M'nyengo yogwirizana ndi mavuto a nyengo ndi mavuto a anthu pa zamaphunziro ndi kugaŵanika kwa mayanjano sikunakhaleko kofulumira. Ngakhale kuti palibe njira imodzi yopezera njira yothandiza padziko lonse, kuchuluka kwa umboni kumasonyeza kuti kuyesayesa kopangidwa bwino kungapereke zotsatirapo zothekera pamene atengera moganizira za malo akumeneko. Mwa kupenda maprogramu achipambano kuchokera ku chikhalidwe ndi chuma chosiyanasiyana, opanga malamulo, aphunzitsi, ndi atsogoleri a mudzi angachotsepo mfundo zosintha ndi kupeŵa kuyambitsanso njinga. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kokulira kwa maphunziro, zaumoyo, kuchirikiza malo okhalako, ndi kujambula, kupanga zinthu, ndi zopanga, ndi zotsatira zimene zimawapangitsa kuphunzira.

Maphunziro Amayamba Kuphunzitsa

Mayiko ambiri asintha zinthu zina kuti zigwirizane ndi malamulo, ndipo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti si zapamwamba kwambiri.

Chitsanzo cha Maphunziro cha ku Finland

Maphunziro a ku Finland ali m’gulu la maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse, koma mfundo zake n’zoti:

  • Kukonzekera kwapamwamba kwa aphunzitsi – Kokha 10-15% ya ofunsira amaloledwa ku maprogramu a maphunziro apamwamba a aphunzitsi, kutsimikizira ntchito ya akatswiri a madokotala.
  • Mphunzitsi kudzisankhira – Aphunzitsi amapanga maphunziro awo ndi mayeso awo m'zitsogozo za dziko, kulimbikitsa luso lakulinganiza ndi kuweruza kwaukatswiri.
  • Kuyesa koyenera – Finland imagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kozikidwa pa sukulu ndi mayeso a kulera munthu a zaka 18, kuchepetsa kutsendereza pamene akutsimikizirabe kuŵerengera.
  • Chichirikizo cha kutembenuzidwa [ - aphunzitsi apadera akugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi aphunzitsi a m’kalasi kupereka thandizo la mwamsanga, ndipo ophunzira angapite patsogolo pamlingo wawo.

Zotsatira zake zimanena za iwo okha: Ophunzira a ku Finland sangokhala akatswiri m'kuŵerenga, masamu, ndi sayansi pa OECD’s Programme for International Studentssment (PISA) komanso akusimba kukhutila kwakukulu ndi nkhaŵa. Chitsanzocho chasonkhezera kusintha kwa mitundu kuyambira ku South Korea mpaka United States, ngakhale kuti kudalira kwake pa kudalira kwambiri kwa chikhalidwe mwa aphunzitsi sikungachitike mofulumira kulikonse. Kusanthula mozama kwa njira ya Finland, onani CD Eal Eal Emocleal for Finland Finland [1].

Njira Yaluso ya Kuphunzira ya Singapore

Singapore wasintha kuchoka ku njira yolimba, yopimira ndi kukhala imodzi yozikidwa pa “kuphunzira. . Chiphunzitso chake chaluso chimagogomezera kumvetsetsa kozama. Mbali zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • `Phunzitsani pang'ono, Phunzirani Mowonjezereka” malamulo – zolembedwa zochepetsedwa za syllabusi zimapatsa nthaŵi ya maprojekiti ofufuzira ndi osuliza.
  • Malangizo operekedwa kwa anthu – Ophunzira amaikidwa mwaufulu mmalo mwa msinkhu, ndi kuchirikizidwa kwa awo amene amalimbana ndi kulemera kwa ophunzira opita patsogolo.
  • Kukula kwaukatswiri – A A Academy yopatulidwa ya Aphunzitsi a Singapore imapereka maphunziro opitirizabe, ndi aphunzitsi afunikira kuthera maola 100 pa chaka pa kukula kwaukatswiri.

