Demendment ya 14th ku United States Constitution, yovomerezedwa mu 1868, imaimira chimodzi cha zowonjezera zosintha kwambiri za dzikolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti inakonzedwa poyambirira kutsimikizira ufulu wa akapolo omasulidwa chatsopano pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, makonzedwe ake asintha kwambiri kuposa chifuno choyambirira. Lerolino, Demendment ya 14th Reformation imakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa nzika. Kuchokera pa nthaŵi imene amabadwa ku mmene amachitidwira ntchito, m’khoti, ndi m’bokosi la mapepala. Kuzindikira chimene kukonza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kumatanthauza kupatsa anthu ufulu wawo mphamvu, kutsutsa kuchitiridwa mosalungama, ndi kutenga nawo mbali kotheratu m’chitaganya cha Amereka. Nkhaniyi imapenda kutetezedwa kwakukulu kwa moyo wawo, kutetezedwa kwawo, ku khotime, ndi kulingana kwa anthu wamba.

Unzika: Kodi Nzika Ndani?

Chigawo choyamba cha 14neth Amendment chilengeza kuti: “Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndipo olamulidwa ndi dzikolo, ndi nzika za United States ndi Boma kumene amakhala.” Chigamulo chopepuka chimenechi chinagwetsa ufulu wa anthu a mbiri yoipa Scott v. Sandford[FL:1], chigamulo cha 1857, chimene chinakhulupirira kuti palibe munthu wa m'Afirika amene angakhalepo konse ndi U.S. Mwa kukhazikitsa ufulu (wodziŵikanso monga [[FLT:]]] solis , chitsimikizo chakuti pafupifupi aliyense wobadwa pa dziko la America amakhala nzika, mosasamala kanthu za fuko, kapena malo awo a kusamuka kwawo.

Kubadwa ndi Unzika

Kwa anthu ambiri a ku America, Thunizityship Claus ndi chifukwa chake ali nzika. Imagwira ntchito kwa ana obadwa kwa anthu osalembedwa, anthu achikhalire, alendo, ndi antchito osakhalitsa . Kuwonjezera makolowo si oimira kapena adani achilendo m'nthaŵi ya nkhondo. Lamulo limeneli linachirikizidwa m'nkhani ya Bwalo Lapamwamba United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1], zimene zinatsimikizira kuti mwana wa ku San Francisco kwa makolo a ku China amene anali nzika za U.S. nzika ya boma inasungidwa m'bwalo lamilandu yozenga ku China.

Pamoyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, mawu ameneŵa amakhudza pamene mufunsira pasipoti, kulembetsa kuvota, kapena kutsimikizira kukhala woyenerera ntchito zimene zimafunikira unzika. Ilo limaperekanso malo alamulo owonekera bwino omwe sangathetsedwe ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro andale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi akhala ndi mikangano yonena za kutha kwa ufulu wa mwana, malemba alamulo ndi chitsanzo zikali zolimba. Aliyense wobadwa ku United States lerolino angakhale ndi chidaliro cha kukhala nzika yawo kuchokera panthaŵi imene chikalata chawo cha kubadwa chaperekedwa.

Kudzitengera Ufulu wa Kubadwa ndi Unzika wa Boma

Chigawo cha Claus chimaphatikizaponso nzika zachibadwidwe . Anthu amene amatsata njira yalamulo kuti akhale nzika za United States. Akaledwa, amakhala ndi ufulu wofanana ndi nzika za dzikolo, ndipo sangakhale woyenerera kulowa ufumuwo. Chigawochi chimapitiriza kunena kuti nzika iliyonse ndi nzika ya boma kumene imakhala. Mbali yachiŵiriyi imatanthauza kuti siingakukanize ufulu wa kukhala nzika ya boma (monga momwe kukhoza kubweretsa mlandu m'makhoti) malinga ndi kumene munabadwira kapena mmene munakhala nzika.

Kaamba ka tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka wa mbiri ndi kumasulira kwamakono kwa Citizenshi Claus, onani [[FLT: 0] Consitution Annoted kuchokera ku Laibulale ya Congress.

