Chiyambi: Chiyambi cha Maulamuliro Opangidwa ndi Malo Oyamwitsa

Maboma padziko lonse sali mabungwe amodzi okha; ali ndi milongo wa mautumiki osiyanasiyana, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana, chuma, ndi ulamuliro. Mmene miyezo imeneyi ilili yooneka kwambiri ndi yokhudzana ndi chigawo, chigawo, chigawo, ndi malo a kumene ikukhala̬ imaumba mwachindunji, kukhoza, ndi kuchuluka kwa mautumiki ofunika kwambiri a anthu. Maphunziro, maluso a zaumoyo, ndi maziko ndi zitatu zimene zimakhudza kwambiri mipatu ya boma imeneyi. Kumvetsa filimu imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi akatswiri odziŵa bwino zinthu. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene maluso a boma, kuthandizira, ndalama, ndi mavuto amene amayambirapo.

Maziko: Kumvetsa Maulamuliro a Boma

M'madongosolo a democracy ambiri ndi a boma, boma limagwira ntchito pa milongo itatu yaikulu: boma la boma (kapena la boma, kapena la chigawo), ndi malo akwanuko (mumzera uliwonse, kapena m’chigawo, kapena m'chigawo). Muyalo uliwonse umapeza mphamvu zake kuchokera ku malamulo, malamulo, kapena thayo la malamulo, ndipo maulamuliro ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsagana m’njira zovuta.

  • Boma la `Faceral: Ikhazikitsa malamulo a dziko, imaika ndalama zochuluka, imakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu a mtundu (m’jereng, Medicare, misewu yaikulu ya m'mayiko). Imapereka kwenikweni chithandizo cha zotsekereza kapena cha m'makhozero ku mlingo wotsika.
  • Boma la State: Antchito, amayang'anira maprogramu a boma-run (m' lekuatiso, Medicaid, yunivesite za boma), amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, ndi kusungitsa misewu ya boma. Maboma amagwira ntchito monga malaboratori a demokrase, kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana.
  • Boma la kumaloko: imatumiza mautumiki achindunji onga masukulu a boma, apolisi ndi magetsi, misewu yakwawo, madzi ndi ukhondo, ndi zipatala zaumoyo za anthu. Malamulo a malo ndi kumene anthu amakumana.

Kugawa ntchito kwapadera kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi dziko. Ku United States, bungwe la Tenth Amendment losungira zinthu silinapereke maulamuliro kwa boma la boma. Ku Canada, zigawo zili ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro ndi thanzi. Ku India, mgwirizano ndi maboma amagaŵana mphamvu. Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kumeneku, vuto lachibadwa limatsala: Kugwirizanitsa milingo yambiri kuti afikire ku kugwirizana, kuyenerera, ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito.

Chiyambukiro pa Maphunziro: Kuchokera ku Miyezo ya Dziko Kufikira ku Makalasi Akwanuko

Ngakhale kuti boma limapereka ndalama zothandizira anthu kuona ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, mayiko ndiponso madera amene amathandiza kwambiri pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Mbali Yaudindo m’Maphunziro

Kuloŵetsedwamo kwa boma m’maphunziro kuli kwenikweni kosadziŵika koma kofunika.

  • Ini Inkiyo Imachirikiza : [1] Mbali ya Lamulo la Plementary ndi Secondary Education Act, Umutwe I imapatsa chithandizo cha ndalama ku masukulu okhala ndi maperesenti ochepera a ophunzira olandira. Programu imeneyi ikufuna kutseka mipata yokwaniritsa koma yayang'anizana ndi chisulizo kaamba ka ndalama zosakwanira ndi kucholoŵana kwa zinsinsi.
  • Anthu okhala ndi Act ya Maphunziro Opunduka (IDEA): Malamulo akuti sukulu za boma zimapereka maphunziro abwino kwa ophunzira opunduka. IDEA ikhazikitsa chitetezo cha proceded ndi kufunikira maprogramu a maphunziro a munthu payekha. Ndalama za chigawo zikuphatikizapo mbali imodzi ya mtengo, kuchotsa mtolo waukulu ku magawo ndi madera.
  • Wophunzira aliyense Wesseeds Act (ESSA): Kulembedwanso kwa lamulo la maphunziro la boma 2015 kunachepetsa uyang'aniro wa boma pamene kuli kwakuti asunge ziyeso ndi kuŵerengera. ESA imapatsa kusinthika kowonjezereka m'kulinganiza njira zowongolera za sukulu.
  • Chivomezi cha Ufulu Woposa: Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights ya United States ikufufuza tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, kupunduka, ndi zaka m’masukulu kulandira ndalama za boma.