Kachitidwe ka Singapore mu PISA ndi TIMS (Trends in International Maths and Science Study) nkosiyana nthaŵi zonse, koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri nchakuti mipata ya kulephera pakati pa magulu a zachuma ndi zachuma. World Bank imagogomezera Singapore monga kufufuza kwa madongosolo a maphunziro a kusintha .

Kuyamba Kuphunzira Mwaluso ku Kenya

Komiti ya ku Kenya Yoona za Kuphunzira ya Chingelezi, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 2016, cholinga chake chinali choti mwana wa sukulu aliyense akonzeke kugwiritsa ntchito tablosha lokhala ndi mfundo zogwirizana ndi maphunziro a dzikolo.

  • Chipangizo chothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito [1] -kuposa 1.2 miliyoni tables zogawiridwa ku sukulu za pulaimale, ndi ziwiya zolipirira dzuŵa za madera ovuta.
  • Kulenga kwa mlingo wa CD [1] --auth common medias adaphunzira maphunziro ambiri m'Chingelezi ndi Kiswahili, kuphatikiza mavidiyo, mafunso, ndi mafilimu.
  • Kuphunzitsa aphunzitsi – aphunzitsi oposa 1800,000 analandira chikalata chophunzitsa kulemba ndi kulemba mwa ndandanda ya makompyuta kupyolera m'pangano ndi Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development.

Kufufuza kwa UNESCO kunapeza kuti ophunzira m'sukulu zimene zimatengamo mbali anasonyeza mapindu aakulu a kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kulemba, makamaka atsikana amene poyamba anali ndi mwayi wophunzira zinthu zochokera kunja kwa sukulu. Mavuto akutsala [1] Device ndi intaneti yogwirizanitsa zinthu ndi nkhani zosatha [1] koma khama la Kenya limasonyeza kuti kuthamanga kwambiri pa maphunziro a manambala kuli kotheka ngakhale m'malo otsika. Kuti mupeze tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka, ŵerenga lipoti la [[FLT: 0] UNESCO pa maphunziro a manambala mu Africa.

Thanzi Limayamba Kuthandiza

Madongosolo a zaumoyo a anthu onse padziko lonse akukakamizidwa ndi anthu okalamba, matenda osapatsirana, ndi miliri.

Chisonyezero Chabwino cha Mtundu wa Chimwemwe cha ku Bhutan Monga Ntchito Yaumoyo

Bhutan amaika zinthu zofunika kwambiri “Gross National Faith fair” (GNH) kuposa Gross Foal Product . Nthanthi imeneyi imaumba mbali iriyonse ya malamulo, kuphatikizapo thanzi. Mmalo mwa kuwona thanzi kukhala kusakhala kwa matenda, njira ya Bhutan imagwirizanitsa maganizo, uzimu, ndi ubwino wa malo okhala. Mbali zofunika zimaphatikizapo:

  • Thanzi la mtsempha monga chinthu choyamba cha dziko lonse [[[FL:1] -Boma lafutukula mautumiki opereka uphungu, lakhazikitsa programu yotetezera kudzipha kwa dziko, ndipo limaloŵetsamo maganizo ku sukulu.
  • Dokotala wa zaumoyo wopingasa [[FLT :1] – Odwala angasankhe pakati pa mankhwala amwambo a Chibutani (ozikidwa pa kuchiritsa kwa Tibet) ndi mankhwala amakono, kaŵirikaŵiri kulandira zonse ziŵiri.
  • Kulinganiza kwa zaumoyo kwa maziko a bungwe – Makhonsati a kumaloko “mabungwe a GNH” amapenda zosoŵa za thanzi ndi kugaŵira zinthu, kutsimikizira kuti anthu otsika ali ndi liwu.

Pamene kuli kwakuti GDP ya Bhutan ya munthu aliyense imakhala yochepera, zotulukapo zake zathanzi zimafanana ndi anansi olemera. Dzikolo linafikira kukwaniritsa thanzi la onse mu 2019, ndi kumveka kwa anthu amaganizo pakati pa apamwamba koposa ku South Asia. Gulu la zaumoyo la World Health Organization latsimikizira malamulo amakono a zathanzi la maganizo a Bhutan kukhala chitsanzo cha thanzi la maganizo logwirizanitsa ku chisamaliro chachikulu.

