Malo a chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko mu United States amaumbidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana amene amafunafuna kusonkhezera malamulo ndi malamulo a anthu. Pakati pa ameneŵa, ma Committee a Political Action (PAC) ali ndi mbali yaikulu, makamaka aja amene sagwirizana ndi bungwe lililonse, mgwirizano, kapena gulu la anthu — odziŵika monga ma PC. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kozama kwa unansi pakati pa ma PAC ndi zoyesayesa zawo zochirikiza, kuyesa maziko awo alamulo, njira zoyenerera, ndi ziyambukiro zawo zogwirizana ndi democracy.

Kufotokoza Mapale Opanda Ogwirizana

Ma PAC ndi makomiti andale odziimira okha amene amakweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti asonkhezere boma, boma, kapena masankho ndi malamulo akwawo. Mosiyana ndi ma PAC — amene amakhazikitsidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi makampani, mabungwe a antchito, makampani, kapena magulu ena a membala — ma PC amagwira ntchito popanda gulu lochirikiza. Amapangidwa ndi anthu kapena magulu a anthu amene ali ndi maganizo andale, kugawana mfundo, kapena mapulogalamu. Federal Ecomment Commis (FEC) imawatcha gulu la anthu ogwirizana ndi "ogwirizana ndi anthu osagwirizana" chifukwa chakuti sayang'anizidwa ndi gulu lililonse lapadera.

Ma PAC ameneŵa ayenera kulembetsa ndi FEC, malipoti olembedwa nthaŵi zonse, ndi kugwirizana ndi malire a zopereka — pakali pano $5,000 pa chisankho chimodzi ndi $15,000 pachaka kwa komiti ya chipani, ndi malire apamwamba a ndalama zowonongedwa paokha. Ufulu wawo umawalola kuzungulira mofulumira pakati pa kayendedwe ka sankho ndi ndawala, kuwachititsa kukhala oseŵera achangu kwambiri m'bwalo la ndale zadziko. Zitsanzo zosadziŵika zimaphatikizapo Club for Growth, EMILY’s List, ndi National Rifle's Wichynst Wilding Fund — ngakhale kuti kuyendetsa kwachiŵiri kuli kugwirizanitsa gulu la ACC ku gulu, magulu ambiri ogwirizana ndi nkhani yochitidwa mofananamo.

Ntchito ya Kungosunga Malo pa Ndale Zadziko

Kukopa kuli kachitidwe ka kulankhula mwachindunji ndi opanga malamulo, antchito awo, kapena akuluakulu a nthambi kuti asonkhezere kulenga, kukonzanso, kapena kulephera malamulo kapena malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri zopereka za ndawala za ndawala zimaperekedwa ndi malamulo osiyana — makamaka Lobbing Disclosure Act ya 1995. Mabungwe amene akugwira ntchito yokopa ayenera kulembetsa ndi Khoma ndi Nyumba ndi malipoti atsatanetsatane, zowonongedwa, ndi akuluakulu a boma ofunsidwa.

Kuyesayesa kofuna kukopa anthu kumakhala ndi mitundu yambiri: kulembedwa ntchito m'nyumba zolandirira alendo, kugwirizana ndi makampani akunja olandira alendo, kugwiritsa ntchito makampani ofufuza ndi mapepala oyera, kuyendetsa udzu womapanga makampani, ndi kulinganiza misonkhano yogwirizana ndi opanga malamulo. Kwa a PAC, kukopa kuli njira yachindunji yopititsa patsogolo malamulo awo popanda ziletso zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito pa ntchito zopereka — mwachitsanzo, ndalama zosaŵerengeka zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pokopa alendo, pamene zoperekazo zimatha. Zimenezi zimapanga kuti zokwaniritsa zamphamvu kuti apeze ndalama, kulola PC kulondola dongosolo lotsata mfundozo m’malo mwa zikalata za mavotimenti ongo.

