŵiri poyerekezera ndi keke ya nsanja, maposi aŵiri a boma ndi maboma a boma amene amagwira ntchito m'mabungwe osiyana ndi ena ogwirizana. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinali champhamvu m’zaka za zana la 19, pamene boma la boma linasumika makamaka pa kutetezera dziko, nkhani zachilendo, ndi malonda a mayiko ena, pamene maboma anachita nkhani zambiri za m'dziko. Maprogramu a New Deal ndi a boma lotsatira anasokoneza mfundo zimenezi, koma lingalirolo likukhudzabe kuyenera kwa maboma.

Kugwirizana

Kuyambira m'ma 1930, chigwirizano cha boma chinatulukira kukhala chitsanzo chogwirizana kwambiri, chotchedwa keke ya marble. Mwanjira imeneyi, milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma yogwirizana pa zolinga zalamulo. Federal imapereka ndalama zothandizira, maprogramu a ndalama zogwirizana, ndi mayanjano auyang'aniro ali zizindikiro. Mwachitsanzo, Develop Air Act Act ya Serct ya boma imapereka mapangano awo a kulinganiza kupanga madongosolo a ntchito zawo malinga ngati agwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma.

Chipani cha Fiscal

Fiscal unistism imalongosola kugwirizana kwa zandalama pakati pa maboma ndi boma la boma. Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri za msonkho ndi zogulitsa ku boma kudzera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa, chithandizo chokwanira, ndi ndalama zopimira. Mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi ndalama za boma imakhudza malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, boma likufuna kuti boma liwonjezere kuchuluka kwa lamulo la kumwa kufikira zaka 21 kapena kulephera kupereka ndalama zapamsewu. Kachipangizoka ka ndalama ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri cha malamulo a dziko, koma kamachititsanso mavuto pamene maboma alingalira kuti akukakamiza.

Chipani Chatsopano

Kuyambira m'ma 1980, mapresidenti angapo achirikiza atsopano a boma , cholinga cha kuchotsa mphamvu kumbuyo ku maboma. Malamulo ofanana ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe (1996 Luso ndi Ntchito) anapangitsa mapangano kukhala osintha kwambiri pokonza maprogramu a chithandizo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimagogomezera kuyesa ndi kuchepetsa uyang'aniro wa boma, ngakhale kuti chimagwira ntchito m’madera ena a malamulo.

Mbali Zazikulu za Kuloŵerera

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndiwo ntchito yaikulu ya boma ndi ya kumaloko, koma boma limachita mbali yaikulu mwa kupereka ndalama ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Wophunzira Aliyense Wewe ndi Kukwaniritsa Act (ESSA) (20: 5) (20) (20) Kupanda Mwana Walefulidwa ndi kusamutsira ulamuliro waukulu kuti atchule pamene akuyang'anira boma kaamba ka kulephera ndi miyezo. Maboma tsopano amalinganiza madongosolo awo odziŵerengera, mayeso oyeza, ndi mapulani a sukulu, kuti avomerezedwe mwalamulo. Zikalata za I za ndalama zothandizira masukulu otsika ndi Averect (IA) ndi Averect (I) ndi Averectal Educt (E) ndi maprogramumboni a boma omwe akupereka.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

California ali ndi malo apadera: angapemphe oletsa EPA kuchokera ku EPA kukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka mpweya ndi madzi. Komabe, maboma ambiri amapatsidwa ulamuliro kukhazikitsa miyezo imeneyi pansi pa kulinganiza kovomerezedwa ndi boma. California ali ndi malo apadera: angapemphe oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito EPA kukhazikitsa miyezo ya galimoto yolimba pansi pa desiki la Dieak. Maboma ena angapo asankha kutsatira chitsogozo cha California, kupanga ntchito yovuta kwambiri ya malamulo. Dongosolo la aŵirili lachititsa nkhondo za lamulo, makamaka kuletsa EPA kutulutsa magasi otetezera ku dziko lapansi.

Kusamalira thanzi

AffordIble Care Act ya 2010 (ACA) yowonjezereka m'kuphatikizidwa kwa boma m'kusamalira ntchito zaumoyo. Maboma amayang'anira Medicaid ndi ndalama za boma zoyendera limodzi, ndipo ACA akulimbikitsa maboma kufutukula Medicaid ealigigible . Pa 2024, maboma 40 ndi Chigawo cha Columbia akulitsa Medicaid, pamene maboma 10 sanatchule ndalama ndi boma kupambana. Boma la boma likuchititsanso Inshuwalansi ya Health Inshur Mondation Mmarks , koma lili ndi njira zoyendetsera kusungitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mofananamo, FMAS imalamulira zipatalansi ndi madokotala. Mlikiti ya CHOVA-19 inagogomezera mavutowamba ndi kubisa ndi kuteteza malo a CDC.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira misewu ya m’mayiko, maulalo, ndi ntchito zotsazikira kupyola . Malo a Transportation ndi Faceral Highway Administration . Maboma ndi kusamala misewu imeneyi, ndi ndalama za boma zophikira chigawo chimodzi. Boma limakhazikitsanso miyezo ya chitetezo (m'q., malamulo a magalimoto, miyezo ya zachuma, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a galimoto za pamsewu wa pagalimoto ndi kuyendetsa magalimoto. [201:] Kusungitsatsa malonda ndi ntchito ya Yobu ndi ntchito yoposa $1, magalimoto, ndi mphamvu zambiri, zimene zimayendera maofesi ambiri, ndi kuyendetsa mabungwe a boma.