Kuteteza Malamulo Molingana

The Aumement Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment imalamula kuti: “Palibe Boma... limene lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’ulamuliro wake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo.” Mawu osavuta ameneŵa akhala maziko alamulo othetsera tsankho la mitundu yonse. Kufunikira kuti boma lichitire mofananamo anthu okhala m’malo ofanana ndi [1] ndi kuti kulekana kulikonse kwa kulingana kuyenera kukhala ndi chifuno chachikulu cha boma.

Fuko ndi Chiyambi cha Dziko

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States adasintha Aamereka maphunziro ndi moyo. Masiku ano, Khoti Lapamwamba linaletsa kuti masukulu a anthu aufuko akhale osalingana, kugwetsa chiphunzitso cha . .

Kugonana ndi Mwamuna Kapena Mkazi

Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo satchula kugonana, Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti kutetezeredwa kofanana ndi kuletsa mitundu yambiri ya tsankho la amuna ndi akazi. Malamulo amene amachitira amuna ndi akazi mosiyana ali oyenera “kufufuza mwa njira ina” ndikutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti kusankhidwako kuli ndi cholinga chofunika kwambiri ndipo kuli kogwirizana ndi cholinga chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswa malamulo amene amapatsa amuna ufulu wofuna amuna pa ntchito zina, kapena amene amachotsa akazi pantchito zina.

Posachedwapa, Khoti Lolinganiza Protection Claus linali ndi maziko a Obergefell v. Hodges . (2015), limene linavomereza ukwati wauchiŵalo chauchiŵalo chalamulo. Khotilo linapeza kuti kukana zilolezo za ukwati ku okwatirana a m'banja lachimuna ndi ahebedi kuswa zonse ziŵiri zofunikira ndi chitetezo chofanana. Bostock v. County [FLT:] [200], Khoti inakhulupirira kuti Direct VII ya ufulu wa kugamulako iletsa tsankho la kugonana kapena kuyang'anirana, chigamu chimenenso chimapangitsa kuti anthu atetezedwe mofanana. Kugamunyamulirako kuntchito, ndi ku ntchito za boma, ndi ku boma.

Mafotokozedwe Ena: Zaka, Kulephera, ndi Chuma

Kutetezera kwa Wolinganako Claus sikumasamalira kusiyana konse mofanana. Magulu osalingaliridwa kukhala “magulu aunikinikiniki” (monga fuko kapena chipembedzo), makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito muyezo wofewa wotchedwa“ kupenda. Malamulo amene amasankha pausinkhu, kupunduka, kapena chuma kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikizidwa ngati ali ndi kugwirizana koyenera ndi chikondwerero cha boma. Komabe, zimenezi sizimatanthauza kuti tsankho loterolo limaloledwa nthaŵi zonse. Malamulo onga Plyler v. Doe[FLT:] (1982] amagwetsa lamulo la Texas lomwe silinalembetse ana m'masukulu a anthu, pogwiritsira ntchito mtundu wopendedwa bwino chifukwa chakuti maphunziro anali ophatikizidwa ndi ana omwe sanalamulire. Pa kuyang'kanika chidziŵitso cha malamulo, Corne Chidziŵitso cha Malamulo omveka bwino pa Chidziŵitso cha Malamulo, Chidziŵitso chomveka bwino pa Kayendere: [F.]]

Ngati lamulo kapena mabwana akukuletsani chifukwa cha fuko lanu, mwamuna kapena mkazi, chipembedzo, kapena khalidwe lanu la kugonana, bungwe la 14th Amendment limakunenerani kuti lamulolo limakutsutsani.

Kutsatira Chilamulo

Mpando wa 14 wa Kusintha uli ndi ziŵiri za Nthambi ya Adrect Claus: imodzi imene imagwira ntchito ku boma la boma la boma (kusintha kwachisanu, kumene kumaphatikizidwa motsutsana ndi mabomawo kupyolera mwa 144) ndi chitsimikizo chotsimikizirika m’za 14 ilo lokha: “Boma lirilonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo loyenerera la lamulo.” Mchitidwe wake uli ndi nthambi ziŵiri zazikulu: prodedual ndi production.