Kuphatikiza Mabuku a Mabuku Osagwirizana ndi Ongogwira Ntchito

Unansi pakati pa ma PAC ndi kukopa anthu uli wosiyanasiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC ena osagwirizana amaloŵa kwambiri m'ntchito zokopa, ena amasumika maganizo pa zopereka za ndawala kapena ndalama zapampando. Chigamulo chimadalira pa zolinga zapadera za PC, ziŵiya, ndi malo alamulo. Chochititsa chachikulu nchakuti ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa amayang'anizana ndi ziletso zochepa pa ntchito za ndawala — iwo angakakamize, malinga ngati agwirizana ndi kulembetsa ndi zofunika.

Kukonza zinthu mwadongosolo

A PAC ambiri osakhala ogwirizana amagwiritsira ntchito njira yogwirizana: amakweza ndalama kuchokera kwa ochirikiza, amathandizira kwa ofunsira amene amagwirizana ndi nkhani yawo, ndi kusonkhezera panthaŵi imodzi opanga malamulo amodzimodziwo pambuyo pa chisankho. Zimenezi zimapanga chiwonetso pamene chilikizo la polisi limamanga chiyanjo, ndi kulimbikitsa malamulo ofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, PC yosumika maganizo pa kusintha misonkho ingachirikize ofunsira ntchito za malonda ndiyeno nkuwasonkhezera kuchirikiza misonkho yeniyeni. Ufulu wa PaC umalola kuti ikhalebe yoyang'anira nkhani yake yaikulu popanda kusokonezedwa ndi zikondwerero za gulu la makolo.

Kusamuka kwa Malo Opezera Maluso

Chikalata chochokera ku OpenSET , gulu lofufuza lopanda mabungwe, chikusonyeza kuti ma PAC amawononga ndalama zoposa $1 biliyoni pa kukopa pakati pa 2000 ndi 2020, ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene amawononga m'dongosolo la chisankho chilichonse. Komabe, kugaŵana ndalama zonse zoperekedwa ku PCs ndi ku makampani ndi makampani a malonda. Osagwirizana ndi ma PC amawononga ndalama zochuluka kwambiri za ndalama zawo kuti apereke ndalama kuposa kutumiza, kusonyeza ntchito yawo yaikulu yosankha ngati akuluakulu a mtima. Ngakhale zili choncho, kuchepa kwa ndalama zoyendetsera nkhani zoyendetsera nkhani za m'nkhaniyi — monga zokhala ndi zotchuka — zoperekedwa ndi ndalama zopanda ndalama zambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri zoyendetsera ndalama zopitira ku chigawo chankhondo chopanda malire, zomwe zingakhoze kuthandizira kutumiza zida zopanda chibalo cha 501 pansi pa chisonkha (9).

Zofunika za Malamulo ndi Zotetezera

Pactus yosalumikizidwa iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mpambo wovuta wa malamulo olamulira zonse ziŵiri ndawala ndi kutsata. Ntchito za Federal EFormation Campainsect (FACA) ndi zikonzero zotsatira, kuphatikizapo Bipartisan Champaign Reformation Act ya 2002 (BRA), amakhazikitsa malire a zopereka ndi kufunikira kudziŵitsidwa kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa malisiti ndi kutayitsa zinthu ku FEC. Ntchito zoyendera zimayendetsedwa ndi Lobbing Disloasurence Act , imene imalamula kulembetsa ngati gulu ligwiritsira ntchito mmodzi kapena olandira alendo ambiri ndi kuwonongera ndalama zoposa pa ntchito zolandira (nthaŵi ino $4,000 pa 25 peresenti ya olandira alendo).