Malamulo a boma angasonkhezerenso kusintha zinthu mwa kupereka mphatso za mpikisano monga za Fulugation ku chigawo Chapamwamba, chimene maiko okhazikika a m’dzikolo angatsatire miyezo ndi kusintha.

Boma ndi Njira Zophunzitsira Zakumene Kuli

Maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la maphunziro m'malire ake. Amakhazikitsa miyezo yamaphunziro (m'chitsanzo, Mabaibulo Ofala kapena a boma), kupereka mayeso, aphunzitsi a laisensi, ndi kugaŵira ndalama za sukulu. Mabungwe a maphunziro a boma amayang'aniranso chigawo cha sukulu kuti adziyang'anira ndi kuloŵerera m'masukulu osayenda bwino.

Zigawo zasukulu za kumaloko ̬ zoikidwa ndi maboard ̬ ntchito za tsiku la ntchito pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka: kugwiritsa ntchito maheditari, kukonza bajeti, kukonzekera maseŵero, ndi kukonza malo. Msonkho wa zinthu ndi magwero aakulu a ndalama, kutsogolera ku kusiyanitsa kwa zachuma [[FLT:] pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka. Zimenezi ndi chitokoso chosalekeza chimene maprogramu onse aŵiri a chigawo ndi auchithandizo amayesa kuchepetsa.

Zitsanzo za mlingo wa boma wosiyana ndi izi:

  • Chosankha: Maboma ena ali ndi malamulo a tchata a sukulu okhwima kapena maprogramu a projekiti (m., Florida, Arizona), pamene ena amaletsa njira zoterozo.
  • [[FLT :0] Maphunziro apamwamba a ana: [[FLT :] Madziko onga Oklahoma ndi Georgia ali ndi maprogramu onse a K asanafike, pamene kuli kwakuti ena alibe sukulu ya onse.
  • Madongosolo apamwamba a Education Governance : a yunivesite a boma amasiyana kuchokera ku kuyang'anira komiti yapakati mpaka ku makoleji oyenerera.

Malo a chitaganya ndiwo amene pangano laudindo la m'mudzi limakhudza kwambiri. Mabungwe a aphunzitsi ndi aphunzitsi, masankho a sukulu, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu kukhoza kukonza mwachindunji chikhalidwe cha sukulu ndi malo opezera ndalama. Komabe, madera akumidzi ang’onoang’ono angavutike kuti apereke ntchito yophunzitsa yotukuka, pamene madera a m’matauni amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ovuta a umphaŵi ndi kusinthasinthasintha.

Kukhudza Zaumoyo: Ntchito Yomanga Yambiri Yopangidwa ndi Mabomba

Kupereka chithandizo chaumoyo m’madongosolo a boma n’kogaŵanika kwambiri. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa maprogramu aakulu a inshuwalansi, maboma a Medicaid ndi osamalira, ndipo maboma a m’dzikolo amayendetsa zipatala za boma ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo.

Apolisi Osamalira Zaumoyo Oyang’anira Maboma

Ntchito ya boma yosamalira thanzi imaphatikizapo makonzedwe apadera (m’njira yachingamizere, a inshuwalansi, ndi oyang’anira zaumoyo wa anthu onse.

