Kuipa kwa Ulamuliro: Mabuku Osonyeza Moyo Wosatha Odutsa Federal, Boma, ndi Mafuko a M’dziko

Kuzindikira mmene boma limagwirira ntchito pamlingo wake wosiyanasiyana sikuli kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro . Nkofunika kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi omwe, kuona malingaliro osadziŵika a unistism akubwera ndi konkire, zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zikupangitsa kuyendetsa konkire. Nkhani ino ikupenda mikhalidwe yotsimikizirika ya kumaloko, boma, ndi milingo ya boma, kusonyeza mmene mzera uliwonse umagwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana pamene ukugwira ntchito pamodzi posamalira zosoŵa za anthu. Kuchokera ku kukonza njira za dziko, mlingo uliwonse wa boma umakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku m’njira zimene zingawonedwe, kuphunziridwa, ndi kuyesedwa.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Mzera Woonekeratu wa Utumiki wa Anthu Onse

Boma lakumaloko ndilo likulu la ulamuliro wowonekera kwambiri ndi wofikirika kwa nzika. Mabungwe a mizinda, mabungwe achigawo, mabungwe a sukulu, ndi madera apadera amapanga zosankha zimene zimapanga mtundu wa anthu. Mathayo awo ngosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa kutetezeka kwa anthu, kumanga ndi kukonza malo aukhondo. Zochitika zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene boma lakumaloko limagwirira ntchito.

Kulimbikitsa Uchigaŵenga ndi Kuthandiza Anthu

Madipatimenti apolisi akumaloko amagwiritsira ntchito njira zapolisi zimene zimaposa kusungidwa kwa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Colis Intervenition Team (CIT) programu [1] yofala kwa akuluakulu ambiri a kampani za ntchito za zoyendetsa sitima za m'makampani kuti achotse mavuto a maganizo. Apolisi ndi antchito a anthu a zachikhalidwe ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo kuti apatutse anthu kuchokera kundende kupita ku chithandizo. Zochita zimenezi zimayendera anthu okhala m’dziko omwe amafuna chitetezo ndi mayankhidwe achifundo. Zosankha za kumalowa zimasonyeza makhalidwe ndi zofunika za m’mudzi, ndipo amathandizidwa ndi kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto a m'boma, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi malangizo ochokera ku boma koma oyendera madera ena.

Ntchito za Anthu Onse ndi Malangizo

Kusunga misewu, milatho, madongosolo a madzi, ndi kutumiza anthu kudziko. Ganizirani ntchito ya dipatimenti ya boma imene imakonza mabowo a madzi pambuyo pa nyengo yachisanu yozizira. Okhalamo akuitana madandaulo kudzera m'dongosolo la 311; dipatimenti imaika antchito odalira pa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi ngozi za chitetezo. Ndalama zimayendetsedwa ndi misonkho ya katundu wa m'deralo ndi kupatsa boma ndalama. Ntchito zambiri zovuta, monga kukonzanso fakitale ya madzi kuti igwirizane ndi miyezo ya boma ya Saved Meter Act , imaphatikizapo kulinganiza kwa kumaloko, uyang'anira, ndipo nthaŵi zina boma lokongola kuchokera ku bungwe lotetezera zachilengedwe. Kupereka ndalama ndi malamulo kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene ntchito ya kumaloko ikuyendera m'mabungwe a boma lalikulu.

Kulima ndi Dziko Zimagwiritsira Ntchito Zosankha

Mabungwe a kumaloko ndi ntchito yokonza malo amaumba khalidwe lenileni la madera. Chitsanzo chofanana: wokonza nyumba zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu pafupi ndi malo akwawo. Bungwe lokonza malowo limayang'anira pulogalamu ya anthu onse, limapenda kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, ndi kupenda kuyenda kwa galimoto. Otsutsa angatsutse za kulemera kwa masukulu, kapena chuma. Ochirikiza amagogomezera kupereŵera kwa nyumba ndi mphamvu ya zachuma. Chosankha chomaliza chikanetseka, kukana, kapena kusintha ntchitoyo. Imeneyi ndi democracy ya kumaloko, kaŵirikaŵiri imatsutsana ndi kutsutsana, koma imawunikira lamulo lakuti anthu ayenera kukhala ndi mawu awo m’manja.