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, PC ingapereke pepala la PACI popanda kulembetsa ngati ntchito zake zokopa zichitidwa ndi maofesala kapena antchito amene amathera nthaŵi yawo yosakwanira 20% pa kulandiridwa — ngakhale kuti siikumvedwa bwino. Ma PAC ambiri osalumikizana safuna kulembetsa mwa kugwiritsira ntchito kopenta zimene zimasiya kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi akuluakulu a boma obisika. Mwachitsanzo, iwo angayende mkupiti wa nyuzi wolimbikitsa anthu kuti alankhule ndi opanga malamulo, amene amaonedwa kukhala mizu yaudzu ndipo saloledwa kulembetsa. Malo ofufuzira a PaC amalola kuti asinthe malamulo popanda kuonekera kwabwino.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Cibizens United v. FEC . FEFLT . (2010) inakonzanso malowo mwa kulola makampani ndi maukwati kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamalirira pa zowonongedwa zaumwini, kutsogolera ku kukwera kwa ma PC. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PC ali mtundu wina wa komiti yosagwirizana — iwo angalandire zopereka zosatha koma sangathe kuthandizira mwachindunji — kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa m’gulu logawa logawa pazopereka zopanda phindu. Zimenezi zasokoneza mzera pakati pa makomiti oyera ndi mabungwe ochirikiza, kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zachisonkhetso.

Kufufuza za Mapale Opanda Kulumikizana ndi Ntchito Zogwira Ntchito Mokangalika

Gulu la Kuwonjezereka

Club for Growth ndi PAL C yosagwirizana ndi malamulo a zachuma amene amachirikiza boma lochepa, misonkho yotsika, ndi malonda aulere. Imasunga kukhalapo kwamphamvu ku Washington, kugwiritsa ntchito olandira alendo ndi kugwirizana ndi makampani akunja. Zoyesayesa zake zosonkhezera kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a zachuma, monga kusintha msonkho ndi kuchepetsa malamulo. Njira ya PaC yopereka — yothandiza ndi kuchirikiza anthu opatuka pa mfundo zachikhalidwe — imawonjezera mphamvu zake zopimira ku makampani. Opanga malamulo amene amalandira malamulo ochirikiza Chitukuko kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ovomereza lamulo lake, kupanga njira yothandiza kugwirizanitsa ndi ntchito zokopa.

Aamereka Chifukwa Cholemera (AFP)

AFP ndi imodzi mwa ma Pross Pressure ogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukopa, kuthera mamiliyoni makumi ambiri chaka chilichonse pakukopa, kutumiza, kutumiza, ndi kutsatsa malonda. Kupititsa patsogolo kwake patsogolo kumaphatikizapo malamulo a zaumoyo aulesi, mphamvu zochotsera, ndi chibalo. Masewera aakulu a AFP amalola kuti ayendetse malonda aakulu a foni ndi nyumba za tauni — monga kutumiza matchale ndi kufalitsa zinthu zina — zimene zimagwirizanitsa Washington ndi olandira malo ake. PaC C C kuchirikiza ufulu wa gulu limodzi la ochirikiza.

Mphepo yandale ya Sierra Club

Kumbali ya malo okhala, komiti ya ndale zadziko ya Sierra Club (pa CC) imagwira ntchito m'khonsati ndi Sierra Club's 501 (c) ndi 501(c) (3). PAC imachirikiza oyembekezera malo, pamene kuli kwakuti dzanja la oukira la advoce likuchititsa kusintha kwa nyengo, mphamvu zoyera, ndi maiko opezeka ndi anthu. Sierra Club wakhala wogwira ntchito kwambiri pogwirizanitsa, kukopa, ndi ntchito yosanthula — chitsanzo, mphamvu yotopetsa mafakitale otetezera malo ndi mabungwe otetezera zinthu zako. Mkhalidwe wake wosagwirizana ndi boma la dziko la dziko la dziko lamphamvu la dzikolo umailola kukhala malo apadera a kampani kapena a gulu la odziimira, kuti likhale ndi phindu lapadera lapadera lapadera.