  • Medicare : Inishuwansi ya thanzi ya anthu a zaka 65 ndi achikulire ndi achichepere ena opunduka. Imaperekedwa mwa mtundu ndi mapindu a muyezo, ngakhale kuti mapulani aumwini amagwira ntchito pansi pa Medicasing Beacon.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Act ya Affordble Care (ACA): [FLT :1] ACA yowongoleredwa kwambiri, misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo yokhazikitsidwa, ndi kupereka ndalama zothandizira olembetsa otsika ndi opezedwa apakati. Inaphatikizaponso chitetezo cha ogula monga ngati kuulutsa mikhalidwe yapasadakhale.
  • Mabungwe a Federal Health Limbreed : [[FT:1] monga Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) amatsogolera mtundu ku kachitidwe ka nthenda, kugwirizanitsa kugaŵira katemera, ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko.

Lamulo la boma limavomerezanso mankhwala ogodomalitsa (FDA), kuyang’anira chisungiko (OSA kwa ogwira ntchito zaumoyo), ndi kukhala kwachinsinsi kwa chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo (HIPAA).

Boma ndi Mautumiki a Zaumoyo a M’dzikolo

Maboma ndiwo amayang’anira ntchito zachipatala monga inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya ana (CHIP) ndi zolinga za antchito a boma.

Mabungwe a boma la Medicaid amagamula ndalama zolipirira ndalama, mautumiki ophikira, ndi mapangano osamalira. Izi zimatsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu: Mwachitsanzo, makampani ena anthaŵi zonse kusamalira mano a anthu achikulire, pamene ena amachepetsa kuchitika kwa ngozi. 2023 lipoti la Matawa a Medicare , Medicaid Services adanena kuti ndalama zowonongedwa pa ndandanda ya mano a anthu achikulire zimasiyana ndi zinthu ziŵiri.

Maboma a m'maderawa amasamalira zipatala, malo a zaumoyo a m'chitaganya, ndi zipatala za anthu zimene zimatumikira popanda kutetezeredwa kapena kudwalitsa anthu. Iwo ali pa malo apamwamba otetezera, akatemera, ndi osamalira matenda osatha. Mkati mwa mliri wa COVID-19, madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'dzikolo anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri poyesa, pofufuza, pofufuza, ndi pokanika akatemera, koma ambiri akuyang'anizana ndi kusoŵa kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi antchito.

Zitsanzo za anthu amene anayendako:

  • Programu ya San Francisco ya Healthy San Francisco, imene inapereka njira yosamalirira nzika zonse mosasamala kanthu za malo a inshuwalansi (kufikira pamene inaloŵedwa m’malo ndi ACA).
  • Multomah County, wopereka ndalama kwa antchito a zaumoyo a m’chitaganya cha anthu kuti akauze oletsa umoyo.
  • Zigawo za m’madera akumidzi zimene zimayesayesa kusamalira chisamaliro cha ana oyembekezera ndi chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mphamvu ndi ndalama.

Kusiyana kwa zinthu zimenezi kumaoneka makamaka m’mavuto a zaumoyo: Kupereka ndalama ku mayiko ena n’kothandiza, koma kusemphana kwa mmene zinthu zimayendera kukhoza kulepheretsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo.

Kukhudza Malo Okhalako Anthu Onse

Ifrapublicture ̬ milatho, mamilatho, madongosolo a madzi, ma magetsi, magetsi omangidwa, ndi nyumba zopezekapo zonse ̬ ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha udindo wa boma. Maprojekiti aakulu amafuna likulu la boma, kukonzekera, ndi kupha kwa kumaloko, pamene kukonza kumachepa kwambiri ndi ndalama zosasintha kwenikweni.