Zimene Amachita Kuti Adziwe Zoyenera: Kuchita Zinthu Mwachilungamo

Kulinganiza koyenera kumafuna boma kugwiritsira ntchito njira zabwino lisanachotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kudziŵitsidwa zochita zilizonse zotsutsana nanu ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa m’njira yatanthauzo. Zitsanzo za tsiku lililonse zimaphatikizapo:

  • Laisensi yanu isanaleke kuyendetsedwa kuti musapereke chithandizo cha ana, muyenera kulandira chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wa kupikisana ndi ndalama zobwerekedwazo.
  • Ngati mutachotsedwa m’nyumba za anthu onse, muli ndi ufulu womvetsera zimene mukukambirana.
  • M’milandu, kufotokoza za kuyenera kwa lamulo kumatsimikizira ufulu kwa loya, kuyenera kwa kukambitsirana ndi mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu koyenera pamaso pa woweruza wopanda tsankho.

Zitetezero za zomera zimafikiranso kwa anthu osakhala m'maginito. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko (kutumiza) kuyenera kuwapatsa chidziŵitso ndi mpata wopereka umboni. Zofunika zenizeni zimadalira pa mtundu wa chikondwerero chimene chili pamtengo [1] Kusoŵa kwakukulu, kumakhalanso kovuta kwambiri.

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Yotetezera Ufulu Wofunika

Njira yoyenerera yodzisankhira ndiyo lingaliro lakuti ufulu wina uli wofunika kwambiri kwakuti boma silingaloŵererepo ngati liri ndi chifukwa chomveka, mosasamala kanthu za mmene njirayo iriri yolungama. Ufulu umenewu sunandandanitsidwe mwachindunji m’Malamulo koma umalingaliridwa kukhala mbali ya “malamulo” otetezeredwa ndi dongosolo loyenerera.

Khoti Lalikulu lavomereza kuti:

  • Ukwati [[FLT :1] (kuphatikizapo ukwati wa mafuko mu [FLT :2] kutuluka v. Virginia [1] ndi ukwati wauchiŵalo wofanana mu
  • [[NT.0] Kudziwitsa ndi kuletsa kutenga mimba ( Griswold v. Connecticut)
  • Kulera ana (kuyenera kwa mutu, Pierce v. Society of Achester )
  • Privtacy (kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kupanga zosankha zamankhwala)
  • Travel (kuyenera kuyenda mwaufulu pakati pa maboma)

Chimodzi cha zifuno zotsutsana kwambiri za njira yoikidwiratu yoikidwiratu yakhala kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Roe v. Wade [1973], Khoti linapeza kuti kutaya mimba kunali mbali ya kuyenera kwa kubisika pansi pa njira yoikizira. Chigamulo chimenecho chinaikidwa pa lamulo loyenera. Chigamulo chimenecho chinaperekedwa ku [[FLT:] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], chimene chinanena kuti Kuchotsa mimba kwa 141] sikumapatsa kumanja kwa kuchotsa mimba. Nkhaniyo tsopano yasiyidwa kulongosola kuti njira yoyenerera yapadera si yokhazikika; khoti likupitiriza ku ku kukambirana lapadera.

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizanitsa

Pambuyo pa Gillement ya 14th Commission, Bill of Rights inachepetsa boma la boma, osati maboma. Mwa mipambo ya milandu m’zaka za zana la 20 (imatchedwa “kusankha"), Khoti Lalikulu linagwiritsira ntchito Tsimando la Claus kugwiritsira ntchito mbali yaikulu ya Malamulo a Ufulu wa Maboma. Lerolino, ufulu wanu wa kulankhula, ufulu wa chipembedzo, kutetezera ku ku kufunafuna kosalingalira, ndi ku mlandu wa ajuli onse akugwira ntchito ku boma ndi boma chifukwa cha Kusintha kwa 147. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti apolisi m'tauni yanu satha kuswa ufulu wanu woyamba wa kukhazikitsa malamulo kuposa umene bungwe la boma lingakhoze.

Pandandanda yochuluka ya zoyenera zophatikizidwa, ntchito yolembedwa imapereka nkhani ndi mafotokozedwe.