Malo Oyendera Thanzi la Banja ku Brazil (Estratégia Saúde da Família)

Pangano la zaumoyo la Brazil’s Family Health Strategy (FHS) ndi limodzi la madongosolo aakulu kwambiri a anthu padziko lonse, ophatikizapo anthu oposa 130 miliyoni. Linakonzedwa kuti lifike kwa anthu osauka a m’midzi ndi okhala m’matauni amene sanalowe m'dongosolo la zaumoyo. Zigawo za chigawo cha Core zimaphatikizapo:

  • Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo a kampani (antchito aunitomários de saúde) – gulu lililonse limaphatikizapo sing'anga, nesi, mano, ndi antchito a zaumoyo angapo a kumaloko amene amapanga maulendo apanyumba, kupereka maphunziro a zaumoyo, ndi njira ya odwala odwala matenda.
  • Empashis pa kuchinjiriza [[FL:1] – Ndende za kutsekereza, chisamaliro chapasadakhale, kuyang'anira matenda osatha (hypertension, diabetes) imaperekedwa mokhazikika mmalo mwa kuyembekezera odwala kuti adwale.
  • Magulu a zaumoyo amagwirizanitsa ndi sukulu, maprogramu otumiza ndalama (Bolsa Família), ndi madipatimenti aukhondo kuti akambirane ndi mankhwala oletsa thanzi.

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti makampani amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira FHS anawona kutsika kwa 20% kwa imfa za makanda ndi kutsika kwa 10% kwa kuikidwa m'zipatala kaamba ka mikhalidwe ya kudwala kwa nthenda. Lancet inafalitsa kupendedwa kogogomezera FHS monga chitsanzo cha mtengo wothandiza kukwaniritsa thanzi lapadziko lonse m'maiko opeza bwino.

Chida Choyendera Zinthu Padziko Lonse cha ku Thailand

Thailand anayambitsa bungwe lake la Universal Courage Scheme mu 2002, ndipo anachititsa kuti anthu 47 miliyoni amene anali asanawakonzereko ayambe kupatsidwa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo.

  • Ndalama zochokera ku kuchirikiza [[FL:1] -Boma limalipira ndalama za chaka ndi chaka kwa anthu olembetsa ogwirizana ndi malo osungira katundu, kutetezera ndi kuyendetsa zinthu.
  • Kuphatikizapo wodwala, wodwala, wodwala, mankhwala apamwamba (m’mphindi, dialysis), ndi mankhwala ambiri ofunika omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa.
  • Kusunga zipata za chisamaliro chachikulu - Odwala ayenera kulowa pamalo oyamba, pokhapo ngati ndi ofunikiradi, kuchepetsa kukwera kwa chipatala.

Thailand inapeza pafupifupi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse m'zaka zitatu, ndipo ndalama zowonongera thanzi zatsika kuchokera pa 5.5% kufika pa 1. WHO Bulletin imavomereza UCS kukhala ndi kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa thanzi, makamaka pakati pa anthu akumidzi.

Zoyambitsa za Malo Okhala

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumafuna kuti zinthu ziyende bwino kwambiri.

Msonkho wa Carbon Parbon ku Sweden

Wotchulidwa mu 1991, msonkho wa carbon wa Sweden ndi umodzi wa msonkho wapamwamba koposa padziko lonse, umene tsopano ukuposa 110 pa tone imodzi ya CO2. Osuliza ananeneratu poyamba za kuwonongeka kwa chuma, koma zotsatira zake zakhala zosiyana.

