Kumvetsetsa Maulamuliro a Boma m’Njira ya United States

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma ndi mbali yolongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo laudindo kumene ulamuliro wonse umachokera ku boma lapakati, United States umagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma limene limagawa mphamvu pakati pa dziko ndi dziko. Makonzedwe amenewa sasinthasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malamulo, malamulo a khoti Lapamwamba, ndi kulolera kwa ndale. Ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi akufufuza za maboma, kumvetsetsa kusiyanitsa kwa mphamvu za boma nkofunika pomvetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kutsatidwira, ndi kutsutsa. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusweka kwatsatanetsatane kwa mphamvu za boma, maziko alamulo, zikalata zenizeni za dziko, ndi mikangano ya ndale zimene zikulongosola ulamuliro wa boma ndi mphamvu.

Kodi Maulamuliro a Boma Nchiyani?

Maboma amalozera ku ulamuliro umene maboma a boma akukhala nawo pa malire a Malamulo a United States. Mabomawa kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "Maulamuliro Osungidwa" chifukwa chakuti sapatsidwa mwachindunji ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma. Kusintha kwa Tenth kwa Bill of Rights kumapanga lamulo lomveka: "Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi malamulo a United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga maziko alamulo a ulamuliro wa boma.

Maboma ali aakulu ndipo amakwaniritsa mbali zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku zimene sizikutchulidwa mwachindunji pa mlingo wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, amalamulira malaisensi a ukwati, olemba makampani, malonda a m'dziko, lamulo la katundu, ndi lamulo laupandu wochuluka. Amayang'aniranso kuyang'anira masankho (kukhazikitsa maola osankha, malo a chigawo, ndi kuvota ma ID (chimene chakhala nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Kuwonjezera apo, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kupanga malamulo awoawo, malinga ndi mapepalawo osatsutsana ndi Lamulo la U.S.

Ntchito ya Malamulo: Kumene Maboma Amachokera

Lamulo la U.S. limakhazikitsa njira ya ulamuliro wamitundu iŵiri. Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 imandandalika mphamvu zoŵerengedwa za Congress, zonga ngati kusindikiza ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyang'anira malonda a dziko. Panthaŵi ino, Kusintha kwa khumi kumagwira ntchito monga kulanda zonse, kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu iliyonse yosatchulidwa ndi [1] ndipo si yoletsedwa ku mayiko. Lamulolo limaikanso malire omveka pa maulamuliro a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Mfundo I, Gawo 10 imaletsa kuloŵa m'mapangano, kuponya ndalama, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amawononga mapangano. Ziletso zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti sizingachite zinthu molepheretsa mgwirizano kapena kukhazikika kwa chuma.

Kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kumasulira boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kwasintha. Mawu apamwamba mu Mfundo VI amapanga lamulo la boma "lamulo la dzikolo," kutanthauza kuti malamulo a boma achotsa malamulo adziko otsutsana. Lingaliro limeneli, lodziŵika monga kuperekedwa kwa boma, lakhala nkhani ya milandu ya mabwalo ambiri apamwamba. Komanso, Bwalo lakhazikitsanso mphamvu za boma m'zosankha zonga National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius . (20:2)

Mphamvu Zotsala Kupyoza

Nkofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa maulamuliro osungidwa (ophatikiza ku maulamuliro) ndi mphamvu za panthaŵi imodzi (zogwirizana ndi boma la boma). Mphamvu zotsala zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa maboma a kumaloko, kuchititsa masankho, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a dziko. Mphamvu za nthaŵi zonse zimaphatikizapo kukhoza kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Mitengo yonse iŵiri ya boma ikhoza kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za panthaŵi imodzi, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma lingachotse lamulo la boma m’nkhani za mkangano.

Mwachitsanzo, maboma onse aŵiri ndi boma la boma lingakhoze kukhoma msonkho wa ndalama. Komabe, ngati Congress apereka lamulo la msonkho limene mwachindunji limaletsa msonkho wa boma m’mbali ina, boma liyenera kugawa. Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa mphamvu zapanthaŵi imodzi ndi zosungidwa kumapanga mkhalidwe wovuta walamulo umene umafuna kumasulira kosalekeza.