Mmene Kusintha kwa Zakumwa kwa 14 Kumayambukirira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kusintha kumeneku n’kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kukambirana kulikonse m’kalasi za ufulu wosadziŵika bwino wa munthu, ndipo pali njira zina zimene kumakhudza zochita zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuthandizana ndi Ndale

Chigawo 2 cha Geneth Amendment chinapereka chilango kwa maboma omwe anakana kuvota mwamsanga kwa nzika zachimuna (ikuchepetsa kuimira kwawo m'Congress). Pamene kuli kwakuti chigawo chimenecho chaphimbidwa ndi Madepressine a 15 ndi 19, Fimete Protection Claus yagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa malamulo a kuvota, gerrymanning, ndi ziletso pa kuvota mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, [[FL:0] Shelby County v. Raker , Khoti linagamula mbali ya Chilolezo cha Kusankha Ufulu, koma chinjirizo la pulogalamu la Claus lidakalipo kwa anthu amene amanena kuti amasankha mwadala fuko kapena chipani cha ndale. Ngati mutasintha chifukwa chake chodziwonetsera, chimaoneka ngati kuti n’kusinthaniza mlanduwo.

Maphunziro a Anthu Onse

Mwana aliyense ku America ali ndi ufulu wopita kusukulu ya onse mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wa kusamuka ([FLT: 0] Plyler v. Doe]). Ophunzira alinso ndi ufulu woyenerera pamene ayang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa: ayenera kupatsidwa chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wa kufotokoza mbali yawo asanachotsedwe kwa masiku angapo. Chitetezo cha Excle Calaus chimaletsanso sukulu za anthu onse kuchotsa pamaziko a fuko m'kulola kulowa m’malo, machitidwe opereka chilango, kapena kupezeka kwa maprogramu.

Ufulu wa Kuntchito

Pamene kuli kwakuti Lamulo la 14 la Chifuniro la 14 limagwira ntchito ku boma (osati olemba ntchito okha), olemba ntchito ambiri aumwini amalembedwa ndi malamulo oletsa kugaŵana kwa boma operekedwa ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa lamulo (Kutha kwa zaka 5). Mwachitsanzo, Thit VII ya Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 imaletsa tsankho pantchito yokhudza mtundu, maonekedwe, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi dziko. Chigawo cha 1981 cha Chikalata cha ufulu wa Chibage Agastial Rights Act ya 1866 chimalola anthu kuwerukira tsankhu la mafuko awo m'malo audindo, kuphatikizapo mapangano a ntchito. Ogwira ntchito a boma ali ndi ufulu wowonjezereka: iwo sangawachotsere ntchito yolankhula mwaufulu kapena kuchita chipembedzo chawo, ndipo ali ndi njira zotetezera ngati ali ndi phindu la katundu pantchito yawo (monga pangano la 1866 kapena khumi).

Kukhoza Kupezeka m’Mautumiki Othandiza Anthu

Ngati mugwiritsira ntchito laibulale ya onse, paki, chipatala, kapena njira za kayendedwe, Aumelt Protection Claus imatsimikizira kuti simungathe kuchotsedwa chifukwa cha amene muli. Maboma sangamane mautumiki a anthu osadalira pa malo amodzi popanda kukhala ndi mphamvu yolimba pokhapo ngati pali mautumiki ena (monga ngati chisamaliro chamwadzidzidzi kapena maphunziro a anthu onse) otsimikiziridwa mosasamala kanthu za malo a kusamukira kudziko. Njira yoyenerera imagwiranso ntchito pamene boma liyesa kulanda mapindu monga zidindo za chakudya, Médicaid, kapena kupunduka kwa ndalama [1] Muli ndi kuyenera kumvetsera zipata zimenezo zisanathe.

Moyo wa Banja ndi Waumwini

Kuyenera kwa kukwatira kumaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukwatira munthu wa fuko lina kapena wa muukwati wofanana. Ufulu wokhala ndi ana anu ndi kulera ana anu umatetezeredwa ku kuloŵerera kwa boma kosayenerera . Mwachitsanzo, mautumiki otetezera ana ayenera kukhala ndi lamulo la khoti la kuchotsa mwana popanda chilolezo chanu, pokhapo ngati pali ngozi. Kuyenera kuyenda mwaufulu pakati pa maiko ena kumatanthauza kuti simungalangwe chifukwa chosamukira ku boma lina kuti mupeze ntchito kapena kupita kusukulu.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Pamene kuli kwakuti Mpambo wa 14 wa Amereka uli wa zaka zoposa 150, udakali maziko a mikangano yambiri ya ndale zadziko ndi ya zamalamulo.