Thanzi la Onse Pamalo Omwewo

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko ali pampambo wa kuchinjiriza matenda. Mliri wa Chovid-19, mabungwe ameneŵa analinganiza malo oyesera, kupima, ndi zipatala za katemera. Pakachitika ngozi, madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amayang'anira ntchito zoyendera malo osungirako ana, kuyang'anira zofunikira kuti aloŵe m'sukulu, ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu a thanzi la amayi ndi ana, kuletsa matenda a STD, ndi kuyang'anira matenda osatha. Mautumiki ameneŵa amakonzedwa ndi zofunika za kumalo akumudzi kuti apeze chisamaliro, pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la tauni liyang'anira zachite bwino chakudya ndi ngozi za malo otetezeredwa. National Association of County and City Health Agtivements akupereka chuma ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zimenezi.

Boma Ladziko: Kutsatira Lamulo ndi Kukwaniritsa Malamulo kwa Pakati

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zoyendetsedwa ndi bungwe la Tenth Amendment. Amayang’anira maphunziro, zoyendera, kusamalira anthu otsika okhala m’dziko, chilungamo, ndi malamulo a zauchigaŵenga. Maboma akhazikitsa malamulo, akazembe akupha, ndipo makhoti a boma akumasulira.

Lamulo la Maphunziro ndi Kupereka Ndalama

Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, kukhazikitsa mayeso oyeretsedwa, ndi kugaŵira ndalama zothandizira ku magawo a sukulu. Chitsanzo chamakono ndicho kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa madongosolo K-12 oŵerengera kuŵerengera kwa ana sukulu motsatira mayeso, kumaliza maphunziro, ndi zizindikiro zina. Maboma amayang'aniranso mapangano, malamulo a sukulu, ndi malamulo a zachitetezo. Pamene boma liwonjezera ndalama zothandizira maphunziro, lingaikire pansi madera kapena kukula kwa magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mosiyana, amachepetsa maprogramumboni ovuta , kudula maluso kapena kukula kwa makalasi. Bungwe la boma lopereka malamulo a United States

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) amayang'anira misewu, maulalo, mabwalo a ndege, ndi kutumiza anthu. Chochitika chothandiza: boma limatchula kuchuluka kwa mayiko kumene kukufunika kufutukuka. Imachititsa maphunziro a malo okhala, imagawa pulogalamu ya anthu onse, imatumiza msonkho wa gasi, ndipo imagwira ntchito ya boma ya ku Dipatimenti ya za Transportation. Kumanga kungapitirire zaka, kukhudza magalimoto ndi mabizinesi. Maboma amayang'anira oyendetsa galimoto, kulembetsa, ndi kampani za zachitetezo. Ntchito zimenezi zimafuna kuti boma liziyendetse misewu yakwake (zimene zimasungitsa misewu) ndi mabungwe a boma (zimene zimakhazikitsa miyezo ya zachitetezo ndi kupereka ndalama).

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zambiri za malo okhala, kaŵirikaŵiri akugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma onga ngati Clean Water and Clean Air Act kupyolera mwa maprogramu operekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, California Air Resources Board (CARB) amakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima yotulutsa galimoto kuposa boma la boma, kusamuka kumene maboma ena angakulandire. Mabungwe a boma amayang'aniranso kulola malo a maindasitale, kukhazikitsa malire a kuipitsa, ndi kuyang'anira malo osungirako a boma. Mkangano wa kumaloko ungaphatikize fakitale yofunsira chilo chochotsera ufulu; zikalata zoitanira kwa anthu, ndi zilo zopereka chilolezo ndi mikhalidwe. Zimenezi zimayang'aniranso kuwongolera kwa chuma ndi chitetezo.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo ndi Uyang’aniro wa Medicaid

Pansi pa AffordIble Care Act, pali chosankha cha kufutukula Medicaid kuti afutukule anthu achikulire olandira ndalama zochepa. Mayiko ena achita zimenezo; ena sanachite. Chigamulo chimenechi chimayambukira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaumoyo kwa mamiliyoni. Maboma amayang'anira ntchito za Medicaid , kukambirana ndi mainsurensid, kuika ndalama zothandizira kulipira ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Chitsanzo chenicheni: Boma lokhala ndi kuwonjezereka kwa opioidssss stance Medicaid kuti agwiritsire ntchito mankhwala kapena kuyambitsa programu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kusankha kumeneku kwapamwamba kwakhala ndi zotsatira za moyo kapena imfa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsutsana mowopsa m'malamulo.