Kuwononga Ndalama za Pa C pa Ntchito Yosagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Kupima chiyambukiro chachindunji cha PACI (OpenSecrets) kuli kovuta chifukwa chakuti chisonkhezero kaŵirikaŵiri chimafalitsidwa ndi kusalunjika. Komabe, kufufuza kochuluka kumasonyeza kuti APAC otsogozedwa bwino, angasinthe malamulo awo. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Center for Responsive Political Political (Openset) kumasonyeza kuti ma PaC ndi operekawo amawona kubwezeredwa kwa ndalama zopitira ku malamulo abwino ndi zotsatira zake zoyendetsera. Mwachitsanzo, Club ya kuthandizira kuletsa Blugalamu ya ku Transport - Surve Bank kubwereranso mu 2015 kuwonjezera ntchito kwa kanthaŵi koikiridwa ndi bungwe, kuyendera limodzi ndi nzeru zake zaumoyo zaulere.

Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa amakhudzanso kachitidwe ka ka kusonkhezera malingaliro a anthu kupyolera m'mikupiti ya kufalitsa. Kusonkhezera kwa Sierra Club pa Club Power Plan kunathandiza kukulitsa mphamvu ya udzu imene inasunga malamulo a malo okhala pamaso pa anthu, ngakhale pamene kachitidwe ka msonkhano kanaletsedwa. Mofananamo, Aamereka osonkhezera Prosperity kutsutsa Affordcable Care Act anathandizira kuwongolera ndi kutsutsa kopitirizabe kumene kunachepetsa kufika kwa lamulo.

Komabe, ma PAC osalumikizidwa amayang'anizana ndi ziletso. Ufulu wawo ungakhale lupanga lolimba ndi malupanga aŵiri: popanda kampani yaikulu kapena chigawo cha bungwe logwirizanitsa, iwo angasoŵe mphamvu ya zachuma ya PCs . Kuwonjezerapo, kuyang'ana kwawo kwamodzi kungawapangitse kukhala osagwira ntchito m'malamulo a olamuliridwa ndi mahatchi, kumene zikondwerero zambiri zili zolinganizika. Mosasamala kanthu za kuletsa kumeneku, ma PC amakhalabe oseŵera osonkhezera, makamaka m'masankhoti aakulu ndi nkhani zapamwamba.

Kusuliza ndi Kulingalira Kwabwino

Unansi pakati pa ma PAC ndi kusonkhezera anthu kuwonjezera nkhaŵa za kuonekera bwino ndi kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. Osuliza amanena kuti kudziimira kwa ma PAC kumawalola kugwira ntchito popanda kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri kuposa kampani kapena bungwe la PC. Mwachitsanzo, PC yosagwirizanitsidwa ingaunjikire zopereka kuchokera kwa opereka ambiri amene amakhalabe osadziŵika kufikira pambuyo pa kusankhidwa, ndipo ntchito zake zokopa zingaperekedwe kudzera mu "Bridge" njira ngati zikhozedwa ku 501(c) (4) yopanda phindu. Kusoŵa kwa kuwonekera kumeneku kungafooketse chidaliro chapo kwa anthu onse m’dongosolo la malamulo.

Ndiponso, khomo lomasuntha pakati pa ma PAC, makampani osonkhezera, ndi malo a boma limabutsa nkhaŵa za chisonkhezero chosayenerera. Ogwira ntchito ntchito ndi omwe kale anali opanga malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amachoka ku Capitol Hill kupita kutsogolo kwa ntchito yosonkhezera ya PC, kulimbikitsa maunansi aumwini kuti apeze phindu. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu ameneŵa ali alamulo ndi ofala, iwo angapange kuwoneka — ngati si zoona — kwa anthu okondwerera.

Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti ma PAC ali chisonyezero chofunika kwambiri cha kutengamo mbali m'ndale ndi kulankhula kwaufulu . Khoti Lapamwamba latetezera nthaŵi zonse ma PAC ndi kuchirikiza monga ntchito za Kukonza Malamulo Oyamba. Iwo amatsutsa kuti ma PAC aufulu amapereka nzika wamba — mwa zopereka — mawu amene angapikisane ndi zikondwerero za kampani. M’lingaliro limeneli, unansi pakati pa ma PAC ndi kusonkhezera ndi mamembala ndi magulu a zikhulupiriro za anthu udzu wangokhala njira yolamulira, monga momwe maukwati ndi mayanjano a malonda achitira kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo mwa Chigawo Chopanda Kugwirizana cha Pac Lobbing

Ma PC amapanga ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu ambiri opereka mphatso zochepera zopitira kutsogolo. Choyamba, kuwonjezeka kwa makompyuta owonjezereka kuwonjezera ku kutumiza ndalama — kudzera ku mapulatifomu monga Act Blue ndi Win Red — kutheketsa ma PC kukweza ndalama kuchokera ku maziko a anthu ang'onoang'ono opereka mphatso, kuchepetsa kudalira kwa opereka ndalama ochepa olemera. Zimenezi zingawachititse kukhala odziwitsa kwambiri ku mizu yawo yaudzu ndi kulephera kugwidwa ndi zinthu zapadera. Chachiŵiri, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nzeru ndi chidziŵitso chapamwamba kulola kuti a PaC apereke mauthenga mogwira mtima kwambiri — zimene opanga malamulo ali okhoza kuvomereza kwambiri pankhani ndi mikangano yeniyeni yaluso.

Chachitatu, kusintha kwa lamulo kungasinthe malo. Lamulo la DISCLOSE, lomwe layambitsidwa m'makhoma ambiri, lingafunikire kuonekera bwino kwambiri kuti pakhale ndalama zandale, kuphatikizapo kukakamiza anthu kuti apereke zinthu zofunikira mwa kusakhala ndi phindu. Ngati apita, angawonjezere kufufuza pa ma PC amene tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendera kudzera pa 501(c)(4). Komanso, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba chochepetsa tanthauzo la kuloŵerera m’ndale chikhoza kuwonjezera mfundo yovomerezeka kulowa m'manja popanda kulembetsa.

Pomalizira, kutha kwa ndale zadziko za ku America kungawonjezere chisonkhezero cha APAC osakhala ogwirizana. Pamene ma PC ocheperapo akusoŵa, ma PC amene sagwirizana ndi malamulo a maganizo kupyola zitokoso zazikulu ndi kukopa kwa anthu adzapitirizabe kuchotsa mphamvu. Chikhoterero chimenechi chikuwonekera kale mu House Freedom Fund ndi Congregation Leadership Fund (AC wamkulu PC amenenso amagwirizanitsa ndi zoyesayesa zosonkhezera). Mzera pakati pa otembenuza, osonkhezera, ndi opereka chikalata cha kutsogolo mosasintha, udzapitirizabe kuchititsa kuti PCs ogwirizana ndi dongosolo la ndale zadziko la ku America lakuwoneratu.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa ma PAC ndi zoyesayesa zosonkhezera ndi mbali yofunika ndi yothetsera njira ya ndale zadziko ya America. Makomiti odziimira okha ameneŵa amagwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo ku gulu kapena chigwirizano kuchirikiza nkhani zina, kugwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa zopereka za ndawala ndi kusonkhezera mwachindunji kukonza zigamulo za malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti amayang'anizana ndi mavuto — kuphatikizapo zopinga za chuma ndi kusuliza koonekeratu — kukhoza kwawo kusumika maganizo pa malamulo awo kochititsa otchuka oseŵera m’dongosolo la democracy. Kumvetsetsa unansi umenewu kumafuna chisamaliro ku malamulo, zosankha zapadera, ndi kachitidwe kampeni ndi kakhalidwe ka ka ka ka kagulu ka ndaletsekera. Ophunzira ndi ophunzitsa za ndale zadziko, zoimba pakati pa anthu osagwirizana ndi kukopa mphamvu za PC ndi kuvumbula mphamvu ya kuchitidwa ndi kuchitidwa kwa United States.