Kusamalira Zinthu Mwadzidzidzi

Kuyankha tsoka ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kugwirizana kwa boma. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Direfection and Emergency Act Application Act imapatsa mphamvu Federal Emergency Management Agency Agency (FEMA) kugwirizanitsa chithandizo cha boma pamene bwanamkubwa alengeza tsoka. Maboma amasunga mabungwe awo oyang'anira ngozi (m'jereng'ono, Cal OES ku California) amene amasamalira ndi kupempha thandizo la boma pamene zinthu za m'dziko zathetsedwa. Mliri wa CHOVID ndi katrina ndi Maria wavumbula zonse ziŵiri mphamvu ndi zofooka m'gwirizano umenewu.

Mavuto Amene Analipo M’chigwirizano Chawo

Mosasamala kanthu za njira zogwirizanitsira, unansi wa boma ndi wothandizana umayang’anizana ndi mavuto osatha amene angapangitse kulephera, kutsenderezedwa kwa lamulo, ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu.

Kupondereza ndi Kukangana

Malamulo a boma akasiyana, malamulo a boma amakhala olemetsa kwa anthu amalonda ndi nzika. Mwachitsanzo, chamba sichiloledwa ndi boma, koma mayiko oposa 20 amaloledwa ndi boma kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mabanki, mabwana, ndi malamulo azitsatira malamulo.

Kupereka Kusiyana ndi Zingwe

Mapeto a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi mikhalidwe imene iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi maboma. Izi zingakakamize kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chawo pa zinthu zofunika za boma, nthaŵi zina pa zosowa za kumaloko. Mandadades Yosatsutsika Act (1995]) kuyesa kuchepetsa malamulo amenewo, koma amapitirizabe. Kumbali ina, akunena kuti amakana kupereka ndalama (m’mzera, kufutukuka kwa Medicaid) kungachotse zinthu zimene zingapindulitse nzika zawo.

Mavuto Amene Amabwera Chifukwa cha Malamulo

Boma la boma lingachotse lamulo la boma m'madera amene Nyumba ya Malamulo yatenga mbali. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula milandu yambiri yotsutsa malire a mphamvu za boma, kuyambira ku lamulo loletsa anthu kusamuka (Arizona ndi United States) mpaka kuchipatala (NFIB v. Sebelius). Nthaŵi zambiri milandu imeneyi imadalira pa Commerce Clause ndi Kusintha kwa Khumi.

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

Pamene ndale zadziko zikukula kukhala zogaŵanika kwambiri, kusagwirizana kwa boma kwakula. Maboma okhala ndi malamulo andale zadziko otsutsana angatsutse mwamphamvu malamulo a boma, monga momwe zikuwonedwa ndi "mizinda ya aistuary" pa kusamuka kapena maboma otokosa malamulo a boma a malo okhala. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuletsa kwalamulo kumene kumachepetsa kutsata lamulo ndi kuchotsa chidaliro cha anthu.

Kusiyana kwa Kulankhulana ndi Kugwirizana

Mabungwe aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi kulankhulana kosayenera. Mabungwe a Federal angapereke malamulo popanda kukambitsirana kokwanira ndi ziŵiya za boma, kuchititsa magawo osatsimikizirika kapena ziyambukiro za kumaloko. Komabe, maboma angalephere kupereka chidziŵitso bwino, kulepheretsa uyang'aniro wa boma. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 umene unatsegulidwa pamene maboma anapikisana ndi zopereka ndi chitsogozo cha boma chinasintha mofulumira.

Kufufuza za Matenda

Phunziro Loyamba: Kulabadira kwa CHOVID - 19

Mliri woyesedwa pakati pa mayanjano a boma ungakhale ngati palibe chochitika chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko II. Boma la boma, kupyolera mwa CDC ndi ndi [mautumiki a Anthu], linapereka zitsogozo za kuyesa, kubisa, ndi kugoma. Maboma, anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa miyezo ya zaumoyo wa anthu: anatulutsa zophimba zokhala m'makhomo, m'masukulu, ndi kugaŵira katemera. Mayiko ena anatsatira chitsogozo cha boma; ena anachikana. Malamulowo anapanga chisokosokonezo koma analolanso kuti asinthe. Boma lina linaperekanso mabiliyoni ambiri m'chithandizo kudzera mwa [FLD:3] Act. [FFFF:] ndi kugaŵira kothandiza [FLD]