  • Kuyendera m'mayiko opangika ndi anthu opangidwa kuchotsapo + Msonkho wa mafuta otsala a pansi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kutenthetsa ndi kunyamula zinthu, koma makampani opezeka ku mpikisano wa mayiko akulandira ziŵerengero zotsika kuletsa kutuluka kwa carbon.
  • Kubwezeretsa trambue – Malipiro amasungidwa ntchito zomanganso mphamvu (mpweya, dzuŵa, mphamvu ya magetsi), maprogramu a magetsi, ndi kuchepetsa msonkho wa ndalama [1] Kupangitsa kusinthako kuvomerezeka kwa anthu.
  • Kutsatira malamulo – Msonkho wa carbon umagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi dongosolo la malonda amphamvu (EU ETS) ndi malamulo omanga otsatizana.

Sweden yachepetsa kutulutsa kwake mpweya wotenthetsa dziko ndi 35% chiyambire 1990 pamene anali kukwaniritsa kukula kwa GDP kwa 75%. World Bank imatchula msonkho wa Sweden monga chitsanzo choyambirira cha mmene carbon prigragting ingachotsere kukula kwa chuma kuchokera ku ku kutulutsa. Phunziro lalikulu ndilo lakuti mtengo wokwera pa carbon, wogaŵikana pang'onopang'ono ndi woperekedwa ndi kubwezera kwa magulu osavuta kuwonongeka, ungayendetse zinthu popanda kuvulaza mpikisano.

Kudula Maluwa ku Rwanda ndi Kuwonjezeka kwa Maluwa

Rwanda, dziko laling'ono lokhala ndi anthu ambiri ku East Africa, lasintha kwambiri malo okhala. Pambuyo pa kupululutsana kwa mtundu wa anthu mu 1994, nkhalango ya dzikolo inatsika kufika pa 10% ya malo. Lerolino, lakwera kufika pa 30% mwa kugwirizana kwa malamulo otchuka ndi chikhalidwe. Zigawo za m'zigawo za m'dzikomo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Uganda (ntchito yaumoyo) [1] [1] Loŵeruka latha la mwezi, nzika zimachita nawo ntchito ya m'mudzi yokakamiza, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo kubzala mitengo ndi kuyeretsa malo. Zimenezi zachititsa anthu odzipereka mamiliyoni ambiri kuukira.
  • Kufutukuka kwa malo otetezeredwa [1] – Volcapes National Park ndi Nyungwe National Park kwafutukulidwa ndi kuyendera mozungulira, kuwonjezera ulendo wa malo ogona ndi kutetezera zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
  • Ban pa mapulasitiki amodzi – Rwanda inali imodzi ya maiko oyamba kuletsa matumba a pulasitiki, kutsatiridwa ndi chiletso cha mabotolo a pulasitiki amodzi m'mapaki adziko, kuchepetsa kwakukulu kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala ndi kuipitsa.

Kuyesayesa kwa kukonzanso malo kwa a gorila a m'mapiri okhala pangozi ndi kuchepa kwa nthaka, zimenenso zawongolera kulimitsa. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) yasonyeza Rwanda monga nkhani yachipambano m'kukonzanso malo, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale maiko okhala ndi chuma chochepa angathetse kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala mwa kufuna kwa ndale zadziko ndi kukhala ndi anthu.

Kupereka Ndalama kwa Mautumiki a Ecosystem (PES) ku Costa Rica

Programu ya Unduna wa Ntchito ya Ecosystem Services ya Costa Rica, yomwe inayamba mu 1997, yathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kudula mitengo ndi kuteteza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Pulogalamuyi imagwira ntchito mwachidule: Animalo amabwezeredwa ndalama pa ntchito zimene nkhalango zawo zimapereka, monga kuteteza nkhalango, kuletsa madzi, ndi kuteteza malo okhala. Mbali zofunika:

  • Zisonkhezero za magetsi [[FLT :1] – ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi msonkho wa mafuta wa dziko, madanga a madzi, ndi ndalama zolipiridwa ndi makampani a magetsi a madzi amene amapindula ndi zogumula za nkhalango.
  • Kutengamo mbali kwa tchuthi [[FLT :1] – eni malo amasankha kulembetsa munda wawo kwa nyengo za zaka 5-15, kulandira malipiro pa hekitala pachaka.
  • Zotsatirapo zokhoza kutsutsidwa [1] ... – chikuto cha nkhalango ku Costa Rica chakula kuchokera pa 26% mu 1983 kufika pa 55% lerolino, ndipo dziko lino limapanga magetsi oposa kota ya magetsi ake kuchokera ku hydrosing yochirikizidwa ndi madzi abwino.