Boma Lolamulira: Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Malamulo

Boma la boma likupanga maulamuliro ondandalika mu Lamulo la Malamulo: chitetezo cha dziko, malamulo a maiko akunja, malonda a maiko akunja, kusamuka, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Mabungwe a Federal amakhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress ndi kusainidwa ndi Pulezidenti. Zisonyezero zotsatirazi zimawunikira kachitidwe ka boma m’kugwiritsira ntchito.

Kuteteza Dziko ndi Chitetezo cha Kumudzi

Department of Defense imachita zipinda zankhondo, imatumiza asilikali, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu padziko lonse. Chochitika nchakuti: Pulezidenti akulamula ndege yochepa yolimbana ndi gulu la zigaŵenga m’dziko lachilendo. Msonkhano wadziŵitsidwa pansi pa nkhondo ya Maulamuliro a Nkhondo. Pentagon imagwirizanitsa zokambirana, luntha, ndi malamulo a pangano la pangano. Panthaŵiyi, Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security (DHS) imateteza malire, oyendetsa ndege, ndi kuyankha ziwopsezo za Intaneti. Malamulo ameneŵa amayendetsedwa ndi ndalama za boma, zimene zikuphatikizapo mazana ambiri a mabiliyoni a makampani otetezera. Njira yopanga zimaphatikizapo makampani apamwamba ndi matabi, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba loyang'Asalo loyang'ka ndi malamulo.

Chisungiko ndi Mankhwala

Bungwe la Social Security Administration (SA) limapatsa anthu opuma pantchito, opunduka, ndi opulumuka. Oposa 65 miliyoni amalandira chitetezo cha anthu mwezi uliwonse. Chochitika chofanana: wantchito amasintha 62 ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapindu a kupuma pantchito mwamsanga. SSA amaŵerengera phindu lochokera ku ndalama zimene wantchitoyo amapeza ndipo amatumiza ndalama mwezi uliwonse. Medicare, yoyendetsedwa ndi Ma Center a Medicare & Médicaid Services (CMS), imapatsa anthu 65 ndi achikulire ndi anthu ena opundukapo. Maprogramu a ntchito ameneŵa amayendetsedwa mwa kulipira misonkho ndi kuyendetsa ndalama zonse. Masinthidwe alionse monga kukweza zaka za kupuma pantchito kapena kuwonjezereka kwa mautumiki, kuwapanga mautumiki a ndalensigalamu a ndale.

Kulabadira Ngozi ya Maboma

Pamene mphepo yamkuntho, moto wotentha, kapena chivomezi, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imagwirizanitsa mpumulo. Chochitika chimodzi: Mkuntho wa 4 ukuwononga chigawo cha gombe. Bwanamkubwa akupempha chilengezo cha tsoka la boma. Pulezidenti avomereza, kutsegula nyumba zokhalamo FEMA osakhalitsa, kuchotsa zinyalala, kuthandiza munthu aliyense payekha. FEMA imakhazikitsa malo othandizira kuti ngozi zichitike, ndipo imagwirizanitsa ndi boma ndi mabungwe a kumaloko. Kuyankhaku kumaphatikizapo kuthamanga kwamphamvu ndi kugwirizana kwa boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri kubuka kwa nthaneti ya , kutsogolera ku kusintha zinthu. [FLT:] FMA [FLD:]

Malonda a M’mayiko Ogwirizana ndi Kukonzanso Zachuma

Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malonda pakati pa mayiko onse pansi pa Commerce Claus . Bungwe la Federal Trade Commission (FTC) limakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa unduna, Secureal and Exchange Commission (SEC) imayang'anira misika ya zachuma, ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lonse yoipitsa zinthu. Chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino: mu 2023, FTC ikufuna kutsekereza pakati pa mabotolo aakulu aŵiri a sitolo, ikutsutsana kuti ichepetsa ndi kukweza mitengo ya ogula. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza mmene mabungwe a boma amaloŵererera kutetezera ku malonda. Momwenso EPA amakhazikitsa miyezo ya zachuma imene imayambukira opanga galimoto ndi oyendetsa galimoto ndi oyendetsa galimoto m’dziko.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma: Galimoto Yomwe Imalamulira Zinthu Zonse Pamodzi

Kumvetsa kugwirizana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tidziwe bwinobwino mmene boma limagwirira ntchito.