Matanthauzo a Zopangapanga za Federal

Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira kukhazikitsa maziko a zinthu mwa ndalama zoikizira chuma, kupereka maprogramu, ndi malamulo omveka posachedwapa.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ndalama Zoikiridwa kwa Pamwamba pa magetsi: Ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi misonkho ya boma, ndalama zimenezi zimathandiza misewu ya dziko ndi milatho yaikulu. 2021 Bipartisan Infraformation Law (BIL) inawonjezera $50 biliyoni m'mawonongedwe atsopano pa zaka zoposa zisanu za misewu, mabuloho, kutumiza kwapoyera, njanji, madoko, madongosolo a madzi, ndi kutakata ([FL:2] Nyumba ya MPUPU BIL [[FL:3]]).
  • Faceral Transit Administration Grants: Dikirani ndalama zamalikulu kaamba ka mabasi, madongosolo a njanji, ndi mautumiki ochitidwa ndi makampani a boma ndi onyamula a kumaloko.
  • [[FLT: 0] EPA’s Kumwa Madzi ndi Kuyera kwa Boma la Madzi: Loni zotsikirapo za maboma kaamba ka ntchito za magwero a madzi. Maboma amakongoletsa zinthu za m'malowo.
  • Broadband :[FLT :1] Department of Realgrim’s Program ndi FCC' imachirikiza kufutukuka kwa intaneti yapamwamba m'malo osasungidwa.

Malo othandizira kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi ziŵiya: kupenda malo okhala (NEPA), zofunikira za malipiro zofala (Davis-Bacon), ndi “Gula America". Zimenezi zingachedwetse ntchito komanso kutsimikizira ubwino ndi kuyenera.

Boma ndi Kuyang’anira Kwawo

Maboma ali ndi misewu yaikulu kwambiri (kuchotsa malo amodzi), malo a nkhalango za boma, ndi mayunivesite ena a boma. Amapatsanso boma ndalama zothandizira ntchito za kumaloko, kuwonjezerapo malamulo a kayendetsedwe. Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) amayang'anira ntchito yosankha ntchito, kuyendetsa malo okhala, ndi kuyang’anira ntchito yomanga.

Maboma a m’maderawo ali ndi thayo la kuchuluka kwa chuma: misewu ya m’mizinda, misewu yachigawo, madzi ndi zimbudzi, milatho pansi pa mamita 20, masukulu a boma, mapaki, ndi nyumba za boma. Mwatsoka, anthu ambiri amayang'anizana ndi pulogalamu ya yapadera ya zinthu zapadera . American Society of Civil Engines’s Report inapereka U.S. kadiredi C, kugogomezetsa kuti 43% ya misewu ya anthu onse ili mumkhalidwe waumphaŵi kapena mediocre ndipo pali mpata wa pachaka wa ndalama za madzi ([FLT:][2]]

Kupereka ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito za malo apadera kumadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu, malipiro a ogwiritsira ntchito (m’chitsanzo, mafashoni a madzi) ndi chithandizo cha boma. Zimenezi zimapanga kusiyana: midzi yachuma ingathe kugula masukulu amakono ndi misewu yosalala, pamene matauni osauka akuyesayesa kukonza ngakhale zinthu zofunika. BAIL inaphatikizapo maprogramu opereka mphatso monga RAISE (Kumanga America Infrastruction and Suracy) kuti apeze ndalama zogwirira ntchito m’madera osauka, koma kupikisana kumavuta kwambiri ndipo kuli ndi kuchepa kwa uyang'aniro.

Zitsanzo za kugwirizana kwa anthu apamwamba:

  • Storbwater Plan ya Miami: Yolipiridwa ndi mabotolo a kumaloko, ndalama za boma, ndi ndalama za boma zopitirizira kuchepetsa kukwera kwa nyanja.
  • Dongosolo la Metro la Los Angeles County: Likulumikizidwa pakati pa mabungwe a zaulendo akumaloko, boma la California, ndi boma la boma la boma kupereka ndalama zowonjezera njanji ya magetsi ndi njanji zapamtunda.
  • Flint, Michigan: Kulephera kwa boma pambali zonse monga oyang’anira, kupereka ndalama, ndi kuteteza thanzi la anthu.

Mavuto ndi Mipata m’Maulamuliro Osiyanasiyana

Ngakhale kuti kugaŵikana kwa maudindo kungabweretse mavuto ndiponso kulabadira kwa anthu a m’deralo, kumachititsanso mavuto osatha.