Madera a Boma: Zitsanzo Zolongosoka

Maulamuliro a boma akuwonekera m’malamulo ambiri. Pansipa pali mbali zazikulu ndi zitsanzo zenizeni zimene zimasonyeza mmene maboma amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wawo.

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri. Boma lililonse lili ndi dipatimenti yake ya maphunziro imene imakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, zofunikira za mphunzitsi, ndi njira za ndalama. Masukulu akumalo akufupi ndi madera a mwambo wa malamulo ameneŵa kuti akwaniritse zosoŵa za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Massachusetts akhala akutsogolera maphunziro, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira za boma zoyesera zokulirapo za ma Massachusetts Comprehensivement Assession System (MASCAS). Mosiyana ndi California, akugwiritsa ntchito njira za Ophunzira za Ophunzira ndi Progressss (CAASP) ndipo agwiritsa ntchito bungwe la Lofera Lay Chay Funding Forula kuti asonyeze zinthu zina m'masukulu kwa ophunzira osoŵa kwambiri. Kusiyana kumeneku kumasonyeza mfundo za boma.

Chitsanzo china ndi kutsutsana pa zimene anasankha pasukulu. Arizona Quenian Education Savings akhawuntis, kulola makolo kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma pasukulu ya zausilikali kapena pasukulu yapakhomo. Florida ili ndi programu yaikulu yopereka chikalata, pamene maiko ena onga Vermont ndi Maine ali ndi njira zopimira mizinda kaamba ka zigawo zopanda sukulu zapamwamba. Ntchito imeneyi ya malamulo imagogomezera mmene maiko amagwirira ntchito monga malaboratoritari a demokrase, kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana za kusintha maphunziro.

Kusamalira Thanzi Kumayamba

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa zaumoyo wa anthu ndi zaumoyo. Amayendetsa maprogramu a Medicaid mogwirizana ndi boma la boma, koma mkati mwa zitsogozo zazikulu za boma, maboma angapange njira zawo zokhalira okhoza kupambana, mapindu, ndi madongosolo a malipiro. Affordible Care Act (ACA) imalimbikitsa kusintha kwa boma mwakulola opasawonda kujambula zithunzi zina. Arkansas, mwachitsanzo, anagwiritsira ntchito Medicaid kuwonjezera kwa kagwiritsidwe ka ntchito "chiyeneretse" kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma kugulira inshuwalansi yaumwini ya anthu olandirapo ndalama zochepa.

Massachusetts amadziwikanso kukhala mpainiya. Lamulo lake la zaumoyo la 2006, lomwe linasainwa ndi Governor Mitt Romney, linafuna kuti anthu onse azikhala ndi inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kukhazikitsa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi kupereka ndalama zothandizira anthu olandira ndalama zochepa. Lamulo lapansili linatumikira monga pulani ya ACA. Posachedwapa, California, Colorado, ndi Washington afufuza njira zoperekera inshuwalansi ya boma, kusonyeza mmene maboma angachotsere malamulo a zaumoyo m’njira zatsopano.

Zoyendera

Maboma ali ndi misewu yambiri ya anthu ndiponso misewu, kupatulapo Interstate Highway System, imene imachirikizidwa kwambiri ndi boma la boma koma ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayiko. Dipatimenti iliyonse ya mapulani a zoyendera, mapulani, maluso, ndi kukonzanso nyumba zake zoyendera. Mwachitsanzo, Texas, yaika misewu yaikulu kwambiri kuti ithandize anthu ake omakula, kuphatikizapo ntchito yoyambitsa mkangano ya Trans-Texas Corridor (tsopano yathawa) ndi kutukuka kwa misewu. Mosiyana ndi Oregon ndi Washington, yakhala ikuyang'ana pa zoyendera zamagetsi, kufukula kwa ziwiringi, magalimoto, ndi magalimoto oyenda pansi pa nthaka.