Malo Otetezera Zamsanga

Pakachitika tsoka lalikulu, yankho limaikidwa. Zoyesayesa zonse zimayendetsedwa ndi bungwe lolamulira la Incident Leader System. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mafunde a kumadzulo, maboma ambiri amagaŵana zomangira moto ndi ndege, pamene boma limapereka ndalama ndi chithandizo cha boma kudzera pa FEMA.

Federal Grants-in-Aid

Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zothandizira boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko. Gulu lalikulu ndi Medicaid, kumene boma limayendera ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma zozikidwa pa njira. Zina zimapatsa ndalama za ndalama (Intala pasukulu za ndalama zotsika), za mayendedwe (ndalama zapamwamba), ndi kusungitsa lamulo (Byrne JaG Regin), pobwezera ndalama za boma, maboma ayenera kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe .g., kukweza zaka zochepera za kumwa kufikira 21 kulandira ndalama za pamsewu wa Lef Behind Oinse Argery. Fiscalge iri chiŵiro champhamvu cha maunansi pakati pa boma, nthaŵi zina kuyambitsa mkangano pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Kukakamiza Kwachiŵerengero cha Anthu Kukankhira Kumbuyo

Maupandu ambiri akudutsana ndi mayiko. FBI, bungwe la boma, kaŵirikaŵiri limathandiza apolisi akumaloko kufufuza malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'mayiko, kugulitsa anthu, kapena kuphwanya malamulo a pa Intaneti. Magulu a ntchito aunyinji, monga gulu la OdDrime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF), chuma cha m'madzi kuchokera ku boma, boma, ndi mabungwe a komweko. Mofananamo, maupandu a malo okhala ndi malo okhala [1] Kutaya m’mizere ya boma [1] Kungaphatikizepo EPA, mabungwe a boma, ndi malamulo a kumaloko. Mabungwe ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti mavuto amakono saayenera kulowa bwino m’bokosi imodzi ya boma.

Mavuto ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo m’Mafuko

Pamene kuli kwakuti kugwirizana kwa boma kuli kofala, mikangano imabuka. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma kuli mkangano wa malamulo wosatha. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kulimbana pa ziletso za miliri, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi kutsata anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Maboma asungirira boma pa malamulo amene amaona kukhala olakwa, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limachepetsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] NFIB v. Seberius [1], Khoti inachirikiza lamulo la Afford Care Act monga msonkho koma likuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ya kukana ndalama zonse zochokera ku maiko osakula. Nkhondo zogwirizana zalamulo zogwirizana ndi ufulu wa dziko. Nkhondo zoterozo za malamulo zogwirizana ndi ufulu wa bungwe la United States.

Kusiyana kwa Malo ndi Ukulu Wakumene Ali

Maboma onse akumeneko si olingana. Malo apamwamba angasonkhezere sukulu zapamwamba zapamwamba, mapaki, ndi mautumiki amene ali ndi misonkho yotsika, pamene kuli kwakuti madera akumidzi kapena a m’matauni akuyesayesa kupereka mautumiki ofunika. Boma ndi boma limayesa kulinganiza, koma kusiyana kukupitirizabe. Zimenezi zimadzutsa mafunso okhudza kuchuluka kwa zinthu za mwana: kodi maphunziro angadalire chuma cha m'dera lawo? Maboma ayesa kukambirana zimenezi mwa njira zothandizira ndalama, ndipo nthaŵi zina makhoti aloŵererapo.

Kumaliza: Kuona Boma Likugwira Ntchito N’kofunika

Mwa kupenda madongosolo a konkiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ophunzira amene akumvetsa zimenezi angamvetse bwino mikangano ya malamulo, kuyang'anira ntchito ya boma, ndi kutenga nawo mbali monga nzika zodziŵa bwino. Aphunzitsi angagwiritse ntchito zitsanzo zenizeni za moyo wa anthu kuti apange maufumu kukhala amoyo, kulimbikitsa mbadwo umene umazindikira kuvuta ndi kufunika kwa dongosolo la boma.

Kuzindikira kugwirizana kumeneku kumapatsa anthu mphamvu kuti adziŵerengera mlandu ndi kuona mmene kungakhalire bwino kwa anthu. Zochitika zoperekedwa panozi ndi chiyambi chabe cha tsiku lililonse, ndipo zimapereka mwayi wosatha wa kuphunzira ndi kutomerana.