PISI yakhala ikukopedwa m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Mexico, Brazil, ndi Vietnam. Ofufuza pa World Resources Institute [1] Programu ya Costa Rica monga kufufuza kugwirizanitsa zisonkhezero zachuma ndi zolinga za kusungitsa.

Kuyamba Kucheza ndi Anthu

Maprogramu a chikhalidwe amene amathetsa kusalingana ndiponso kulumikizana ndi anthu ndi ofunika kwambiri pomanga anthu opirira.

Programu ya Kusamutsidwa kwa Othaŵa ku Germany

Chifukwa cha vuto la kusamuka kwa anthu osamukasamuka mu 2015, anthu oposa miliyoni imodzi atafika, dziko la Germany linakhazikitsa dongosolo lothandiza kuti anthu azitha kulankhulana ndi anthu ambiri padziko lonse.

  • Sukulu za chigawo zogwirizana [1] -ASLT [1] -Asylm oyembekezera kukhala ndi moyo kwa maola 600 a malangizo a chilankhulo cha Germany ndi maola 100 a maphunziro a malamulo, chikhalidwe, ndi makhalidwe a dziko la Germany.
  • Kufufuza kwaluso ndi kugaŵira ntchito – The Federal Agency imachita mpikisano wa kupikisana kwa milungu isanafike, kupereka maphunziro a ntchito, kuyendetsa sitima zapamanja, ndi kugaŵira ntchito kwa mabizinesi akuno.
  • Alangizi a bungwe la othaŵa kwawo – Maboma aŵiri othaŵa okhala ndi alangizi odzifunira amene amathandiza kuyendetsa madongosolo a boma, kupeza nyumba, ndi kumanga mayanjano a anthu.

Pofika 2022, oposa 50% a othaŵa kwawo amene anafika mu 2015 anali pantchito nthaŵi zonse, ndipo mavuto a zachuma asintha kuchoka pa mtengo wa kanthaŵi n'kukhala kuthandizira kwabwino ku boma la zachuma. CD yafufuza njira zogwirizanitsa dziko la Germany monga chitsanzo cha kulinganiza mathayo othandiza anthu ndi chipambano cha zachuma.

Gulu la Kudzithandiza la ku India (SHG)

Gulu la Indiya la Self-Help Group ndi limodzi la maluso aakulu kwambiri a udzu padziko lonse, omwe akufikira akazi oposa 100 miliyoni m’madera akumidzi. Bungwe la National Liveliodess Mission (NRLM) limapereka mafupa a m'mimba, koma injini yeniyeni ndi magulu apamwamba a akazi 10-20 amene amasunga ndi kubwereketsana.

  • Microfinicance popanda mamedia [1] Magulu osungira ndalama kuti apereke ngongole zazing'ono za ntchito zopezera ndalama (m' lekuatiso, kugula makina osokera, kuyamba kamera ya ndiwo zamasamba), kudutsa mabanki amwambo ndi ndalama.
  • Programu ya Bank yogwirizanitsa gulu [1] – Boma ndi mabanki a malonda amapereka likulu la SHGs pa chiwongola dzanja chotsika, kutsendereza kudalirika kwa maguluwo ndi kuchepetsa upandu wosapeŵeka.
  • Nyumba zamphamvu [1] -SHGS imapereka maphunziro a zachuma, makampani, ufulu wa akazi, ndi kuzindikira thanzi. Magulu ambiri amasintha kukhala masinthidwe amene amachirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo pa mlingo wa chigawo.