Maboma amayang'aniranso miyezo ya galimoto. California ali ndi ulamuliro wapadera pansi pa Ceaner Air Act kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake yotulutsa galimoto, yomwe ili yokhwima kwambiri kuposa malamulo a boma. Mayiko ena angasankhe kutsatira miyezo ya California kapena kutsatira ya boma. Zimenezi zachititsa kugawikana kwakukulu m'malamulo pakati pa California ndi EPA m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Chipanduko

Maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kukhazikitsa lamulo laupandu. Iwo amasunga mabungwe awo a apolisi a boma (magudumu a misewu, mabureau a boma a kufufuza), mabwalo amilandu, ndi ndende . Izi zimatsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu m'malamulo a milandu yaupandu. Mwachitsanzo, New York ili ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri oletsa mfuti, kuphatikizapo zifuwa, pamene Texas ili ndi malamulo olekerera amene amalola kunyamula mfuti popanda laisensi (pafupifupi 2021). Mofananamo, malamulo a chamba amasiyana kwambiri: Colorado ndi Washington Liviccostation Cannabis mu 2012, koma mu Idaho ndi South Dakota, chuma, chidakali chigamu chaupandu.

Maboma ena, monga Louisiana, akhala ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba za ndende ndi zigamulo zocheperapo zokakamiza, pamene ena, monga Oregon, ayesa kuchotsapo mankhwala ndi kuchepetsa zigamulo za milandu yopanda chiwawa. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza mbali ya boma monga maziko oyesera kukonza chilungamo.

Mikangano Yenieni ya Dziko Pakati pa Maulamuliro Aakulu ndi Boma

Kukangana pakati pa boma ndi boma sikumangonenedwa kuti n’koyenera kwa makhoti ndi mabungwe a malamulo m’dziko lonselo.

Kuyesedwa

Pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, chiganizo cha ukulu chimafunikira kuti lamulo la boma liperekedwe . popanda lamulo la boma ndilo lopanda lamulo. Chitsanzo chimodzi chachikulu ndicho malamulo a malo okhala. Ceasha Air Act imalola EPA kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu wa mpweya, koma maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo imeneyo. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mikangano yayamba pa malamulo a Trump otulutsa mpweya wa methane, amene California ndi maboma ena amatsutsa m’khoti. Makhoti amanena kuti malamulo atha kutsatira miyezo yokhwima kuposa ya boma m’nkhani zambiri.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Kusuntha kuli mbali ya kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma liri ndi ulamuliro wokha pa kupangidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi chisungiko cha malire, maboma ayesa kuloŵerera. Mu Arizona v. United States [1] (20:2), Bwalo Lapamwamba linakantha makonzedwe ofunika a Arizona's S.B. 1070, imene inafuna apolisi kuyang'anira malo osamukira pamene lamulo la boma la kampani yotumiza alendo linaleka. Khoti linalamula kuti malamulo oterowo anachotsedwa ndi lamulo la boma loona za dziko. Komabe, Bwalo linalola "kuonetsa mapepala anu" kuima, kugogomezera mzera wabwino pakati pa mgwirizano ndi boma.

Posachedwapa, Texas ndi Florida atumiza osamukira ku maiko akumpoto m’kutsutsa malamulo a boma a malire, kuyambitsa milandu ndi nkhondo za ndale zadziko.

Kuchotsa Mimba ndi Ufulu Wobalanso

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu 2022 mu Dobts v. Jackson Akazi a Umoyo , amene anagwedeza Roe v. Wade, maboma anali ndi mphamvu zochepetsera kuchotsa mimba. Pambuyo pake [[FLT:]] Dobs [[FLT] , amene tsopano ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wakulamulira kapena kuletsa kutaya mimba. Mayiko ena, monga Texas, anakhazikitsa pafupi ndi chiletso chotheratu, pamene ena, mofanana ndi California ndi New York, anapatula malamulo otetezera kuchotsa mimba ndi kupatsa ndalama kuchokera ku maiko oletsedwa. Kusinthaku kukusonyeza mmene mphamvu yapadera kapena kumasulira kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuyang'anira ntchito yachikidwa.

Kuvomereza Malamulo ndi Mkangano wa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti boma limaletsa chamba kunsi kwa Substances Act, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa lamulo la zamankhwala kapena la msampha. Zimenezi zimayambitsa mkangano wachindunji pakati pa boma ndi lamulo la boma. Department Justice yaletsa kwambiri kuweruza ntchito za boma pansi pa Cole Metrindandum (Inale yotsatiridwa mu 2018 koma yotsatiridwa monga nkhani yothandiza). Komabe, makampani a Cannabis akulimbanabe ndi zopinga zonga zotsekereza ndi zilango za msonkho pansi pa Internal Revolue Code Coute Rese Depart 2809E. Kulimbana kumeneku kukusonyeza kuperewera kwa mphamvu za boma pamene malamulo a boma akhalabe audani.

Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu Potsutsa Maulamuliro a Boma

Khoti Lapamwamba limagwira ntchito monga wochititsa kumaliza mikangano ya boma. Zosankha zake zaumba kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pa zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo. Mu Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), Bwalo linakhazikitsa kuti maboma sangakhoze kukhoma msonkho mabungwe a boma ndi kuti mphamvu zofunikira ndi malamulo oyenerera ku Nyumba ya Ufumu. GIBBONS v. Ogden [1] (18: 3), Khoti la United States linakhazikitsa mphamvu ya za zamalonda pa mtengo wa boma la za za zachuma.

Posachedwapa, Khoti lakhala ndi maulamuliro onse aŵiri owonjezereka ndi kupatsidwa ndi boma. M'chigamulochi Shelby County v. Hoder . (2017), khoti linagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a Court Rights Act yomwe inafuna kuti maboma ena apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo a chisankho. Chigamulo chimenechi chinabwezeretsa ulamuliro wa boma pa njira zosankha, kutsogolera ku malamulo atsopano osankha m’dziko lonselo. Mosiyana, mu bergefell v. Hodges [1] (20: 5), Khoti linagamula kuti ukwati umodzimodziwo uli woyenerera pansi pa kuyendetsa kodesiti ya 149, kulongosola malamulowo monga ukwati pakati pa [kanthanthi ndi nkhani za mkazi. Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza kumasulira kwa lamulo lachigamu la chigamulo.

Chifukwa Chake Kumvetsetsa Mphamvu za Boma Kuli Kofunika

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuphunzira mphamvu za boma sikuli kokha kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro . kuli ndi zotulukapo zenizeni za kukhala nzika, kugwiritsa ntchito unzika, ndi kupanga malamulo. Chidziŵitso cha mtundu wa boma limene limalamulira nkhani inayake chimathandiza nzika kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wodera nkhaŵa za ndalama za sukulu ayenera kulankhula ndi boma lawo, osati Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mofananamo, mwini wa bizinesi woyendetsa malamulo afunikira kuzindikira zonse ziŵiri zofunika za boma ndi boma.

Ndiponso, maulamuliro a boma ndiwo malo kumene malamulo ambiri okhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku amapangidwa. Malamulo aupandu, lamulo la banja, lamulo la katundu, ndi lamulo la pangano zonsezo zili kwakukulukulu magawo a boma. Ngakhale malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa kukwaniritsidwa kwa boma, monga momwe zikuwonekera ndi kusinthana kwa zaumoyo, inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi zilolezo za malo. Kumvetsa kwambiri kwa uyang'aniro kumalola anthu kukhala ndi phande m’dongosolo la democracy pa mlingo uliwonse.

Kumaliza: Uchifumu Wamphamvu wa Boma

Maboma sasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malamulo, malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha ndale. Mkhalidwe wa Asanu A. Ufulu wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo umakhalabe woyendera. Maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, kutsata, malamulo, ndi madera ena ambiri amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kufunika kwa kupangidwa kwa boma. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mavuto onga ngati kutha kwa boma ndi mikangano yalamulo amatikumbutsa kuti mphamvu ya boma nthaŵi zonse imayesedwa ndi ulamuliro wa dzikolo.

Kuzindikira kulinganiza kumeneku nkofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira boma la America. Mwa kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko lapansi kuyambira pa kusintha kwa zoyendera ku Texas mpaka ntchito za zoyendera, kuyambira malamulo oloŵera m'dziko la Arizona mpaka ku Colorado chamba chalamulo . Ife timawona kuti mphamvu za boma zonse ziŵiri ndi magwero a nkhondo ya boma ndi malo osinthirapo a malamulo. Pamene dzikolo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano m'madera onga kusintha kwa nyengo, zachinsinsi za moyo, ndi zoyenera kuvota, kutsutsana kumene ulamuliro wa boma ukupita ndi ulamuliro wa boma udzayamba kumangokula. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwenso, kuzoloŵera zimenezi ndiko kuyambitsa ntchito yofufuza pulogalamu ya demokrase ku America.