  • Kusinthasintha : Kudalira misonkho ya katundu ya mautumiki akwanuko kumatanthauza kuti maulamuliro olemera angapereke maphunziro apamwamba ndi zigwirizano, pamene osauka akugwa. Othandiza olingana kuchepetsa zimenezi, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera. Zimenezi zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri m'malipiro a maphunziro: lipoti la [[FLT:] Ed Buildium [ inapeza kuti zigawo zapamwamba zaumphaŵi zimalandira ndalama zochepa kuposa madera apamwamba m'mayiko ambiri.
  • Kugwirizanitsa kwa Opaleshoni: Pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi boma kapena malo oyamba, kusemphana maganizo kumabuka. Mwachitsanzo, kupenda malo a nyumba za boma kaamba ka ntchito za dongosolo la zinthu kungawombane ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi boma olola. M'malamulo olola. Kuopa zaumoyo, boma limakana kufutukula Medicaid mipata ya mamiliyoni, mosasamala kanthu za zisonkhezero za boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukulu wa Olamulira: Maboma aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri alibe antchito, ukatswiri, ndi luso la zopangapanga kuti ayang'anizane ndi ndalama zocholoŵana kapena kukwaniritsa zofunika zopereka lipoti. Izi zimapangitsa ndalama za boma zochepera. Ofesi ya Boma ya Accounting Office yabwerezabwerezabwereza kuitchula kuti chigawo ndi malo afunikira chithandizo chaluso kuti ayendetse bwino maprogramu a boma.
  • Madeti a maakaunti: [[FLT :1] Mautumiki akalephera, kungakhale kosadziŵika bwino kuti ndi mlingo wa boma uti umene uli ndi thayo. Izi zingapangitse kulakwa ndipo zingachedwetse kachitidwe kowongolera. Madongosolo a maphunziro, mwachitsanzo, amaphatikizapo ziyeneretso za boma, uyang'aniro wa boma, ndi ulamuliro wa sukulu yakumaloko, kuyambitsa udindo wochuluka.

Komabe, palinso mipata yofunika kwambiri yowongolera mwa kuyang’anirana:

  • Formula Reformations: Kufalitsa njira za ndalama zosonyezera bwino kufunika ndi mtengo kungachepetse kusoŵa. Maboma ena ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamaphunziro zamphamvu kwambiri.
  • Makampani opanga zinthu: [[FT:1] amalola maboma ndi madera kuphatikiza ndalama zoyendera ndi njira zatsopano, zonga ngati “ndalama za chipambano” kapena mautumiki athanzi ndi a mayanjano.
  • Community Adminiment : "Kutengamo mbali bajeti, kumene nzika zimavota mmene zingaperekere mbali zina za bajeti za kumaloko, kumawonjezera kuonekera ndi kuvomereza. Matauni onga New York ndi Chicago achititsa zimenezi kukhala zofala.
  • Kusintha kwa Digital : [[FLT :1] Madongosolo amakono a chidziŵitso m'mayiko onse angawongolere njira zogwirira ntchito ndi kulola kuti pakhale kujambula kwenikweni kwa nthaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, madongosolo a zolemba osiyanasiyana angathandize kuzindikira ana amene ali oyenerera ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kumaliza: Kulephera Kumvetsa Maboma

Malamulo a boma si madongosolo alamulo; ndi makina amene amathandizira anthu kudalira tsiku lililonse. Chiyambukiro cha maluso a boma pa maphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi zamaziko nchachikulu, kuumba zonse kuchokera ku malo akuphunzira a mwana kufikira ku mtundu wa madzi akumwa. Olamulira, oyang'anira, ndi nzika zoikizidwa ayenera kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi zochirikiza, kulinganiza bwino chuma, ndi kusunga zinthu zoyenerera zofunikira. Pamene kuli kwakuti ulamuliro wambiri umapereka mavuto enieni a ̬ kulephera kwa banja, kulephera kwa kagwiridwe ka ntchito, kugaŵanitsa ntchito kwa Ô imaperekanso mwaŵi wa kukonza zinthu, kufufuza, ndi kulinganiza kwa kumalo. Kulimbikitsa madongosolo onse ndi kuyang'anira zinthu m’malo mwa kuyendetsa, tingapangenso ntchito, ndi kuwongolera bwino ntchito.