Kupenda Kwachiŵiri: Kusintha Malo Okhala ndi Zinthu Zokhalako ndi Zinthu Zomwe Zachitikazo (California)

California wakhala wotsogolera pa malamulo a zachilengedwe, makamaka okhudza kutulutsa galimoto. Pansi pa Cearal Air Act, EPA ikhoza kupatsa California chilolezo chokhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kuposa a boma. Maboma ena angasankhe kutsatira miyezo ya California. Pambuyo pa kuyang'anira Trump, EPA adaletsa mphamvu ya California kutsutsa ulamuliro wake wa kukhazikitsa malamulo ake a zachuma, kutsogolera ku mlandu. Bhiden anabwezeretsa wa wa waisiteria, kulola California kupitiriza utsogoleri wake. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti kuyendetsa kwalamulo ndi kwa ndale za dziko kwa California kuchititsa mphamvu, ndi ntchito ya boma monga oyendetsa ntchito za boma.

Mtsogolo mwa Boma ndi Maunansi a Federal

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, mikhalidwe ingapo idzaumba mmene maboma a boma ndi mabungwe a boma adzagwirizanirana.

Kuwonjezereka kwa Boma m’Malamulo a Chiŵerengero ndi Tekinoloji

Maboma akuloŵerera mowonjezereka m'madera amene boma la boma silinathe kufotokoza bwino lomwe, monga ngati chinsinsi cha madata (California’s CCPA), malamulo opanga luntha, ndi kusaloŵerera m’ndale kwa ukonde. Pamene luso la zopangapanga likuposa malamulo a boma, limakhala maulamuliro a zenizeni. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malo ogaŵanika, komanso ku kukambirana kwa dziko kumene potsirizira pake kumatulutsa miyezo ya boma.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Ndi boma lochita zolinga za kukhumba nyengo, maboma adzakhala ofunika kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito zochepetsa kutulutsa, ntchito za mphamvu zokonzedwanso, ndi kukonzedwa kwa zinthu. Foree New Deal Luso la njira za boma (m. California, New York, Washington) zingatumikire monga zitsanzo kapena kuyambitsa kusagwirizana ngati malamulo a boma akuonedwa kukhala oyambirira kulembedwa. Makina a ntchito, monga ngati a boma, angatuluke kukapereka chilo ndi kuthandizira.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo ndi Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Mliriwu unavumbula kufunika kwa madongosolo a zaumoyo a anthu onse amphamvu pa milingo yonse. Kupanga madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma ndi kukonza chidziŵitso chamakono nkothekera. Komabe, makambitsirano onena za mtsogolo mwa ACA, mankhwala operekedwa ndi boma, ndi ziyeneretso za ntchito ya Medicaid adzapitirizabe kuyesa kugwirizana. Maboma adzayesayesa kuwongolera zinthu, pamene boma lidzasunga mpambo wa zikwama.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Kusuntha kudakalibe chinthu chongoyendera. Ulamuliro wa Federal pa kusamuka n’ngwomveka, koma maboma ayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo onga ngati SB 1070 ya Arizona kapena kudzera mu “malamulo a ”. Khoti Lalikulu likupitirizabe kuchepetsa malire, ndi kuika patsogolo malamulo a boma ndi maunansi a lamulo.

Kumasulira kwa Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lapamwamba lapanthaŵiyo, limodzi ndi unyinji wake wosasintha, lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma m'madera ena (m., [[FLT : 0] West Virginia v. EPA) ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa boma m’mayiko ena. Malamulo amtsogolo pa [FLT:] mafuno a mafunso ndi boma la boma lingachepetse kwambiri kufika kwa mabungwe a boma, kukhoza kupereka malo ambiri ochitirapo kanthu. Mosiyana, kuweruza kumene kumakulitsa mphamvu za boma m’madera onga a zamalonda kapena ufulu wa anthu kuletsa kulongosola.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi mabungwe a boma suli wokhazikika; ndi njira ya moyo, yopuma imene imasintha mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ndale, chikhalidwe, ndi luso la zopangapanga. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo akhazikitsa maziko, tsiku la tsiku ndi tsiku kumaphatikizapo kukambirana, kugwirizana, ndi kukangana kwa kamodzi. Maboma amatumikira monga malabola opezera malamulo, pamene mabungwe a boma amatsimikizira miyezo ya dziko ndi kupereka zinthu. Kulamulira kothandiza kwambiri kumayambika pamene zonse ziŵirizi zimalemekeza mphamvu zawo ndi kusungitsa njira zolankhulirana zotseka. Anthu, kumvetsa filimuyi ndi kofunika kwambiri pochita ndi mmene amaperekera msonkho, ndi mmene ntchito za anthu amaperekera. Monga momwe America imayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwaumoyo kuti apeze thanzi la boma kupambana kudalirana ku maulamuliro a boma ndi kupambana kwa mabungwe aungwe ogwirizana bwino a mayiko onse.