Kufufuza Zokhudza Unzika Wobadwa Nawo

Andale ena alamula kuti ana a anthu osakhala ndi dzina laudindo asiye kukhala audindo. Iwo amanena kuti mawu akuti “kugonjera ulamuliro wake” saphatikizapo anthu a m’dzikolo mosemphana ndi lamulo. Akatswiri a zamalamulo sagwirizana ndi mfundo za Wong Kim, potchula za Chikalata cha Likasa ndi mbiri ya chikalata. Kuyesa kusintha ufulu wa mwana kungafunikire kusintha kogwirizana ndi malamulo, ndipo zimenezi zingapangitse kuti asinthe kwambiri.

Chitetezo Chofanana ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu

Mu Maphunziro a Fair Adgicts . Harvard [202], Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa malamulo a fuko osazindikira m’maphunziro apamwamba, likugamula kuti anaswa Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Claus. Zimenezi zasintha malo a mayunivesite ndi mabwana ofuna kuwonjezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chigamulocho sichimathetsa kulingalira konse kwa fuko . Soulsal a cademies ndi maprogramu ena angachigwiritsirebe ntchito ilo. Koma chimasonyeza kuyandikira kolimba kwa mitundu ngakhale pamene iwo akunenedwa kuthandiza magulu a anthu ovutika.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera M’nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Pamene makompyuta a boma akufutukuka, nkhani za kachitidwe kabwino ka zinthu zikubuka pa zosankha zongoyendera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lipotoza laisensi yanu ya dalaivala monga ngati lachotsedwa chifukwa cha kuphophonya kwa kompyuta, muli ndi njira yoyenera kuwongolera kulakwako. Mofananamo, kugwiritsira ntchito maajensi m'kakhalidwe ka ana, kuweruza kwaupandu, ndi kupindula kudzutsa mafunso akuti kaya anthu angatokosa mokwanira zosankha zimenezo. Makhoti akugwirabe ntchito mmene kachitidwe kamwambo ka makompyuta kanga kagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa kuphunzirira makishoni.

Mphamvu Yokakamiza ya Mabungwe

Chigawo 5 cha 14th Amendment chimapereka mphamvu ku Congress ku kusungitsa makonzedwe ake kupyolera m'lamulo. Imeneyi ndi maziko a malamulo ambiri osintha zinthu, kuphatikizapo Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha mu 1964, ndi Aamereka Okhala ndi Chilango cha Kupunduka kwa Ufulu wa Anthu. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi mphamvu zochepetsetsa pa Chigawo 5 m’nkhani ngati ku mizinda ya Boerne v. Flress . [1997], likulamula kuti malamulo akhale “ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi oyenera kuyankha. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kuti kutha kwa mlanduwo kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutetezera ufulu wake, Congress ayenera kukhala osapitirira ulamuliro wake.

Mapeto ake: Maziko Abwino a Ufulu Wathu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Mpando wa 14 Sudzasanduka chikole cha mbiri yakale; uli chitetezero champhamvu chalamulo chimene nzika zimagwiritsira ntchito tsiku lirilonse kutetezera ufulu wawo waukulu. Kuchokera ku chenicheni cha kukhala nzika pa kubadwa kufikira ku chitsimikizo chakuti boma lidzakuchitirani mosakondera ndi mofanana, zigamulo zake zimakhudza ntchito, maphunziro, banja, kuvota, ndi chilungamo.

Kumvetsa ufulu wanu pansi pa chikalata chimenechi ndi chinthu choyamba chimene mungachite kuti munene kuti ndiwe nzika, kutetezedwa mofanana, kapena kuyenera kwanu koyenera kwapotozedwa, kufunsa loya kapena kufunsa bungwe lothandiza lovomerezeka ndi malamulo kungakuthandizeni kuti muyende bwino. Lamuloli si mawu okha olembedwa pa zikopa.