Kufufuza kwa World Bank kumasonyeza kuti akazi amene amatenga mbali mu SHGs kwa zaka zosachepera ziŵiri apeza kuwonjezereka kwa 30% kwa ndalama zapanyumba, kuwongolera mphamvu ya kupanga zosankha m’banja, ndi kuchepetsa chiwawa cha m’banja. World Bank yatcha bungwe la SHG] “chida champhamvu cha chuma cha akazi ” ndipo yachirikiza zitsanzo zofanana ku Bangladesh, Ethiopia, ndi Peru.

Lamulo la Kulambira Kosiyanasiyana kwa Dziko la Canada

Lamulo la Canada la kuchirikiza miyambo ya anthu, lokhala ndi maziko mu 1988, limakhudza zoposa kulekerera kusiyana kwa mitundu kuchirikiza mokangalika kusungidwa ndi kugawana mwambo. Lamulolo limachirikizidwa ndi maprogramu a konmenti:

  • Kumanga kaamba ka magulu a mafuko ndi osamukira kudziko – Department of Canadian Heritage imapatsa mphatso ku magulu a anthu amene amalinganiza mapwando a chikhalidwe, makalasi a zinenero, ndi ma shopu oletsa kutengerapo kumbuyo.
  • Mautumiki a kumudzi osamuka amalandira chilankhulo, chithandizo, ndi njira yophunzitsira anthu a ku Canada, kaŵirikaŵiri operekedwa ndi mabungwe akwawo osapanga phindu ochirikizidwa ndi boma la boma.
  • Malamulo a kugamula mlandu – Canadian Human Rights Act ndi malamulo a chigawo amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, chiyambi cha mtundu, chipembedzo, ndi maziko ena, kukakamiza kupyolera m’mabwalo ofikirika.

Canada amaumirira mosalekeza pakati pa maiko apamwamba kaamba ka chikhutiro ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Malinga ndi Chikalata cha Canada [1], lamulo lakhala lolimbikitsa kudzimva kukhala: oposa 85% a osamukira kumaiko akuti amamva kukhala “olimba kwambiri" kapena“ amphamvu kwambiri” ya kugwirizana ndi Canada. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto akukhalabe / makamaka ponena za zotulukapo zachuma kwa anthu ochepa ooneka [1] Canada imapereka chisonyezero cha maiko olimbana ndi kusiyana kowonjezereka.

Kumaliza

Kufufuza kosonyezedwa pano kumagawana: kuli kogwirizana ndi mawu ozungulira, kochirikizidwa ndi kudzipereka kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kolinganizidwa ndi njira za kuphunzira ndi kuzoloŵera. Finland imasonyeza kuti kukhulupirira aphunzitsi kungachititse ntchito yapamwamba popanda kuyesa kokulira. Kenya imasonyeza kuti zipangizo za magetsi zingagwirizanitse mipata ya aphunzitsi ndi kupezeka. Sweden imatsimikizira kuti carbon prigeming ikhoza kuchepetsa kutulutsa zinthu pamene ikuchirikiza kukula kwa zachuma. Rwanda imachitira fanizo kuti malo owonongeka angabwezeretsedwe mwa kulinganiza ndi utsogoleri wamphamvu. Germany ndi India akutikumbutsa kuti kugwirizana ndi mayanjano ndi mphamvu za akazi kuli kotheka kupyola pa maprogramungwe, maprogramungwe a maanti a matala opanga.

Palibe njira imodzi yoyambirira imene ingakopedwe ndi mlingo waukulu, koma maprinsipulo [1] kuloŵerera kwa posachedwa, kukhala ndi mwini, kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso popanga zosankha, ndi kugwirizana m'madera ambiri. Pamene dziko likukhala logwirizana kwambiri, mwaŵi wa kuphunzira kuchokera ku zitsanzo zachipambano za maiko ena sunakhalepo wokulirapo. Mwa kuphunzira machitachita abwino kwambiri ameneŵa ndi kuwasintha molingalira bwino, tingafulumire kupita patsogolo pa mavuto aakulu a m'nthaŵi yathu.